THE  LIBRARY 

OF 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 


PRESENTED  BY 

PROF.  CHARLES  A.  KOFOID  AND 
MRS.  PRUDENCE  W.  KOFOID 


?o 


INSECTS 


INJURIOUS  TO   FRUITS. 


BY 

WILLIAM  SAUNDERS,  F.R.S.C.,  F.L.S.,  F.C.S., 

Director  of  the  Experimental  Farms  of  the  Dominion  of  Canada,  Fellow  of  the  American 
Association  for  the  Advancement  of  Science,  Fellow  of  the   Royal  Microscopical 
Society  of  London,  England,  Fellow  of  the  Entomological  Society  of  Lon- 
don, England,  late  Editor  of  the  "  Canadian  Entomologist,"  Cor- 
responding Member  of  the  American  Entomological  So- 
ciety, Philadelphia,  of  the  Buffalo  Society  of  Nat- 
ural Sciences,  the  Natural  History  Society 
of  Montreal,  etc. 


ILLUSTRATED  WITH  FOUR  HUNDRED  AND  FORTY  WOOD-CUTS. 


SEC0JVD  EDITION. 


PHILADELPHIA: 
J.  B.  LIPPINCOTT  COMPANY. 

LONDON:  10  HENRIETTA  STREET,  COVENT  GARDEN. 
1889. 


Copyright,  1883,  by  J.  B.  LIPPINCOTT  &  Co. 


DEDICATION. 


To  the  Fruit-Growers  of  America  this  work  is  respectfully  dedi- 
cated, with  an  earnest  hope  that  it  may  be  of  practical  use  to  them 
in  the  warfare  with  destructive  insects  in  which  they  are  con- 
stantly engaged. 

W.  SAUNDERS. 


M375341 


PREFACE  TO  THE  SECOND  EDITION. 


IN  the  preparation  of  the  second  edition  of  this  work  the 
author  has  endeavored  to  make  such  corrections,  and  to  em-\ 
body  such  additional  facts  regarding  the  life  history  and 
habits  of  the  insects  referred  to,  and  the  remedies  suggested 
therefor,  as  will  bring  it  into  accord  with  the  present  know^ 
ledge  of  entomologists  on  these  subjects.  In  this  he  has  been 
aided  by  kind  suggestions  from  many  friends.  AcknoW" 
ledgments  are  especially  due  to  C.  Y.  Riley  and  L.  O. 
Howard  of  Washington,  A.  R.  Grote  of  Bremen,  Germany, 
J.  A.  Lintner  of  Albany,  N.  Y.,  C.  H.  Fernald  of  Amherst, 
Mass.,  Miss  Mary  Murtfeldt  of  Kirkwood,  Mo.,  J.  H.  Corn- 
stock  of  Ithaca,  N.  Y.,  and  E.  T.  Cresson  of  Philadelphia. 
The  corrections  and  additions  have  been  embodied  in  the 
work  without  interfering  much  with  its  general  arrangement. 

WILLIAM  SAUNDERS. 

OTTAWA,  Ontario,  Canada. 


PREFACE  TO  THE  FIRST  EDITION. 


THE  cultivation  of  fruit  in  America  has  of  late  years 
become  of  so  much  commercial  importance,  as  well  as  do- 
mestic interest,  that  no  apology  is  necessary  for  offering  to 
the  fruit-growing  community  a  work  of  which  they  must 
have  long  felt  the  need. 

The  amateur  who  plants  a  city  lot,  and  the  farmer  who 
devotes  a  portion  of  his  land  to  the  cultivation  of  those 
fruits  which  furnish  from  month  to  month  pleasant  and 
changeful  variety  to  the  table,  as  well  as  those  who  grow 
fruit  to  supply  the  home  and  foreign  markets,  are  alike  in- 
terested in  making  this  pursuit  a  success. 

Injurious  insects  are  so  universally  distributed  that  there 
is  no  part  of  this  continent  where  fruit-culture  can  be 
profitably  carried  on  without  some  effort  being  made  to 
subdue  them.  Among  the  insect  hosts  we  have  friends  as 
well  as  foes,  and  it  is  to  the  friendly  species  that  nature  has 
assigned  the  task  of  keeping  in  subjection  those  which  are 
destructive;  these,  in  many  instances,  do  their  work  most 
thoroughly,  devouring  in  some  cases  the  eggs,  in  others  the 
bodies,  of  their  victims.  It  is  not  uncommon  to  find  the 
antipathy  to  insects  carried  so  far  that  a  war  of  extermination 
is  waged  on  all,  and  thus  many  of  man's  most  efficient  allies 
are  consigned  to  destruction. 

The  information  necessary  to  enable  the  fruit-grower  to 


6  PREFACE. 

deal  intelligently  with  this  subject  has  not  hitherto  been 
easily  accessible,  having  been  diffused  chiefly  among  a  large 
number  of  voluminous  State  and  Departmental  reports  and 
books  on  scientific  entomology,  where  the  practical  knowledge 
is  so  much  encumbered  with  scientific  and  other  details  as  to 
make  the  acquisition  of  it  too  laborious  a  process  for  those 
whose  time  is  so  fully  occupied  during  that  period  when  the 
information  is  most  needed. 

It  has  been  the  aim  of  the  author  of  this  work  to  bring 
together  all  the  important  facts  relating  to  insects  known  to 
be  injurious  to  fruits  in  all  parts  of  Canada  and  the  United 
States,  to  add  to  the  information  thus  obtained  the  knowl- 
edge he  has  acquired  of  the  habits  and  life-history  of  many 
of  our  insect  pests  by  an  experience  of  over  twenty  years 
as  a  fruit-grower  and  a  student  of  entomology,  and  to  pre- 
sent the  results  in  as  concise  and  plain  a  manner  as  possible, 
avoiding  all  scientific  phraseology  except  such  as  is  necessary 
to  accuracy. 

The  arrangement  adopted  under  the  several  headings,  by 
which  the  insect  pests  which  attack  the  different  parts  of  the 
tree  or  vine  under  consideration  are  grouped  together,  will,  it 
is  hoped,  with  the  aid  of  the  illustrations,  greatly  facilitate 
the  determination  of  any  injurious  species.  When  having 
before  him  its  history  briefly  traced  and  the  remedies  which 
have  been  found  most  useful  in  subduing  the  insect,  the 
reader  will  at  once  be  enabled  to  decide  as  to  the  best  meth- 
ods to  be  employed. 

The  author  desires  to  make  the  fullest  acknowledgment  to 
those  of  whose  work  he  has  availed  himself.  The  writings 
of  Say,  Peck,  Harris,  Fitch,  Clemens,  Glover,  Walsh,  Kiley, 
Lintner,  Comstock,  Le  Baron,  Thomas,  French,  Packard, 


PREFACE.  7 

Grote,  Leconte,  Horn,  Hagen,  Chambers,  Howard,  Cook, 
Uhler,  Cresson,  Fernald,  Kellicott,  Willet,  Bethune,  Pettit, 
Rogers,  Reed,  Fletcher,  Harrington,  and  others  have  been 
made  tributary;  and  in  some  instances,  where  the  insect 
referred  to  has  not  been  the  subject  of  personal  observation, 
the  words  of  the  author  drawn  from  have  to  some  extent 
been  used,  modified  so  as  to  bring  them  into  harmony  with 
the  general  aim  of  this  work.  To  the  writings  of  C.  V. 
Riley,  of  Washington,  the  author  is  especially  indebted ;  his 
Missouri  Reports  and  subsequent  entomological  reports  in 
connection  with  the  Department  of  Agriculture  at  Washington 
have  been  found  invaluable. 

The  material  contained  in  the  chapter  on  orange  insects 
has  been  derived  mainly  from  the  excellent  report  of  J.  H. 
Comstock  as  Entomologist  to  the  U.  S.  Department  of 
Agriculture  for  the  year  1880,  and  from  his  subsequent 
writings ;  from  a  paper  on  the  parasites  which  attack  scale- 
insects,  by  L.  O.  Howard,  in  the  same  report;  also  from 
the  writings  of  Townend  Glover  and  C.  V.  Riley,  from  a 
treatise  on  orange  insects,  by  William  H.  Ash  mead,  from  a 
pamphlet  on  insects  injurious  to  fruit-trees  in  California,  by 
Matthew  Cooke,  and  from  the  writings  of  Dr.  S.  V.  Chapin 
and  others  in  the  first  report  of  the  Board  of  State  Agricul- 
tural Commissioners  of  California. 

To  J.  A.  Lintner,  State  Entomologist  of  New  York,  the 
author  is  under  much  obligation  for  his  kindly  aid  in  revising 
the  nomenclature.  An  acknowledgment  is  also  due  to  the 
following  specialists,  who  have  revised  lists  submitted  to 
them  of  the  names  of  insects  in  their  departments :  Dr. 
George  H.  Horn,  E.  T.  Cresson,  A.  R.  Grote,  P.  Uhler,  J. 
H.  Comstock,  and  L.  O.  Howard. 


8  PREPACK. 

Through  the  liberality  of  the  Council  of  the  Entomological 
Society  of  Ontario,  permission  was  granted  to  have  electro- 
types made  from  any  of  the  cuts  in  the  Society's  collection, 
and  from  this  source  a  large  number  of  figures  have  been 
obtained.  Many  of  these  were  purchased  by  the  Society  from 
C.  V.  Riley,  and  some  are  the  work  of  Worthington  G. 
Smith,  of  London,  England,  and  other  English  and  Ameri- 
can engravers. 

Nos.  21,  22,  31,  93,  102,  104,  116,  137,  141,  142,  145, 
169,  199,  201,  205,  206,  291,  292,  305,  321,  332,  347,  and 
348  were  purchased  from  C.  V.  Riley. 

Nos.  20,  151,  152, 167,  and  208  were  kindly  loaned  by  A. 
S.  Forbes,  of  Normal,  Illinois. 

Through  the  kind  liberality  of  the  Hon.  George  B.  Loring, 
U.  S.  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  permission  was  granted 
to  obtain  electrotypes  of  the  following,  which  have  appeared 
in  the  Commissioner's  reports  :  Nos.  13,  15,  32,  35,  42,  96, 
108,  114,  115,  126,  181,  195,  248,  270,  286,  287,  288,  377, 
393,  394,  400,  403,  404,  406,  407,  408,  409,  410,  411,  412, 
413,  414,  416,  418,  419,  420,  421,  422,  423,  424,  426,  428, 
429,  431,  432,  433,  434,  435,  436. 

Nos.  8,  25,  63,  109,  134,  144,  329,  338,  350,  and  401 
were  purchased  from  Dr.  A.  S.  Packard. 

By  kind  permission,  the  following  were  copied  from  Town- 
end  Glover's  excellent  plates  :  Nos.  9,  49,  66,  78,  82,  83,  87, 
111,  121,  146,  147,  148,  150,  155,  163,  202,  209,  236,  237, 
249,  282,  293,  294,  295,  296,  300,  315,  320,  322,  333,  367, 
390,  391,  392,  395,  396,  397,  440. 

From  Harris's  works :  Nos.  11,  86,  120,  159,  174,  188. 

From  the  reports  of  C.  Y.  Riley :  Nos.  101,  103,  105, 
107,  228,  229,  230,  378,  379. 


PREFACE.  9 

From  the  reports  of  Dr.  Asa  Fitch  :  Nos.  36,  37,  98,  99, 
301. 

From  Dr.  A.  S.  Packard's  works  :  Nos.  16, 110, 113, 117, 
118,  119,  156, 157,  158,  162,  176,  177,  323,  328,  381,  382, 
383,  384,  385,  386,  387,  388. 

From  B.  Walsh's  first  report  No.  143  was  copied,  No.  55 
from  one  of  Cyrus  Thomas's  reports,  No.  187  from  a  plate 
published  by  W.  H.  Edwards;  Nos.  427  and  430  were 
copied  (reduced  in  size)  from  the  report  of  the  U.  S.  Com- 
missioner of  Agriculture  for  1880,  Nos.  438  and  439  from  a 
treatise  on  insects  injurious  to  fruit-trees  in  California,  by 
Matthew  Cooke,  and  Nos.  398,  399,  402,  405,  415,  417,  425, 
and  437  from  a  treatise  on  orange  insects,  by  William  H. 
Ash  mead. 

The  remainder  have  been  drawn  from  nature  and  engraved 
for  this  work  chiefly  by  the  following  artists,  who  have  also 
engraved  the  copies :  H.  H.  Nichol,  of  Washington ;  Wor- 
thington  G.  Smith,  of  London,  England ;  H.  Faber  &  Son, 
and  Crosscup  &  West,  of  Philadelphia ;  and  P.  J.  Edmunds, 
of  London,  Ontario. 

Throughout  this  work,  where  an  author's  name,  following 
the  scientific  name  of  an  insect,  is  enclosed  in  parentheses, 
it  is  an  indication  that  the  authority  is  for  the  species  only, 
and  that  the  genus  has  been  changed  since  the  insect  was 
described.  This  is  in  accordance  with  the  recommendation 
of  the  British  Association  made  some  years  ago,  and  is  now 
very  generally  adopted. 

WM.  SAUNDERS. 

LONDON,  ONTARIO,  CANADA,  April  11,  1883. 


CONTENTS. 


PAGI 

INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  APPLE  (including  No.  1  to  No.  64)  13-139 
INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  PEAR  (including  No.  65  to  No.  82)  140-161 
INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  PLUM  (including  No.  83  to  No.  96)  162-190 
INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  PEACH  (including  No.  97  to  No. 

103) 191-200 

INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  APRICOT  AND  NECTARINE  .  .  200 
INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  CHERRY  (including  No.  104  to 

No.  118) 201-221 

INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  QUINCE  (including  No.  119  to 

No.  121) 222-226 

INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  GRAPE  (including  No.  122  to 

No.  173) 227-302 

INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  RASPBERRY  (including  No.  174 

to  No.  185) 303-317 

INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  BLACKBERRY  (including  No.  186 

to  No.  189) 318-320 

INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  STRAWBERRY  (including  No.  190 

to  No.  201) 321-335 

INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  RED  AND  WHITE  CURRANT 

(including  No.  202  to  No.  215)  : 336-353 

INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  BLACK  CURRANT  (including  Nos. 

216  and  217)  ..." 354-356 

INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  GOOSEBERRY  (including  No.  218 

to  No.  220) 357-360 

INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  MELON  (including  No.  221  to 

No.  226)  ...• 361-368 

INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  CRANBERRY  (including  No.  227 

to  No.  238) 309-376 

INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  ORANGE  (including  No.  239  to 

No.  264) .  .  377-422 

INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  OLIVE  (No.  265)  .  423 

INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  FIG  (No.  266)  ....  424 

11 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  FRUITS. 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  APPLE. 

ATTACKING  THE  BOOTS. 

No.  1. — The  Apple-root  Plant-louse. 

Schizoneura  lanigera  (Hausm.). 

THIS  insect  appears  in  two  forms,  one  of  which  attacks 
the  trunk  of  the  apple-tree  (see  No.  9),  the  other  works 
under  the  ground  and  produces  on  the  roots  wart-like  swell- 
ings and  excrescences  of  all  shapes  and  sizes.  These  deformi- 
ties seriously  diminish  the  normal  supply  of  nourishment  for 
the  tree,  and  where  very  numerous  induce  gradual  decay  of 
the  roots,  and  occasionally  result  in  the  death  of  the  tree. 
Upon  close  examination  the  excrescences  are  found  to  con- 
tain in  their  crevices  very  minute  pale-yellow  lice,  often  ac- 
companied by  larger  winged  ones.  The  former  have  their 
bodies  covered  with  a  bluish-white  cottony  matter,  having 
the  appearance  of  mould,  the  filaments  of  which  are  five  or 
six  times  as  long  as  the  insects  themselves,  and  are  secreted 
from  the  upper  part  of  the  body,  more  particularly  from 
the  hinder  portion  of  the  back.  In  Fig.  1,  a  represents  a 
knotted  root,  b  a  wingless  louse,  and  c  a  winged  specimen. 
The  insects  are  both  magnified ;  the  short  lines  at  the  sides 
indicate  their  natural  size. 

The  apple-root  plant-louse  is  believed  by  some  entomolo- 
gists to  be  a  native  insect,  while  others  hold  to  the  opinion 
that  it  has  been  imported  from  Europe.  It  is  nourished  by 
sucking  the  juices  of  the  tree,  piercing  the  tender  roots  with 

13 


14 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE  APPLE. 


FIG.  1. 


its  proboscis.  In  the  very  young  lice  this  instrument,  when 
at  rest  and  folded  under  the  abdomen,  is  longer  than  the 
body,  but  in  the  more  mature  specimens  it  is  only  about  two- 
thirds  the  length  of 
the  body.  While  it 
usually  confines  it- 
self to  the  roots  of 
trees,  it  is  sometimes 
found  on  the  suck- 
ers that  spring  up 
around  them,  and 
sometimes  also 
about  the  stump  of 
an  amputated 

branch,  but  in  every  instance  it  may  be  recognized  by  the 
bluish-white  cottony  matter  with  which  its  body  is  covered. 
If  this  cottony  covering  be  forcibly  removed,  it  will  be  found 
that  in  two  or  three  days  the  insect  will  have  again  produced 
sufficient  to  envelop  itself  completely.  Occasionally  the  ma- 
ture lice  crawl  up  the  branches  of  the  trees  during  the  sum- 
mer, where  they  also  form  colonies,  and  then  are  known  as 
the  Woolly  Aphis  of  the  Apple.  This  form  of  the  insect  will 
be  referred  to  more  fully  under  No.  9. 

The  appearance  of  this  root-louse  is  recorded  in  Downing's 
"  Horticulturist"  as  early  as  1848,  at  which  time  thousands 
of  young  trees  were  found  to  be  so  badly  infested  that  they 
had  to  be  destroyed.  Since  that  period  it  has  been  gradually 
but  widely  disseminated,  establishing  colonies  almost  every- 
where, in  the  North,  South,  East,  and  West.  Where  a  tree  is 
sickly  from  any  unknown  cause,  and  no  borers  can  be  found 
sapping  its  vitals,  the  presence  of  this  pest  may  be  suspected. 
In  such  cases  the  earth  should  be  removed  from  the  roots 
about  the  surface,  and  these  carefully  examined,  when,  if 
warty  swellings  are  discovered,  no  time  should  be  lost  in 
taking  steps  to  destroy  the  insidious  foe. 

Remedies. — The  most  successful  means  yet  devised  for  de- 


ATTACKING   THE  ROOTS.  15 

stroying  these  root-lice  is  the  use  of  scalding-hot  water  freely 
poured  around  the  roots  of  the  trees.  If  the  trees  are  to 
remain  in  the  soil,  the  roots  may  be  laid  bare  and  the  water 
used  nearly  boiling  without  injury;  but  where  they  have 
been  taken  up  for  the  purpose  of  transplanting,  and  are 
to  be  dipped  in  the  hot  water,  the  temperature  should  not 
exceed  150°  Fahr. ;  under  these  circumstances  from  120°  to 
150°  would  suffice  for  the  purpose.  A  mulch  placed  around 
the  trees  for  some  time  previous  to  treatment  has  been  found 
useful  in  bringing  the  lice  to  the  surface,  where  they  can  be 
more  readily  reached  by  the  hot  water.  Drenching  the  roots 
with  soapsuds  has  also  been  recommended,  to  be  followed  by 
a  liberal  dressing  of  ashes  on  the  surface. 

There  are  several  friendly  insects  which  prey  upon  the 
root-louse.  A  very  minute  four-winged  fly,  Aphdinus  mail 
(see  Fig.  15),  is  parasitic  on  it,  and  the  larva  of  a  small 
beetle  belonging  to  the  Lady-bird  family,  Scymnus  cerviealis, 
feeds  on  it.  This  friend  is  difficult  to  recognize  among  the 
lice,  from  the  fact  that  it  is  also  covered  on  the  back  with 
little  tufts  of  woolly  matter  secreted  from  its  body ;  these 
larvae  are,  however,  larger  than  the  lice,  and  much  more  ac- 
tive, and  may  be  further  distinguished  by  the  woolly  matter 
being  of  an  even  length,  and  arranged  on  the  back  in  trans- 
verse rows.  The  perfect  beetle  is  very  small,  being  but  one- 
twentieth  of  an  inch  long,  with  a  dark-brown  body  and  a 
light-brown  thorax.  The  beetle  has  been  observed  preying 
on  lice  about  the  surface  of  the  ground. 

A  third  friendly  insect,  probably  the  most  efficient  check 
upon  the  increase  of  these  lice,  is  known  as  the  Root-louse      \ 
Syrphus  fly,  Pipiza  radicum  Riley,  which  in  its  larval  stafce     / 
feeds  upon  them.     It  is  then  in  the  form  of  a  footless  maggot, 
which,  when  full  grown,  is  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long 
(Fig.  2,  a),  of  a  dirty  yellow  color,  and  usually  so  covered 
with  dirt  and  with  the  woolly  matter  of  the  lice  it  has  de- 
voured that  it  is  not  easily  discerned.     The  eggs  from  which 
these  larvae  are  produced  are  laid  by  the  fly  (Fig.  2,  c)  in  the 


16 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE  APPLE. 


spring.  The  larvae  mature  during  the  summer,  and  in  the 
fall  change  to  the  pupa  state,  as  shown  at  b  in  the  figure, 
from  which  the  perfect  fly  emerges  the  following  spring. 

The  larva,  chrysalis, 

FlG-  2-  and   fly  are  all  mag- 

nified in  the  figure. 
The  fly  measures, 
when  its  wings  are 
expanded,  nearly  half 
an  inch  across;  its 
body  is  black,  the 
head  hairy  with  short 
white  hairs,  the  tho- 
rax also  similarly  hairy  and  finely  punctated  ;  the  abdomen 
finely  punctated,  and  adorned  with  long  white  hairs;  legs 
partly  reddish,  partly  black ;  wings  transparent,  with  black 
veins. 


ATTACKING  THE  TEUNK, 

No.  2. — The  Round-headed  Apple-tree  Borer. 

Saperda  Candida  Fabr. 

The  round-headed  apple-tree  borer  is  a  native  of  America, 
whose  existence  was  unrecorded  before  1824,  when  it  was  de- 
scribed by  Thomas  Say.  The  year  following,  its  destructive 
character  was  observed  about  Albany,  N.Y.  It  is  now  very 
widely  and  generally  distributed,  and  probably  it  was  so  at 
that  time,  although  unnoticed,  since  it  inhabits  our  native 
crabs  and  thorn-bushes,  and  also  the  common  June-berry, 
Amelanchier  Canadensis.  While  preferring  the  apple,  it  also 
makes  its  home  in  the  pear,  quince,  and  mountain-ash.  In 
its  perfect  state  it  is  a  very  handsome  beetle  (Fig.  3,  c),  about 
three-fourths  of  an  inch  long,  cylindrical  in  form,  of  a  pale- 
brown  color  above,  with  two  broad  creamy-white  stripes 
running  the  whole  length  of  its  body;  the  face  and  under 


ATTACKING    THE    TRUNK. 


17 


surface  are  hoary-white,  the  antennae  and  legs  gray.  The 
females  are  larger  than  the  males,  and  have  shorter  antennae. 
The  beetle  makes  its  appearance  during  the  months  of  June 
and  July,  usually  remaining  in  concealment  during  the  day, 
and  becoming  active  at  dusk. 

The  eggs  are  deposited  late  in  June,  during  July,  and  most 

FIG.  3. 


of  August,  one  in  a  place,  in  an  incision  made  by  the  female 
in  the  bark  of  the  tree  near  its  base.  "Within  two  weeks  the 
young  larvae  are  hatched,  and  at  once  commence  with  their 
sharp  mandibles  to  gnaw  their  way  to  the  interior. 

It  is  generally  conceded  that  the  larva  is  three  years  in 
reaching  maturity.  The  young  ones  lie  for  the  first  year 
in  the  sap-wood  and  inner  bark,  excavating  flat,  shallow 
cavities,  about  the  size  of  a  silver  dollar,  which  are  filled 
with  their  sawdust-like  castings.  The  holes  by  which  they 
enter,  being  small,  are  soon  filled  up,  though  not  until  a 
few  grains  of  castings  have  fallen  from  them.  Their  pres- 
ence may,  however,  often  be  detected  in  young  trees  from 
the  bark  becoming  dark-colored  and  sometimes  dry  and  dead 
enough  to  crack.  Through  these  cracks  some  of  the  cast- 
ings generally  protrude,  and  fall  to  the  ground  in  a  little 
heap ;  this  takes  place  especially  in  the  spring  of  the  year, 
when,  with  the  frequent  rains,  the  heaps  become  swollen  by 
the  absorption  of  moisture.  On  the  approach  of  winter 
the  larva  descends  to  the  lower  part  of  its  burrow,  where 

2 


•[g  INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO    THE  APPLE. 

it  doubtless  remains  inactive  until  the  following  spring. 
During  the  next  season  it  attains  about  half  its  growth, 
still  living  on  the  sap-wood,  where  it  does  great  damage, 
and  when,  as  often  happens,  there  are  several  of  these 
borers  in  a  single  tree,  they  will  sometimes  cause  its  death 
by  completely  girdling  it.  After  another  winter's  rest,  the 
larva  again  becomes  active,  and  towards  the  end  of  the 
following  season,  when  approaching  maturity,  it  cuts  a  cylin- 
drical passage  upwards,  varying  in  length,  into  the  solid 
wood,  afterwards  extending  it  outward  to  the  bark,  some- 
times cutting  entirely  through  the  tree,  at  other  times  turn- 
ing back  at  different  angles.  The  upper  part  of  the  cavity 
is  then  filled  with  a  sawdust-like  powder,  after  which  the 
larva  turns  round  and  returns  to  the  part  nearest  the  heart, 
of  the  tree,  which  portion  it  enlarges  by  tearing  off  the 
fibres,  with  which  it  carefully  and  securely  closes  the  lower 
portion  of  its  gallery,  so  as  to  protect  it  effectually  from  the 
approach  of  enemies  at  either  end.  Having  thus  perfected 
its  arrangements,  it  again  turns  round  so  as  to  have  its  head 
upwards,  when  it  rests  from  its  labors  in  the  interior  of  the 
passage  until  the  following  spring,  when  the  mature  larva 
sheds  its  skin  and  discloses  the  pupa.  In  this  condition  it 
remains  about  two  or  three  weeks,  when  the  perfect  beetle 
escapes.  At  first  its  body  and  wing-cases  are  soft  and  flabby, 
but  in  a  few  days  they  harden,  when  the  beetle  makes  its 
way  through  the  sawdust-like  castings  in  the  upper  end  of 
the  passage,  and  cuts  with  its  powerful  jaws  a  smooth, 
round  hole  through  the  bark,  from  which  it  escapes. 

The  larva  (Fig.  3,  a)  is  of  a  whitish  color,  with  a  round 
head  of  a  chestnut-brown,  polished  and  horny,  and  the  jaws 
black.  It  has  also  a  yellow  horny-looking  spot  on  the  first 
segment  behind  the  head.  It  is  without  feet,  but  moves 
about  in  its  burrows  by  the  alternate  contraction  and  ex- 
pansion of  the  segments  of  its  body.  When  full  grown  it  is 
over  an  inch  in  length. 

The  color  of  the  chrysalis  (Fig.  3,  b)  is  lighter  than  that 


ATTACKING  THE   TRUNK.  19 

of  the  larva,  and  it  has  transverse  rows  of  minute  spines  on 
the  back,  and  a  few  at  the  extremity  of  the  body. 

Remedies. — The  young  larva,  as  already  stated,  may  often 
be  detected  by  the  discoloration  of  the  bark.  In  such  in- 
stances, if  the  outer  dark-colored  surface  be  scraped  with  a 
knife,  late  in  August  or  early  in  September,  so  as  to  expose 
the  clear  white  bark  beneath,  the  lurking  enemy  may  be  dis- 
covered and  destroyed.  Later  they  may  be  detected  by  their 
castings,  which  have  been  pushed  out  of  the  crevices  of  the 
bark  and  have  fallen  in  little  heaps  on  the  ground.  When 
first  discharged,  these  look  as  if  they  had  been  forced  through 
the  barrels  of  a  minute  double-barrelled  gun,  being  arranged 
closely  together  in  two  parallel  strings.  Those  which  have 
burrowed  deeper  may  sometimes  be  reached  by  a  stout  wire 
thrust  into  their  holes,  or  by  cutting  through  the  bark  at  the 
upper  end  of  the  chamber,  and  pouring  scalding  water  into 
the  opening,  so  that  it  may  soak  through  the  castings  and 
penetrate  to  the  insect. 

Among  the  preventive  measures,  alkaline  washes  or  solu- 
tions are  probably  the  most  efficient,  since  experiments  have 
demonstrated  that  they  are  repulsive  to  the  insect,  and  that 
the  beetle  will  not  lay  her  eggs  on  trees  protected  by  such 
washes.  ^Soft-soap    reduced   to  the   consistence  of  a  thick       \ 
paint  by  the  addition  of  a  strong  solution  of  washing-soda 
in  water  is  perhaps  as  good  a  formula  as  can  be  suggested  :j 
this,  if  applied  to  the  bark  of  the  tree,  especially  about  the 
base  or  collar,  and  also  extended  upwards  to  the  crotches, 
where  the  main  branches  have  their  origin,  will  cover  the 
whole  surface  liable  to  attack,  and,  if  applied  during  the 
morning  of  a  warm  day,  will  dry  in  a  few  hours,  and  form 
a  tenacious  coating,  not  easily  dissolved  by  rain.     The  soap   / 
solution  should  be  applied  early  in  June,  and  a  second  time  / 
during  the  early  part  of  July. 


20 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE    APPLE. 


FIG.  4. 


No.  3. — The  Flat-headed  Apple-tree  Borer. 

Chrysobothris  femorata  (Fabr.). 

This  borer  is  also  a  native  of  America,  and  is  in  its  ma- 
ture state  a  beetle  belonging  to  the  family  Buprestidse.  It 
is  a  very  active  creature,  one  which  courts  the  light  of  day 
and  delights  to  bask  in  the  hot  sunshine,  running  up  and 
down  the  bark  of  a  tree  with  great  rapidity,  but  instantly 
taking  wing  if  an  attempt  be  made  to  capture  it.  The  beetle 
measures  from  three-eighths  to  half  an  inch  or  more  in  length. 
(See  Fig.  4,  d,  where  it  is  shown  somewhat  enlarged.)  It  is 
of  a  flattish  oblong  form  and  of  a 
shining  greenish-black  color,  each  of 
its  wing-cases  having  three  raised  lines, 
the  outer  two  interrupted  by  two  im- 
pressed transverse  spots  of  a  brassy, 
color,  dividing  each  wing-cover  into 
three  nearly  equal  portions.  The 
under  side  of  the  body  and  the  legs 
shine  like  burnished  copper;  the  feet 
are  shining  green. 

This  pest  is  common  almost  every- 
where, affecting  alike  the  frosty  re- 
gions of  the  North,  the  great  West, 

and  the  sunny  South.  It  is  much  more  abundant  than  the 
two-striped  borer,  and  is  a  most  formidable  enemy  to  apple- 
culture.  It  attacks  also  the  pear,  the  plum,  and  sometimes 
the  peach.  In  the  Southwestern  States  it  begins  to  appear 
during  the  latter  part  of  May,  and  is  found  during  most  of 
the  summer  months ;  in  the  Northern  States  and  Canada  its 
time  of  appearance  is  June  and  July.  It  does  not  confine  its 
attacks  to  the  base  of  the  tree,  but  affects  the  trunk  more 
or  less  throughout,  and  sometimes  the  larger  branches. 

The  eggs,  which  are  yellow  and  irregularly  ribbed,  arc 
very  small,  about  one-fiftieth  of  an  inch  long,  of  an  ovoidal 
form,  flattened  at  one  end,  and  are  fastened  by  the  female 


ATTACKING   THE  TRUNK.  21 

with  a  glutinous  substance,  usually  under  the  loose  scales  or 
within  the  cracks  and  crevices  of  the  bark;  sometimes  singly, 
at  other  times  several  in  a  group.  The  young  larva  soon 
hatches,  and,  having  eaten  its  way  through  the  bark,  feeds 
on  the  sap-wood  within,  where,  boring  broad  and  flattish 
channels,  a  single  specimen  will  sometimes  girdle  a  small  tree. 
As  the  larva  approaches  maturity  it  usually  bores  into  the 
more  solid  wood,  working  upward,  and,  when  about  to  change 
to  a  pupa,  cuts  a  passage  back  again  to  the  outside,  eating 
nearly  but  not  quite  through  the  bark.  Within  its  retreat 
it  changes  to  a  pupa  (Fig.  4,  6),  which  is  at  first  white,  but 
gradually  approaches  in  color  to  that  of  the  future  beetle, 
and  in  about  three  weeks  the  perfect  insect  emerges,  and, 
having  eaten  through  the  thin  covering  of  bark,  escapes  and 
roams  at  large  to  continue  the  work  of  destruction. 

The  mature  larva  (Fig.  4,  a)  is  a  pale-yellow  legless 
grub,  with  its  anterior  end  enormously  enlarged,  round,  and 
flattened.  At  c  in  the  figure  the  under  side  of  the  anterior 
swollen  portion  of  the  body  is  shown.  Whether  this  larva 
requires  one  or  two  seasons  to  reach  maturity  has  not  yet 
been  determined  with  certainty,  but  the  opinion  prevails  that 
its  transformations  are  completed  in  a  single  year. 

Remedies. — One  might  reasonably  suppose  that  this  larva 
in  its  snug  retreat  would  be  safe  from  the  attack  of  outside 
foes ;  but  it  is  hunted  and  devoured  by  woodpeckers,  and  also 
destroyed  by  insect  parasites.  A  very  small  fly,  a  species  of 
Chalcid, destroys  many  of  the  larvae;  besides  which  two  larger 
parasites  have  been  bred  from  them  by  Prof.  C.  V.  Riley, 
one  of  which,  Bracon  charus  Riley,  is  represented  magnified 
in  Fig.  5,  the  hair-lines  at  the  side  showing  its  natural  size. 
The  other  species,  Oryptus  grattator  Say,  is  somewhat  larger : 
they  both  belong  to  that  very  useful  group  of  four-winged 
flies  known  as  Ichneumons. 

Although  healthy,  well-established  trees  are  not  exempt 
from  the  attacks  of  this  enemy,  it  is  found  that  sickly  trees 
or  trees  newly  transplanted  are  more  liable  to  suffer,  es- 


22 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE  APPLE. 


FIG.  5. 


pecially  on  the  southwest  side,  where  the  bark  is  often  first 
injured  by  exposure  to  the  sun,  resulting  in  what  is  called 

sun-scald.  All  trees  should  be 
carefully  examined  early  in  the 
fall,  when  the  young  larva,  if 
present,  may  often  be  detected 
by  the  discoloration  of  the  bark, 
which  sometimes  has  a  flattened 
and  dried  appearance,  or  by  a 
slight  exudation  of  sap,  or  by 
the  presence  of  the  sawdust- 
like  castings.  Whenever  such 
indications  are  seen,  the  parts 
should  at  once  be  cut  into  with 
a  knife  and  the  intruder  de- 
stroyed. As  a  preventive  meas- 
ure there  is  perhaps  nothing 
better  than  coating  the  bark  of  the  trunk  and  larger  branches 
with  a  mixture  of  soft-soap  and  solution  of  soda,  as  recom- 
mended for  the  two-striped  borer  (No.  2). 

No.  4. — The  Long-horned  Borer. 

Leptostylus  aculifer  (Say). 

Although  distributed  over  a  wide  area,  this  is  by  no  means 
a  common  insect,  and  seldom  appears  in  sufficient  numbers  to 
cause  the  fruit-grower  any  uneasiness.  The  beetle  (Fig.  6;  is 
FlQ  (.  of  rather  an  elegant  form,  with  long,  tapering  an- 
tennae of  a  gray  color,  prettily  banded  with  black. 
It  is  a  little  more  than  a  third  of  an  inch  long,  of 
a  brownish-gray  color,  with  many  small,  thorn-like 
points  upon  its  wing-covers.  There  is  also  a  V- 
shaped  band,  margined  with  black,  a  little  behind  the  middle 
of  the  wing-cases. 

The  perfect  insect  appears  about  the  last  of  August,  when  it 
occasionally  deposits  its  eggs  upon  the  trunks  of  apple-trees, 
which  shortly  hatch  into  small  grubs,  and  these  eat  their  way 


ATTACKING  THE   TRUNK. 


23 


through  and  burrow  under  the  bark.  They  are  very  similar 
in  appearance  to  the  young  Iarva3  of  the  two-striped  borer, 
but  differ  in  their  habits ;  they  form  long,  narrow,  winding 
tracks  under  the  bark,  but  upon  the  outer  surface  of  the 
wood,  which  are  made  broader  as  the  larva  increases  in  size. 
This  larva  is  also  found  under  the  bark  of  oak-trees. 

Remedies. — Should  the  insect  at  any  time  prove  destructive, 
its  ravages  may  be  prevented  or  controlled  by  the  use  of  the 
alkaline  wash  applied  to  the  bark,  as  recommended  for  the 
two-striped  borer  (No.  2),  deferring  its  application  until  the 
early  part  of  August. 

No.  5.— The  Stag  Beetle. 

Lucanus  dama  Thunb. 

This  large  and  powerful  beetle  is  a  very  common  insect, 
belonging  to  the  family  called  Lamellicornes,  or  leaf-horned 
beetles,  from  the  leaf-like  joints  of  their  antennaB.  In  the 
male  (Fig.  7)  the  upper  jaws  or  mandibles  are  largely  de- 
veloped, curved  like  a  sickle,  and  F 
furnished  internally  beyond  the  mid- 
dle with  a  small  tooth ;  those  of  the 
female  are  much  shorter,  and  also 
toothed.  The  body  measures  from 
one  to  one  and  a  quarter  inches  in 
length,  exclusive  of  the  jaws,  and  is 
of  a  deep  mahogany-brown  color. 
The  head  of  the  male  is  broad  and 
smooth  ;  that  of  the  female  narrowed 
and  roughened  with  indentations.  The 
beetle  appears  during  the  months  of 
July  and  August,  and  is  very  vigorous  on  the  wing,  flying 
with  a  loud,  buzzing  sound  during  the  evening  and  night, 
when  it  frequently  enters  houses,  to  the  annoyance  of  the 
occupants.  It  is  perhaps  scarcely  necessary  to  remark  that 
this  beetle  is  not  venomous,  and  that  it  never  attempts  to  bite 
without  provocation. 


24  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE  APPLE. 

The  eggs  are  laid  in  the  crevices  of  the  bark  of  trees, 
especially  near  the  roots.  The  larvae  live  in  decaying  wood, 
and  are  found  in  the  trunks  and  roots  of  various  kinds  of 
trees,  particularly  those  of  old  apple-trees;  they  are  also 
found  in  old  cherry-trees,  willows,  and  oaks.  They  are 
said  to  be  six  years  in  completing  their  growth,  living  all  the 
time  on  the  wood  of  the  tree,  reducing  it  to  a  coarse  powder 
resembling  sawdust.  The  mature  larva  is  a  large,  thick, 
whitish  grub,  with  a  reddish-brown,  horny-looking  head, 
dark  mandibles,  and  reddish  legs.  (See  Fig.  8,  a.)  The  body 
j,  g  is  curved  when  at  rest, 

the  hinder  segments  being 
brought  towards  the  head. 
When  the  larva  has  at- 
tained full  size  it  remains 
in  its  burrow,  and  encloses 
itself  in  an  oval  cocoon 
(Fig.  8,  6)  formed  of  frag- 
ments of  wood  and  bark 
cemented  together  with  a 
glue-like  secretion,  and  within  this  enclosure  it  is  trans- 
formed into  a  pupa  of  a  yellowish-white  color.  Through  the 
partially  transparent  membrane  the  limbs  of  the  future  beetle 
are  dimly  seen,  and  in  due  time  the  mature  insect  bursts  its 
filmy  covering,  crawls  through  the  passage  previously  gnawed 
by  the  larva,  and  emerges  to  the  light  of  day. 

As  this  beetle  affects  only  old  and  decaying  trees,  it  seldom 
does  much  harm.  The  use  of  the  alkaline  wash  recommended 
for  No.  2  would  no  doubt  deter  the  beetles  from  depositing 
their  eggs  on  trees  so  protected,  and  thus  any  mischief  thev 
might  otherwise  do  could  be  prevented. 

No.  6. — The  Apple-bark  Beetle. 

Monarthrum  mail  (Fitch). 

The  apple-bark  beetle  is  a  small  insect  about  one-tenth  of 
an  inch  long  (see  Fig.  9,  where  it  is  shown  much  magnified) ; 


ATTACKING  THE   TRUNK.  25 

it  is  cylindrical  in  form,  smooth  and  slender,  and  varies  in 
color  from  dark  chestnut-brown  to  nearly  black.  Its  legs 
and  antennae  are  pale-yellowish,  and  its  thorax  minutely 
punctated ;  the  posterior  end  of  the  body  is  abruptly  notched 
or  excavated.  The  insect  bores  under  the  bark  of  apple- 
trees,  sometimes  attacking  young,  thrifty  trees,  which,  when 
badly  affected,  are  apt,  soon  after  putting  forth  their  leaves, 
to  wither  suddenly,  as  if  scorched  by  fire ;  the  bark  becomes 
loosened  from  the  wood,  and  soon  after,  these 
small  beetles  appear  crawling  through  minute  per- 
forations in  the  bark  like  large  pin-holes.  This 
insect  usually  appears  in  July ;  it  is  seldom  very 


common,  but  has  been  reported  as  destructive  in    JTWM\ 
some  parts  of  Massachusetts,  where  many  young        ISr 
trees  are  said  to  have  been  ruined  by  it.    So  little 
is  yet  known  of  the  history  and  habits  of  this  pest  that  it  is 
difficult  to  say  what  would  be  the  best  remedy  for  it. 


No.  7. — The  Eyed  Elater 

Alaus  oculatus  (Linn.). 

This  is  the  largest  of  our  Elaters,  or  "  spring-beetles,"  and 
is  found  with  its  larva  in  the  decaying  Flo  10 

wood  of  old  apple-trees.  The  beetle 
(Fig.  10)  is  an  inch  and  a  half  or  more 
in  length,  of  a  black  color,  sprinkled 
with  numerous  whitish  dots.  On  the 
thorax  there  are  two  large  velvety  black 
eye-like  spots,  which  have  given  origin 
to  the  common  name  of  the  insect.  The 
thorax  is  about  one-third  the  length  of 
the  body,  and  is  powdered  with  whitish 
atoms  or  scales;  the  wing-cases  are  ridged 
with  longitudinal  lines,  and  the  under 
side  of  the  body  and  legs  thickly  powdered  with  white. 
It  is  found  in  the  perfect  state  in  June  and  July. 


26  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 

The  mature  larva  (Fig.  11),  which  attains  its  full  growth 
early  in  April,  is  about  two  and  a  half  inches  long,  nearly 
four-tenths  of  an  inch    across   about  the   middle,    tapering 
FlG  1L  slightly  towards  each 

extremity.  The  head 
is  broad,  brownish, 
and  rough  above ; 
the  jaws  very  strong,  curved,  and  pointed ;  the  terminal  seg- 
ment of  the  body  blackish,  roughened  with  small  pointed 
tubercles,  with  a  deep  semicircular  notch  at  the  end,  and 
armed  at  the  sides  with  small  teeth,  the  two  hinder  most 
of  which  are  long,  forked,  and  curved  upwards  like  hooks; 
under  this  hinder  segment  is  a  large  fleshy  foot,  furnished 
behind  with  little  claws,  and  around  the  sides  with  short 
spines ;  it  has  six  true  legs, — a  pair  under  each  of  the  first 
three  segments.  Early  in  spring  the  larva  casts  its  skin  and 
becomes  a  pupa,  and  in  due  time  there  emerges  from  it  a 
perfect  beetle. 

This  beetle,  when  placed  upon  its  back  on  a  flat  surface, 
has  the  power  of  springing  suddenly  into  the  air,  and,  while 
moving,  turning  its  body,  thus  recovering  its  natural  position. 
This  unusual  movement  combines  with  its  curious  prominent 
eye-like  spots  to  make  it  a  constant  source  of  wonder  and 
interest.  Since  it  feeds  mainly  on  decaying  wood,  it  scarcely 
deserves  to  be  classed  with  destructive  insects;  yet,  being 
occasionally  found  in  the  trunk  of  the  apple-tree,  it  is  worthy 
of  mention  here. 

No.  8. — The  Rough  Osmoderma. 

Osmoderma  scabra  (Beauv.). 

This  insect,  also,  lives  in  the  larval  state  in  the  decaying 
wood  of  the  apple,  as  well  as  in  that  of  the  cherry,  con- 
suming the  wood  and  inducing  more  rapid  decay.  It  is  a 
large,  white,  fleshy  grub,  with  a  reddish,  hard-shelled  head. 
In  the  autumn  each  larva  makes  for  itself  an  oval  cell  of 
fragments  of  wood,  cemented  together  with  a  glutinous  ma- 


ATTACKING  THE  BRANCHES. 


27 


FIG.  12. 


terial,  in  which  it  undergoes  its  transformations,  appearing 

during   the   month   of   July   as   a   large, 

purplish-black  beetle  (Fig.  12),  about  an 

inch  long,  with   rough   wing-cases.     The 

head  is  hollowed  out  on  the  top,  the  under 

side  of  the  body  smooth,  and  the  legs  short 

and  stout.     It  conceals  itself  during  the 

day,  but  is  active  at  night,  feeding  upon 

the  sap  which  flows  from  the  bark.     Since 

the  larva  feeds  chiefly  on  decaying  wood, 

the  injury  inflicted,  if  any,  can   only  be 

of  a  trifling  character. 


FIG.  13. 


ATTACKING  THE  BKANOHES, 
No.  9.— The  Woolly-louse  of  the  Apple. 

Schizoneura  lanigera  (Hausm.). 

This  is  the  same  species  as  the  apple-root  plant-louse  (No.  1), 
but  in  this  form  the  insects  attack  the  trunk  and  limbs  of  the 
apple-tree,  living  in  clusters,  and  secreting  over  themselves 
small  patches  of  a  cotton-like  covering.  (See  Fig.  13,  where 
the  insects  are  represented  magnified.) 
They  are  often  found  about  the  base 
of  twigs  or  suckers  springing  from 
the  trunk,  and  also  about  the  base  of 
the  trunk  itself,  and  around  recent 
wounds  in  the  bark.  In  autumn  they 
commonly  affect  the  axils  of  the  leaf- 
stalks (Fig.  13),  towards  the  ends  of 
twigs,  and  sometimes  multiply  to  such 
an  extent  as  to  cover  the  whole  un- 
der surface  of  the  limbs  and  also  of 
the  trunk,  the  tree  looking  as  though 
whitewashed.  They  are  said  to  affect  most  those  trees  which 


28 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE  APPLE. 


yield  sweet  fruit.  This  woolly-louse  is  very  common  in 
Europe,  especially  in  Germany,  the  north  of  France,  and 
England,  where  it  is  more  destructive  than  in  this  country, 
and,  although  generally  known  there  under  the  name  of 
the  "American  Blight/'  it  is  believed  to  be  indigenous  to 
Europe,  and  to  have  been  originally  brought  from  Europe 
to  America.  It  appears  to  thrive  only  in  comparatively  cold 
climates,  and  in  this  country  occurs  in  this  form  most  abun- 
dantly in  the  New  England  States. 

Under  each  of  the  little  patches  of  down  there  is  usually 
found  one  large  female  with  her  young.  When  fully  grown 
the  female  is  nearly  one-tenth  of  an  inch  long,  oval  in  form, 
with  black  head  and  feet,  dusky  legs  and  antennae,  and  yel- 
lowish abdomen.  She  is  covered  with  a  white,  mealy  powder, 
and  has  a  tuft  of  white  down  growing  upon  the  hinder  part  of 
her  back,  which  is  easily  detached.  During  the  summer  the 
insects  are  wingless,  and  the  young  are  produced  alive,  but 
about  the  middle  of  October,  among  the  wingless  specimens, 
appear  a  considerable  number  with  wings,  and  these  have 
but  little  of  the  downy  substance  upon  their  bodies,  which 
are  nearly  black  and  rather  plump.  The  fore  wings  are 

large,  and  about  twice 
as  long  as  the  nar- 
rower hind  wings.  In 
Fig.  14  the  winged 
insect  is  represented 
much  magnified;  also 
a  group  of  the  young 
lice  magnified,  and 
an  apple-twig,  natu- 
ral size,  showing  one 
of  the  openings  in 
the  bark  caused  by 
this  insect.  Late  in 
the  autumn  the  females  deposit  eggs  for  another  generation 
the  following  spring, — a  fact  which  should  induce  fruit- 


FIG.  14. 


ATTACKING  THE  BRANCHES.  29 

growers  to  take  particular  pains  to  destroy  these  lice  wher- 

/  ever  found,   for  the  colony  that  is  permitted  this  year  to 

I   establish  itself  upon  some  worthless  tree  or  on  the  shoots 

I  or  suckers  at  its  base,  will  furnish  the  parents  of  countless 

•    hosts  that  may  establish  themselves  next  year  on  the  choicest 

v  trees  in  the  orchard. ,   The  insects  are  extremely  hardy,  and 

will  endure  a  considerable  amount  of  frost,  and  it  is  quite 

probable  that  some  of  them  survive  the  winter  in  the  perfect 

state  in  the  cracks  of  the  bark  of  the  trees. 

The  eggs  are  so  small  that  they  require  a  magnify  ing-glass 
to  enable  one  to  see  them,  and  are  deposited  in  the  crevices 
of  the  bark  at  or  near  the  surface  of  the  ground,  especially 
about  the  base  of  suckers,  where  such  are  permitted  to  grow. 
r  The  young,  when  first  hatched,  are  covered  with  very  fine 
/  down,  and  appear  in  the  spring  of  the  year  like  little  specks 
I  of  mould  on  the  trees.  As  the  season  advances,  and  the  in- 
sect increases  in  size,  its  cottony  coating  becomes  more  dis- 
tinct, the  fibres  increasing  in  length  and  apparently  issuing 
from  all  the  pores  of  the  skin  of  the  abdomen.  This  coating 
is  very  easily  removed,  adhering  to  the  fingers  when  touched. 
Both  young  and  old  derive  their  nourishment  from  the  sap 
of  the  tree,  and  the  constant  punctures  they  make  give  rise  to 
warts  and  excrescences  on  the  bark,  and  openings  in  it,  and, 
where  very  numerous,  the  limbs  attacked  become  sickly,  the 
leaves  turn  yellow  and  drop  off,  and  sometimes  the  tree  dies. 

Remedies. — The  very  small  four- 
winged  Chalcid  fly,  Aphelinus  mali  ^  -FlG- 15- 
(Hald.),  which  is  highly  magnified  in 
Fig.  15,  and  which  has  already  been 
referred  to  under  No.  1,  preys  also 
on  this  woolly  aphis.  The  lady- 
birds and  their  larvae,  also  the  larvae 
of  the  lace-wing  flies  and  syrphus 
flies,  feed  on  all  species  of  plant-lice, 

and  are  very  useful  in  keeping  them  within  bounds.     These 
friendly  insects  will  be  fully  treated  of  under  the  Apple- 


30  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 

tree  Aphis,  No.  57.  The  vigorous  use  of  a  stiff  brush  wet 
with  the  alkaline  solution  of  soap,  recommended  under 
No.  2,  will  also  be  found  very  efficient,  or  a  solution  made 
by  mixing  five  pounds  of  fresh  lime  with  one  pound  of 
sulphur  and  two  gallons  of  water,  and  heating  until  the 
sulphur  is  dissolved.  After  destroying  those  on  the  trunk, 
and  cutting  away  all  suckers,  the  earth  should  be  removed 
from  about  the  base  of  the  trunk,  the  parts  below  the  surface 
cleaned,  and  fresh  earth  placed  about  the  roots.  Spiders 
devour  large  numbers  of  these  lice,  spinning  their  webs  over 
the  colonies  and  feeding  at  their  leisure. 

No.  10. — The  Apple  Liopus. 

Liopus  facetus  Say. 

This  is  another  of  the  long-horned  borers  which  has  been 
found  in  the  larval  state  boring  into  the  decaying  limbs  of 
apple-trees.  The  larva,  when  full  grown,  is  a  quarter  of  an 
inch  long  or  more,  is  slender,  with  the  anterior  segments  en- 
larged and  swollen,  is  covered  with  fine  short  hairs,  and  has 
the  end  of  the  abdomen  rather  blunt.  The  beetle,  which  is 
shown  magnified  in  Fig.  16,  is  a  handsome  one,  a  slender 
little  creature,  rather  less  than  a  quarter 
of  an  inch  in  length,  of  a  pale  ash-gray 
color  with  a  purplish  tinge.  The  long 
antennae  are  yellowish  brown,  except  at 
the  base  and  between  the  joints,  where 
the  color  is  darker.  The  wing-covers 
are  smooth,  and  on  their  anterior  por- 
tion is  an  irregular  rounded  dark  spot; 
a  broad  black  band  crosses  the  hinder 
portion,  leaving  the  tip  pale  gray ;  there 
are  also  several  additional  blackish  dots  and  streaks  distrib- 
uted over  the  upper  surface. 

The  beetles  appear  late  in  June  and  early  in  July,  and  lay 
their  eggs  on  the  bark  of  the  branches,  from  which  the  young 
larvae  hatch  and  bore  in  under  the  bark,  where  they  become 


ATTACKING  THE  BRANCHES.  31 

full  grown  and  undergo  their  transformations  before  the  fol- 
lowing midsummer.  This  is  a  rare  insect  in  most  parts  of 
America,  and  is  not  likely  to  prove  a  serious  trouble  anywhere. 

No.  11. — The  Apple-tree  Pruner. 

Elaphidion  villosum  (Fabr.). 

This  is  also  a  long-horned  beetle,  of  cylindrical  form,  of  a 
dull-blackish  color,  with  brownish  wing-cases.  The  antenna) 
in  the  male  are  longer  than  the  body,  and  in  the  female,  which 
is  represented  in  Fig.  17,  are  equal  to  it.  The  entire  body  is 
covered  with  short  grayish  hairs,  which,  from  their  denseness 
in  some  places  on  the  thorax  and  wing-covers,  form  pale 
spots.  The  under  side  of  the  body  is  of  a  chestnut-brown 
color.  The  insect  affects  chiefly  the  oak-tree,  but  also  attacks 
the  apple,  and,  although  not  often  found  in  great  abundance, 
is  very  generally  distributed  over  most  of 
the  Northern  United  States  and  Canada.  FlG- 17- 

The  peculiar  habits  and  instincts  of  this 
insect  are  very  interesting.  The  parent 
beetle  places  an  egg  in  the  axil  of  a  leaf 
on  a  fresh  green  twig  proceeding  from  a 
moderate-sized  limb.  When  the  young 
larva  hatches,  it  burrows  into  the  centre  of 
the  twig  and  down  towards  its  base,  consuming  in  its  course 
the  soft  pulpy  matter  of  which  this  part  of  the  twig  is  com- 
posed. By  the  time  it  reaches  the  main  limb  it  has  become 
sufficiently  matured  to  be  able  to  feed  upon  the  harder  wood, 
and  makes  its  way  into  the  branch,  when  the  hollow  twig  it 
has  vacated  gradually  withers  and  drops  off.  The  larva, 
being  now  about  half  grown,  eats  its  way  a  short  distance 
through  the  middle  of  the  branch,  and  then  proceeds  de- 
liberately to  sever  its  connection  with  the  tree  by  gnawing 
away  the  woody  fibre  to  such  an  extent  that  the  first  storm 
of  wind  snaps  the  branch  off.  This  is  rather  a  delicate 
operation  for  the  insect  to  perform,  and  requires  wonderful 
instinctive  skill,  for  should  it  gnaw  away  too  much  of  the 


32 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 


FIG.  18. 


FIG.  19. 


woody  interior  the  branch  might  break  during  the  process, 
— an  accident  which  would  probably  crush  the  workman  to 
death ;  but  the  insect  rarely  miscalculates :  it  leaves  the 
bark  and  just  enough  of  the  woody  fibre  untouched  to  sustain 
the  branch  until  it  has  time  to  make  good  its  retreat  into 
the  burrow,  the  opening  of  which  it  carefully  stops  up  with 
gnawed  fragments  of  wood.  If  the  limb  be  short,  it  severs 
all  the  woody  fibres,  leaving  it  fastened  only  by  the  bark ; 
if  longer,  a  few  of  the  woody  fibres  on  the  tipper  side  are 
left ;  and  if  very  long  and  heavy,  not  more  than  three-fourths 
of  the  wood  will  be  cut  through.  Having  performed  the 
operation  and  closed  its  hole  so  that  the  jarring  of  the  branch 
when  it  falls  may  not  shake  out  the  occupant,  the  larva 
retreats  to  the  spot  at  which  it  first  entered  the  limb.  After 
the  branch  has  fallen  it  eats  its  way  gradually  through  the 
centre  of  the  limb  for  a  distance  of  from  six  to  twelve  inches, 
when,  having  completed  its  growth, 
it  is  transformed  to  a  pupa  with- 
in the  enclosure.  Sometimes  this 
change  takes  place  in  the  autumn, 
but  more  frequently  it  is  deferred 
until  the  spring,  and  from  the  pupa 
the  beetle  escapes  during  the  month 
of  June. 

The  larva  (Fig.  18)  when  full 
grown  is  a  little  more  than  half 
an  inch  long,  thickest  towards  the 
head,  tapering  gradually  backwards. 
The  head  is  small  and  black,  the 

body  yellowish  white,  with  a  few  indistinct  darker  markings. 
It  has  six  very  minute  legs  attached  to  the  anterior  segments. 
In  the  figure  the  larva  is  shown  magnified.  The  pupa  is 
about  the  same  size  as  the  larva,  of  a  whitish  color,  and  is 
shown  in  Fig.  19,  also  magnified,  in  its  burrow. 

Remedies. — Birds  are  active  agents  in  the  destruction  of 
these  larvae ;  they  seek  them  out  in  their  places  of  retreat  and 


ATTACKING  THE  BRANCHES. 


33 


devour  them.  Should  they  at  any  time  become  very  numer- 
ous, they  may  easily  be  disposed  of  by  gathering  the  fallen 
branches  and  burning  them  before  the  insect  has  time  to 
mature. 

No.  12. — The  Parallel  Elaphidion. 

Elaphidion  parallelum  Newm. 

This  insect  in  the  larval  state  occasionally  bores  into  the 
twigs  of  apple  and  plum  trees.  The  beetle  (Fig.  20,  c)  is 
a  little  more  than  half  an  inch  long,  of  a  dull-brownish 
color,  closely  resembling  No.  11  in  appearance  and  habits, 
but  smaller  in  size. 

The  egg  is  laid  by  the  parent  insect  near  the  axil  of  one 
of  the  leaf-buds,  where  the  young  larva,  when  hatched,  bores 
into  the  twig,  enlarging  the  channel  as  it  increases  in  size, 
finally  transforming  to  a  pupa  within  its  burrow,  and  escap- 
ing at  maturity  in  the  perfect  state.  In  the  figure,  a  shows 
the  larva,  6  the  twig  split  open,  showing  the  enclosed  pupa, 
k  the  end  of  the  twig  cut 
oif,  c  the  beetle^  i  the  basal 
joints  of  the  antenna,  j  the 
tip  of  the  wing-case,  d  the 
head,  e  maxilla,  /  labium, 
g  mandible,  and  h  the  an- 
tenna of  the  larva.  This 
Elaphidion  is  rather  a  rare 
insect,  and,  although  it  may 
occasionally  be  found  injurious,  it  is  not  likely  to  become  so 
to  any  considerable  extent. 

No.  13. — The  Apple-twig  Borer. 

Amphicerus  bicaudatus  (Say). 

The  apple-twig  borer  is  a  small  cylindrical  beetle  (Fig.  21), 
from  one-fourth  to  one-third  of  an  inch  in  length,  of  a  dark 
chestnut-brown  color  above,  black  beneath.  The  fore  part 
of  its  thorax  is  roughened  with  minute  elevated  points,  and, 


FIG.  20. 


34  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 

in  the  males,  furnished  with  two  little  horns ;  the  male  may 
also  be  further  distinguished  from  the  female  by  its  having 
two  small  thorn-like  projections  from  the  extremities  of  the 
wing-covers. 

Unlike  most  other  borers,  which  do  their  mischief  in  the 
larval  state,  this  insect  works  in  the  beetle  state,  boring  into 
the  branches  of  apple,  pear,  and  cherry  trees,  just  above  a 

FIG.  21.  FIG.  22. 


bud,  and  working  downwards  through  the  pith  in  a  cylindri- 
cal burrow  one  or  two  inches  long.  (See  Fig.  22,  c  and  d.} 
The  holes  appear  to  be  made  partly  for  the  purpose  of  obtain- 
ing food,  and  partly  to  serve  as  places  of  concealment  for  the 
beetles ;  they  are  made  by  both  sexes  alike,  and  the  beetles 
are  found  in  them  occasionally  in  the  middle  of  winter,  as 
well  as  in  the  summer,  usually  with  the  head  downwards. 
They  work  throughout  the  summer  months,  causing  the  twigs 
operated  on  to  wither  and  their  leaves  to  turn  brown.  Upon 
examination,  a  perforation  about  the  size  of  a  knitting-needle 
is  found  near  one  of  the  buds  from  six  inches  to  a  foot  from 
the  end  of  the  twig.  This  insect  does  not  often  occur  in  such 
numbers  as  to  inflict  any  material  damage,  but  occasionally 
as  many  as  ten  have  been  found  working  at  once  on  a  two- 
or  three-year-old  tree ;  they  also  affect  the  twigs  of  larger 
trees.  The  twigs  so  injured  are  very  liable  to  break  off  with 
high  winds. 

There  is  not  much  known  as  yet  about  the  earlier  stages  of 
this  insect ;  the  larva  is  said  to  have  been  found  feeding  upon 
grape-canes,  into  which  also  the  beetle  occasionally  bores. 
The  beetle  is  found  from  Pennsylvania  to  Mississippi,  also  in 


ATTACKING  THE  BRANCHES.  35 

the  orchards  of  New  Jersey,  Michigan,  Illinois,  Iowa,  and 
Kansas.  Should  it  at  any  time  inflict  serious  injury,  the 
only  remedy  as  yet  suggested  is  to  search  for  the  bored  twigs 
in  June  and  July,  and  cut  them  off  and  burn  them. 

No.  14. — The  Imbricated  Snout-beetle. 

Epiccerus  imbricatus  (Say). 

This  is  a  small  snout-beetle  or  weevil,  which  is  common  in 
some  localities  on  apple  and  cherry  trees  and  injures  them 
by  gnawing   the  twigs   and 
fruit.     It  is  most  frequently 
found  in  the  Western  States, 
especially  in  parts  of   Iowa 
and  Kansas. 

It  is  a  very  variable  beetle ; 
usually  it  is  of  a  silvery- 
white  color,  with  dark  mark- 
ings, as  shown  in  Fig.  23, 

but  sometimes  these  latter  are  wholly  or  partly  wanting. 
Nothing  is  as  yet  known  of  its  history  in  the  earlier  stages  of 
its  existence. 

Should  this  weevil  ever  occur  in  sufficient  numbers  to  ex- 
cite alarm,  they  <?ould  probably  be  collected  by  jarring  the 
trees,  as  in  the  case  of  the  plum-weevil,  and  then  destroyed. 

No.  15. — The  Seventeen-year  Locust. 

Cicada  septendecim  Linn. 

The  seventeen-year  locust  is  an  insect  very  well  known 
throughout  the  United  States,  and  is  sometimes  met  with  in 
Canada.  It  is  generally  believed  to  require  seventeen  years 
in  which  to  complete  its  transformations,  nearly  the  whole  of 
this  period  being  spent  under  ground. 

The  perfect  insect  measures,  when  its  wings  are  expanded, 
from  two  and  a  half  to  three  inches  across.  It  js  represented 
at  c  in  Fig.  24.  The  body  is  stout  and  blackish,  the  wings 


36 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 


transparent,  the  thick  anterior  edge  and  large  veins  are 
orange-red,  and  near  the  front  margin,  towards  the  tip,  there 
is  a  dusky,  zigzag  line  resembling  a  W.  The  rings  of  the 
abdomen  are  edged  with  dull  orange,  and  the  legs  are  of  the 
same  hue.  The  locusts  appear  in  the  South  earlier  than  in 

FIG.  24. 


the  North ;  their  usual  time  is  during  the  latter  part  of  May, 
and  they  disappear  early  in  July. 

After  pairing,  the  female  deposits  her  eggs  in  the  twigs  of 
different  trees,  puncturing  and  sawing  small  slits  in  them,  as 
shown  in  Fig.  24,  c?,  which  she  does  by  means  of  her  sharp 
beak,  which  is  composed  of  three  portions ;  the  two  outer  are 
beset  with  small  teeth  like  a  saw,  while  the  centre  one  is  a 
spear-pointed  piercer.  In  these  slits  she  places  her  eggs. 
These  (e,  Fig.  24)  are  of  a  pearly-white  color,  one-twelfth 
of  an  inch  long,  and  taper  to  an  obtuse  point  at  each  end. 
They  are  deposited  in  pairs,  side  by  side,  with  a  portion  of 
woody  fibre  between  them,  and  placed  in  the  cavity  some- 
what obliquely,  so  that  one  end  points  upwards.  When  two 


ATTACKING    THE  BRANCHES.  37 

eggs  have  thus  been  deposited,  the  insect  withdraws  her  piercer 
for  a  moment,  and  then  inserts  it  again  and  drops  two  more  eggs 
in  a  line  with  the  first,  and  so  on  until  she  has  filled  the  slit 
from  one  end  to  the  other.  She  then  removes  to  a  little  dis- 
tance and  makes  another  similar  nest :  it  is  not  uncommon 
to  find  from  fifteen  to  twenty  of  such  fissures  in  the  same 
limb.  The  cicada  thus  passes  from  limb  to  limb  and  from 
tree  to  tree  until  her  store  of  four  or  five  hundred  eggs  is 
exhausted,  when,  worn  out  by  her  excessive  labors,  she  dies. 
The  punctured  twigs  are  so  weakened  by  the  operations  of  the 
insect  that  they  frequently  break  off  when  swayed  by  rough 
winds,  and  the  injury  thus  caused  to  young  fruit-trees  in 
orchards  or  nurseries  is  sometimes  very  serious ;  in  most  in- 
stances, however,  if  the  trees  are  vigorous,  they  eventually 
recover  from  their  wounds. 

The  eggs  hatch  in  about  six  weeks  or  less,  the  young  larva 
being  of  a  yellowish-white  color,  and  appearing  as  shown  in 
Fig.  25.  It  is  active  and  rapid  in  its  movements,  and 
shortly  after  its  escape  from  the  egg  drops  to  the  ground,  and 
immediately  proceeds  to  bury  itself  in  the  soil  by  means  of 
its  broad  and  strong  fore  feet,  which  are  admirably  adapted 
for  digging.  Once  under  the  surface,  these  larvse  attach 
themselves  to  the  succulent 
roots  of  plants  and  trees,  and, 
puncturing  them  with  their 
beaks,  imbibe  the  vegetable 
juices,  which  form  their  sole 
nourishment.  They  do  not 
usually  descend  very  deeply 

into  the  ground,  but  remain  where  juicy  roots  are  most 
abundant,  and  the  only  marked  alteration  to  which  they  are 
subject  during  the  long  period  of  their  existence  under  ground 
is  a  gradual  increase  in  size. 

As  the  time  for  their  transformation  approaches,  they  as- 
cend towards  the  surface,  making  cylindrical  burrows  about 
five-eighths  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  often  circuitous,  seldom 


38 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 


FIG.  26. 


exactly  perpendicular,  and  these  are  firmly  cemented  and 
varnished  so  as  to  be  water-tight.  As  the  insect  progresses, 
the  chamber  is  filled  below  by  the  earthy  matter  removed  in 
its  progress,  but  the  upper  portion,  to  the  extent  of  six  or 

eight  inches,  is  empty, 
and  serves  as  a  dwell- 
ing-place for  the  insect 
until  the  period  for  its 
exit  arrives.  Here  it 
remains  for  some  days, 
ascending  to  the  top  of 
the  hole  in  fine  weather 
for  warmth  and  air,  and 
occasionally  looking  out 
I  as  if  to  reconnoitre,  but 
^5=  descending  again  on  the 
occurrence  of  cold  or 
wet  weather.  In  locali- 
ties that  are  low  or  im- 
perfectly drained,  the  insects  sometimes  continue  their  galleries 
from  four  to  six  inches  above  ground,  as  shown  in  Fig.  26, 
leaving  a  place  of  egress  at  the  surface,  e,  and  in  the  upper 
end  of  these  dry  chambers  the  pupae  patiently  await  the  time 
for  their  next  change. 

This  period,  although  an  active  one,  is  the  pupal  stage  of 
the  insects'  existence,  and  finally,  when  fully  matured,  they 
issue  from  the  ground  (see  a,  Fig.  24),  crawl  up  the  trunk 
of  a  tree  or  any  other  object  to  which  they  can  attach  them- 
selves securely  by  their  claws,  and,  having  rested  awhile, 
prepare  to  cast  their  skins.  After  some  struggling,  a  longi- 
tudinal rent  is  made  on  the  back,  and  through  this  the  en- 
closed cicada  pushes  its  head,  and  then  gradually  withdraws 
itself,  leaving  the  empty  pupa  skin  adhering,  as  shown  at  b  in 
Fig.  24.  The  escape  from  the  pupa  usually  occurs  between  six 
and  nine  in  the  evening,  and  about  ten  minutes  are  occupied 
by  the  insect  in  entirely  freeing  itself  from  the  enclosure.  At 


ATTACKING   THE  BRANCHES.  39 

first  the  body  is  soft  and  white,  excepting  a  black  patch  on 
the  back,  and  the  wings  are  small  and  soft,  but  within  an 
hour  are  fully  developed,  and  before  morning  the  mature 
insects  are  ready  for  flight.  They  sometimes  issue  from  the 
ground  in  immense  numbers;  above  fifteen  hundred  have 
been  known  to  arise  beneath  a  single  apple-tree,  and  in  some 
places  the  whole  surface  of  the  soil  has,  by  their  operations, 
appeared  almost  as  full  of  holes  as  a  honey-comb. 

Remedies. — On  escaping  from  the  ground,  they  are  attacked 
by  various  enemies.  Birds  and  predaceous  insects  devour 
them;  hogs  and  poultry  feed  on  them  greedily;  and  in  the 
winged  state  they  are  also  subject  to  the  attacks  of  parasites.  It 
seems  that  human  agency  can  effect  but  little  in  the  way  of  stay- 
ing the  progress  of  these  invaders,  and  the  only  time  when  any- 
thing can  be  done  is  early  in  the  morning,  when  the  winged 
insects  newly  escaped  and  in  a  comparatively  feeble  and  help- 
less condition  may  be  crushed  and  destroyed  ;  but  when  once 
they  have  acquired  their  full  power  of  wing,  it  is  a  hopeless 
task  to  attempt  to  arrest  their  course.  The  males  have  a 
musical  apparatus  on  each  side  of  the  body  just  behind  the 
wings,  which  acts  like  a  pair  of  kettle-drums,  producing  a 
very  loud,  shrill  sound.  Although  partial  to  oak-trees,  on 
which  they  most  abound,  they  are  very  destructive  to  other 

trees  and  shrubs,  and  frequently 

*  FIG.  27. 

injure  apple-trees. 

A  popular  idea  prevails  that 
these  insects  are  dangerous  to 
handle,  that  they  sting,  and 
that  their  sting  is  venomous. 
As  their  beaks  (a,  Fig.  27)  are  sharp  and  strong,  it  is  pos- 
sible that  under  provocation  they  may  insert  these,  but,  since 
there  is  no  poison-gland  attached,  there  is  little  more  to  fear 
from  their  puncture  than  from  the  piercing  of  a  needle. 


40 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 


FIG.  28. 


No,  16. — The  Oyster-shell  Bark-louse. 

Mytilaspis  pomorum  Bouch6. 

This  is  a  very  destructive  and  pernicious  insect,  which  pre- 
vails throughout  the  Northern  United  States  and  Canada,  and 
in  some  of  the  Southern  States  also.  It  was  introduced  from 
Europe  more  than  eighty  years  ago.  It  appears 
in  the  form  of  minute  scales,  about  one-sixth  of 
an  inch  long,  of  a  brownish  or  grayish  color, 
closely  resembling  that  of  the  bark  of  the  tree, 
and  somewhat  like  the  shell  of  an  oyster  in  shape, 
adhering  to  the  surface  of  the  bark,  as  shown  in 
Fig.  28,  and  placed  irregularly,  most  of  them 
lengthwise  of  the  limb  or  twig,  with  the  smaller 
end  upwards.  In  some  instances  the  branches  of 
apple-trees  may  be  found  literally  covered  and 
crowded  with  these  scales;  and  where  thus  so 
prevalent  they  seriously  impair  the  health  and 
vigor  of  the  tree,  and  sometimes  cause  its  death. 
Under  each  of  these  scales  will  be  found  a 
mass  of  eggs  varying  in  number  from  fifteen  or 
twenty  to  one  hundred  or  more;  these  during  the 
winter  or  early  spring  will  be  found  to  be  white  in  color,  but 
before  hatching  they  change  to  a  yellowish  hue,  soon  after 
which  the  young  insects  appear.  This  usually  occurs  late  in 
May  or  early  in  June,  and,  if  the  weather  is  cool,  the  young 
lice  will  remain  several  days  under  the  scales  before  dis- 
persing over  the  tree.  As  it  becomes  warmer,  they  leave  their 
shelter,  and  may  be  seen  running  all  over  the  twigs  looking 
for  suitable  locations  to  which  to  attach  themselves.  They 
then,  under  a  magnifying-glass,  present  the  appearance  shown 
at  2,  Fig.  29,  their  actual  length  being  only  about  one- 
hundredth  of  an  inch  ;  to  the  unaided  eye  they  appear  as 
mere  specks.  A  large  proportion  of  them  soon  become  fixed 
around  the  base  of  the  side-shoots  of  the  terminal  twigs,  where, 
inserting  their  tiny  sharp  beaks,  they  subsist  upon  the  sap  of 


ATTACKING    THE  BRANCHES. 


41 


the  tree.  In  a  few  days  a  fringe  of  delicate  waxy  threads 
issues  from  their  bodies,  when  they  have  the  appearance  shown 
at  3.  Gradually  the  insect  assumes  the  form  shown  at  4  ;  5 
and  6  represent  the  louse  as  it  approaches  maturity,  and  when 
detached  from  the  scale;  1  shows  the  egg  highly  magnified  ; 
and  8  one  of  the  antennae  of  the  young  lice,  also  much  enlarged. 
Before  the  end  of  the  season  the  louse  has  secreted  for  itself 


FIG.  29. 


the  scaly  covering  shown  at  7,  in  which  it  lives  and  matures. 
The  scale  is  figured  as  it  appears  from  the  under  side  when 
raised  and  with  the  louse  in  it.  By  the  middle  of  August 
this  female  louse  has  become  little  else  than  a  bag  of  eggs, 
and  the  process  of  depositing  these  now  begins,  the  body  of 
the  parent  shrinking  day  by  day,  until  finally,  when  this 
work  is  completed,  it  becomes  a  mere  atom  at  the  narrow 
end  of  the  scale,  and  is  scarcely  noticeable. 

The  scales  of  the  male  louse  are  seldom  seen ;  they  are 
most  frequently  found  upon  the  leaves,  both  on  the  upper 
and  under  sides ;  they  are  smaller  in  size  than  those  of  the 
female,  and  different  also  in  shape.  The  male  scale  is  shown 
at  c,  Fig.  30,  in  which  cut  is  also  represented  the  male  insect, 
much  magnified,  with  wings  closed  and  expanded. 

Only  one  brood  is  produced  annually  in  the  North,  the 
eggs  remaining  unchanged  under  the  scale  for  about  nine 
months ;  but  in  some  parts  of  the  South  the  insect  is  double- 


42 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE  APPLE. 


brooded,  the  first   brood  hatching   in   May,  the  second    in 
September. 

As  the  oyster-shell  bark-louse  retains  power  of  motion  only 
for  a  few  days  at  most  after  hatching,  it  is  mainly  disseminated 
to  distant  places  by  the  distribution  of  young  trees  from  infested 
nurseries.  In  the  orchard  and  its  immediate  neighborhood  it 
may  be  spread  by  being  carried  on  the  feet  of  birds,  or  attached 

FIG.  30. 


to  the  larger  insects,  or  may  be  aided  by  the  wind  in  passing 
from  tree  to  tree,  while  it  is  itself  so  brisk  in  its  active  state 
that  it  can  travel  two  or  three  inches  in  a  minute,  and  hence 
might  in  this  way  reach  a  point  two  or  three  rods  distant  be- 
fore it  would  perish.  Although  this  insect  essentially  belongs 
to  the  apple-tree,  it  is  frequently  found  on  the  pear,  and 
sometimes  on  the  plum. 

Remedies. — A  species  of  mite  (Fig.  31),  Tyroglyphus  mains 
(Shinier),  preys  on  the  louse  as  well  as  on  its  eggs;  and  this 
mite,  so  insignificant  that  it  can  scarcely  be  seen  without  a 
magnify  ing-glass,  has  probably  done  more  to  keep  this  or- 
chard-pest within  bounds  than  any  other  thing. 

Under  the  scales  may  sometimes  be  found  a  small  active 
larva  devouring  the  eggs.  This  is  the  progeny  of  a  small 
four-winged  parasite,  belonging  to  the  family  Chalcididse, 
named  Aphelinus  mytilaspidis  Le  Baron.  In  Fig.  32  we  have 
a  representation  of  this  insect  highly  magnified. 


ATTACKING    THE  BRANCHES. 


43 


Another  friend  is  the  twice-stabbed  lady-bird,  Chilochorus 
bivulnerus  Muls.  (Fig.  33),  an  insect  easily  recognized  by  its 


FIG.  31. 


FIG.  32. 


FIG. 


polished  black  wing-cases  with  a  blood-red  spot  on  each. 

Its  larva,  a  bristly-looking  little  creature  (Fig.   34),  of  a 

grayish   color,   is   very  active,   and   devours 

large  numbers  of  the  lice ;  the  perfect  beetle 

also  eats  them.     The  bark-lice  and  their  eggs 

are  devoured  also  by  some  of  our  insect-eating 

birds. 

During  the  winter  the  trees  should  be  ex- 
amined and  the  scales  scraped  off,  and  thus  a  large  proportion 
of  the  insects  may  be  destroyed.  Still,  it  is  almost  impos- 
sible to  cleanse  the  trees  entirely  in  this  way,  especially  the 
smaller  branches;  and  hence  the  insect  should  be 
fought  also  at  the  time  when  the  eggs  are  hatch- 
ing and  the  young  lice  crawling  over  the  limbs, 
as  then  they  are  tender  and  easily  killed.  With  T: 
this  object  in  view,  the  time  of  hatching  of  thejj 
remnants  left  after  the  winter  or  spring  scraping 
should  be  watched,  and,  while  the  young  larvae 
are  active,  the  twigs  should  be  brushed  with  a 
strong  solution  of  soft-soap  and  washing-soda,  as  recom- 
mended under  No.  2,  or  syringed  with  a  solution  of  wash- 
ing-soda in  water,  made  by  dissolving  half  a  pound  or  morp 


FIG.  34. 


44  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 

in  a  pailful.     Painting  the  twigs  and  branches  with  linseed 
oil  has  also  been  tried  with  success. 

As  a  precautionary  measure,  every  young  tree  should  be 
carefully  examined  before  being  planted,  and  if  found  infested 
should  be  thoroughly  cleansed. 

No.  17.— The  Scurry  Bark-louse. 

Chionaspis  furfurus  (Fitch). 

This  insect,  which  has  long  been  known  under  the  name  of 
Harris's  Bark-louse,  Aspidiotus  Harrisii  Walsh,  is  now  found 
to  have  been  first  described  by  Dr.  Fitch,  and  hence  must  in 
future  bear  the  name  given  to  it  by  him.  It  resembles  in  some 
respects  the  oyster-shell  bark-louse,  yet  is  sufficiently  dissimilar 
to  be  readily  distinguished  from  it.  In  this  species  the  scale 
of  the  female,  which  is  by  far  the  most  abundant,  is  oblong 
in  form,  pointed  below,  very  flat,  of  a  grayish -white  color, 
and  about  one-tenth  of  an  inch  long.  (See  Fig.  35,  1  and 
1  c;  the  latter  represents  a  scale  highly  magnified.)  The  eggs 
under  the  scale  of  the  oyster-shell  bark-louse  during  the 
winter  are  white,  while  these  are  purplish  red.  The  eggs  of 
this  species  hatch  about  the  same  date  as  the  other,  but  the 
larvse  are  red  or  reddish  brown  in  color.  This  insect  does 
not  mature  so  rapidly  as  the  oyster-shell  species ;  the  eggs 
are  said  not  to  be  fully  developed  under  the  scale  until  the 
middle  of  September.  The  scale  of  the  male,  which  is  very 
much  smaller  and  narrower,  and  not  more  than  one-thir- 
tieth of  an  inch  long,  is  shown  in  the  figure,  magnified,  at  1  a; 
the  male  insect  in  the  winged  state,  highly  magnified,  at  1  b. 

This  is  a  native  insect,  which  has  existed  from  time  imme- 
morial in  the  East,  West,  and  South,  its  original  home  being 
on  the  bark  of  our  native,  crab-trees.  In  the  warmer  parts 
of  the  Souftflt  is  more  common  than  the  oyster-shell  bark- 
louse.  It  is  found  chiefly  on  the  apple,  but  sometimes  affects 
the  pear  and  also  the  mountain-ash.  It  is  far  less  common 
than  the  imported  oyster-shell  bark-louse,  and  is  nowhere 
anything  like  so  injurious  as  that  insect. 


ATTACKING    THE  BRANCHES. 


45 


Remedies. — The  scurfy  bark-louse  is  said  to  be  preyed  upon 
by  the  same  mites  which  attack  the  oyster-shell  species ;  it  is 


FIG.  35. 


also  devoured  by  the  larva  of  the  twice-stabbed  lady-bird. 
The  same  artificial  remedies  should  be  used  in  this  instance 
as  are  recommended  in  the  other. 

No.  18  — The  Buffalo  Tree-hopper. 

Ceresa  bubalus  (Fabr.). 

This  insect  belongs  to  the  order  Hemiptera.  It  is  an  active 
jumping  creature,  about  one-third  of  an  inch  long  (Fig.  36), 
of  a  light  grass-green  color,  with  whitish  dots  and  a  pale- 


46 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 


FIG  36. 


yellowish  streak  along  each  side.  On  the  front  there  is  a 
sharp  process  or  point  jutting  out  horizontally  on  each 
side,  reminding  one  of  the  horns  of  a  bull 
or  buffalo,  which  has  given  to  the  insect  its 
common  name  of  buffalo  tree-hopper.  Its 
body  is  three-sided,  not  unlike  a  beech-nut 
in  form,  and  it  is  furnished  with  a  sharp- 
pointed  beak,  with  which  it  punctures  the 
bark  and  sucks  the  sap  from  the  trees. 

It  is  common  on  apple  and  many  other 
trees  from  July  until  the  end  of  the  season. 
The  eggs  are  said  to  be  laid  in  a  single  row 
of  slits  in  the  bark,  and  when  hatched  the  young  larvae,  which 
are  grass-green  like  their  parents,  feed  also  on  the  sap  of  the 
leaves  and  twigs. 

In  the  larval  state,  before  the  power  of  flight  is  acquired, 
the  insect  is  easily  caught  and  destroyed ;  but  it  is  not  easy 
to  suggest  a  remedy  for  so  active  a  creature  as  the  perfect 
insect  is.  It  cannot  be  killed  by  any  poisonous  application, 
as  it  feeds  only  on  sap.  It  has  been  suggested  that  where 
they  are  so  numerous  as  to  injure  fruit-trees  they  may  be 
frightened  away  by  frequently  shaking  the  trees,  as  they  are 
very  shy  and  timorous.  It  is,  however,  scarcely  probable 
that  this  insect  will  ever  become  a  source  of  much  annoyance 
to  the  fruit-grower. 

No.  19.— The  Thorn-bush  Tree-hopper. 

Thelia  cratcegi  Fitch. 

This  is  an  insect  similar  in  structure 
and  habits  to  the  buffalo  tree-hopper. 
It  is  common  on  apple-trees,  but  more 
common  on  thorn-bushes,  in  July  and 
August,  when  it  may  be  seen  resting 
upon  the  small  limbs  and  sucking  the 
sap.  When  approached,  it  leaps  away 
with  a  sudden  spring,  and  is  lost  to  view. 


FIG.  37. 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES.  47 

It  is  a  little  more  than  one-third  of  an  inch  long  (see  Fig. 
37),  with  a  three-sided  body,  black,  varied  with  chestnut- 
brown,  with  a  large  white  spot  on  each  side,  which  extended 
forward  becomes  a  band  across  the  front.  There  is  also  a 
white  band  across  the  hind  part  of  its  back,  and  a  protuber- 
ance extending  upwards  on  the  front  part  of  its  body. 


ATTACKING  THE  LEAVES. 

No.  20. — The  Apple-tree  Tent-caterpillar. 

Clisiocampa  Americana  Harris. 

This  insect  is  a  native  of  the  more  northern  Atlantic  States, 
and  has  probably  been  carried  westward  in  the  egg-state  at- 
tached to  the  twigs  of  young  trees.  It  inhabits  now  almost 

FIG.  38.  FIG.  39. 


all  parts  of  the  United  States  and  Canada.  The  moth  is  of 
a  pale  dull-reddish  or  reddish-brown  color,  crossed  by  two 
oblique  parallel  whitish  lines,  the  space  between  these  lines 
being  usually  paler  than  the  general  color,  although  some- 
times quite  as  dark,  or  darker.  In  the  male  (Fig.  38)  the 
antennae  are  pectinate,  or  feather-like,  and  slightly  so  in  the 
female  (Fig.  39).  When  fully  expanded,  the  wings  of  the 
female  will  measure  an  inch  and  a  half  or  more  across ;  the 
male  is  smaller.  The  hollow  tongue  or  tube  by  which  moths 
and  butterflies  imbibe  their  food  is  entirely  wanting  in  this 
species ;  hence  it  has  no  power  of  taking  food,  and  lives  but 
a  very  few  days  in  the  winged  state,  merely  long  enough  to 


48  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   APPLE. 

provide  for  a  future  generation  by  the  deposition  of  eggs. 
TJie  moth  remains  at  rest  and  concealed  during  the  day,  but 
becomes  very  active  at  night,  when  it  enters  lighted  rooms, 
attracted  by  the  glare,  and  becomes  so  dazzled  and  bewildered 
that  it  darts  crazily  about,  here  and  there,  thumping  itself 
against  the  walls,  furniture,  and  floor  of  the  room  in  the 
most  erratic  manner,  then  circles  around  the  lamp  or  gas-light 
with  great  velocity,  finally  dashing  into  the  flame,  when,  with 
wings  and  antennae  severely  singed,  it  retreats  into  some  ob- 
scure corner.  The  moths  are  most  abundant  during  the  first 
two  weeks  in  July. 

The  eggs  are  deposited  during  that  month  upon 
FIG.  ^40.  the  smaller  twigs  of  our  fruit-trees  in  ring-like  clus- 
ters, each  composed  of  from  fifteen  to  twenty  rows, 
containing  in  all  from  two  to  three  hundred.  The 
eggs  are  conical  and  about  one-twentieth  of  an  inch 
long,  firmly  cemented  together,  and  coated  with  a 
tough  varnish,  impervious  to  rain,  the  clusters  pre- 
senting the  appearance  shown  in  Fig.  40.  In  Fig. 
41,  at  c,  a  similar  cluster  is  shown  with  the  gummy 
covering  removed,  showing  the  manner  in  which  the 
eggs  are  arranged. 

The  young  caterpillars  are  fully  matured  in  the  egg 
before  winter  comes,  and  they  remain  in  this  enclosure  in  a 
torpid  state  throughout  the  cold  weather,  hatching  during  the 
first  warm  days  of  spring.  They  usually  appear  during  the 
last  week  in  April  or  early  in  May,  depending  much  on  the 
prevailing  temperature.  Their  first  meal  is  made  of  por- 
tions of  the  gummy  material  with  which  the  egg-masses  are 
covered,  and  with  the  strength  thus  gained  they  proceed  at 
once  to  work.  At  this  time  the  buds  are  bursting,  thus  pro- 
viding these  young  larvse  with  an  abundance  of  suitable  tender 
food.  It  sometimes  happens,  however,  that  after  they  are 
hatched  cold  weather  returns  and  vegetable  growth  is  tempo- 
rarily arrested.  To  meet  this  emergency  they  have  the  power 
of  sustaining  hunger  for  a  considerable  time,  and  will  usually 


i  vv  v/    VT  v 

FIG.  40. 

I 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


49 


live  from  ten  to  twelve  days  when  wholly  deprived  of  food  ; 
but  severe  frost  is  fatal  to  them  in  this  tender  condition,  and 
multitudes  of  them  sometimes  perish  from  this  cause.  These 
larvae  are  tent-makers,  and  soon  after  birth  they  begin  to  con- 
struct for  themselves  a  shelter  by  extending  sheets  of  web 
across  the  nearest  fork  of  the  twig  upon  which  they  were 

FIG.  41. 


hatched.  As  they  increase  in  size,  they  construct  additional 
layers  of  silk  over  those  previously  made,  attaching  them  to 
the  neighboring  twigs,  and  leaving  between  the  layers  space 
enough  for  the  caterpillars  to  pass.  The  tent  or  nest  when 
completed  is  irregular  in  form,  about  eight  or  ten  inches  in 
diameter,  and  the  holes  through  which  the  caterpillars  enter 
are  situated  near  the  extremities  or  angles  of  the  nest,  and  into 
this  they  retreat  at  night  or  in  stormy  weather,  also  at  other 


50  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE  APPLE. 

times  when  not  feeding.  In  five  or  six  weeks  they  become 
full  grown,  and  then  measure  about  an  inch  and  three-quarters 
in  length,  and  present  the  appearance  shown  in  Fig.  41.  The 
body  is  hairy  and  black,  with  a  white  stripe  down  the  back, 
and  on  each  side  of  this  central  stripe  there  are  a  number  of 
short,  irregular,  longitudinal  yellow  lines.  On  the  sides  are 
paler  lines,  with  spots  and  streaks  of  pale  blue.  The  under 
side  of  the  body  is  nearly  black. 

These  caterpillars  have  regular  times  for  feeding,  issuing 
from  the  openings  in  their  tent  in  processional  order,  usually 
once  in  the  forenoon  and  once  in  the  afternoon.  In  very 
warm  weather  they  sometimes  repose  upon  the  outside  of  the 
nest,  literally  covering  it  and  making  it  appear  quite  black 
with  their  bodies.  They  are  very  voracious,  and  devour  the 
leaves  of  the  trees  they  are  on  with  great  rapidity ;  it  is  esti- 
mated that  each  larva  when  approaching  maturity  will  con- 
sume two  leaves  in  a  day,  so  that  every  day  that  a  nest  of  such 
marauders  is  permitted  to  remain  on  a  tree  there  is  a  sacrifice 
of  about  five  hundred  leaves.  Where  there  happen  to  be 
several  nests  on  one  tree,  or  if  the  tree  itself  is  small,  they 
often  strip  every  vestige  of  foliage  from  it,  and  in  neglected 
orchards  the  trees  are  sometimes  seen  as  bare  of  leaves  in 
June  as  they  are  in  midwinter.  As  the  caterpillars  arrive  at 
maturity  they  leave  the  trees  and  wander  about  in  all  direc- 
tions in  search  of  suitable  places  in  which  to  hide  during 
their  chrysalis  stage.  A  favorite  place  is  the  angle  formed  by 
the  projection  of  the  cap-boards  of  fences  or  fence-posts. 

Here  they  construct  oblong  oval  cocoons  (Fig.  41,  d)  of  a 
yellow  color,  formed  of  a  double  web,  the  outer  one  loosely 
woven  and  slight  in  texture,  the  inner  one  tough  and  thick. 
In  its  construction  the  silk  is  mixed  with  a  pasty  substance, 
which,  when  dry,  becomes  powdery  and  resembles  sulphur  in 
appearance.  Within  these  cocoons  the  larva?  change  to  brown 
chrysalids,  from  which,  in  about  two  or  three  weeks,  the 
moths  escape.  This  insect  feeds  on  many  different  trees,  but 
is  particularly  fond  of  the  apple  and  wild  cherry. 


ATTACKING   THE  LEAVES.  51 

Remedies. — Since  the  tent-caterpillar  is  so  easily  detected 
by  its  conspicuous  nest,  it  need  never  become  very  trouble- 
some, as  the  larvae  may  be  easily  destroyed  while  sheltering 
within  it.  They  seldom  leave  the  nest  to  feed  until  after  9 
A.M.,  and  usually  return  before  sundown  ;  hence  the  early  and 
late  hours  of  the  day  are  the  best  times  for  destroying  them. 
With  a  suitable  ladder  and  a  gloved  hand  the  living  mass 
may  be  seized  and  crushed  in  a  moment,  or  the  nest  may  be 
torn  from  the  tree  and  trampled  under  foot.  Where  a  ladder 
is  not  at  hand,  the  nests  may  be  removed  by  a  pole  with  a 
bunch  of  rags  tied  around  the  end  of  it.  This  work  is  most 
easily  done  while  the  larvae  are  young,  and  should  be  at- 
tended to  as  soon  as  the  cobweb-like  nests  can  be  seen.  Some- 
times when  the  nest  is  destroyed  a  portion  of  the  caterpillars 
will  be  absent  feeding,  and  within  a  few  days  it  may  be  found 
partly  repaired,  with  the  remnants  of  the  host  within  it :  so 
that  to  subdue  them  entirely  repeated  visits  to  the  orchard 
should  be  made,  and  not  a  fragment  of  a  nest  permitted  to 
remain.  Governments  might  well  enforce  under  penalties  the 
destruction  of  these  caterpillars,  as  their  nests  are  so  conspic- 
uous that  there  can  be  no  excuse  for  neglecting  to  destroy 
them,  and  it  is  unfair  that  a  careful  and  vigilant  fruit-grower 
should  be  compelled  to  suffer  from  year  to  year  from  the 
neglect  of  a  careless  or  indolent  neighbor.  Neglected  trees 
are  soon  stripped  of  their  leaves,  and  become  prematurely 
exhausted  by  having  to  reproduce  at  an  unseasonable  time 
their  lost  foliage ;  with  fruit-trees  this  is  so  great  a  tax  on 
their  vital  powers  that  they  usually  bear  little  or  no  fruit  the 
following  season.  The  egg-clusters  may  be  sought  for  and 
destroyed  during  the  winter  months,  when,  the  trees  being 
leafless,  a  practised  eye  will  readily  detect  them.  A  cloudy 
day  should  be  selected  for  this  purpose,  to  avoid  the  incon- 
venience of  too  much  glare  from  the  sky. 

Several  parasites  attack  this  insect.  A  minute  Ichneumon 
fly,  about  one-twenty-fifth  of  an  inch  in  length,  is  parasitic  on 
the  eggs.  By  means  of  a  long  ovipositor  it  bores  through 


52  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 

the  outer  gummy  covering  and  egg-shell,  and  deposits  its  eggs 
within  the  egg  of  the  tent-caterpillar,  where  the  young  larvae 
of  the  parasite  hatch  and  feed  upon  the  contents  of  the  egg- 
shell of  our  enemy.  A  small  mite,  very  similar  to  that  shown 
in  Fig.  31,  is  also  very  destructive  to  these  eggs,  eating  into 
them  and  feeding  on  their  occupants.  Two  larger  Ichneumon 
flies  prey  upon  the  caterpillar,  Pimpla 
conquisitor  (Say)  (Fig.  42)  and  Ichneu- 
mon laetus  Brulle",  as  well  as  one  or  more 
species  of  Tachina  flies,  two-winged  in- 
sects a  little  larger  than  the  common 
house-fly,  similar  to  Fig.  46.  All  these 
latter  parasites  watch  their  opportunity 
when  the  growing  caterpillar  is  feeding, 
and  deposit  their  eggs  on  or  under  the 
skin  of  their  victim,  which  shortly  hatch,  when  the  larvae 
burrow  into  the  bodies  of  the  tent-caterpillars  and  feed  on 
them,  carefully  avoiding  the  destruction  of  the  vital  organs. 
The  infested  caterpillars  usually  reach  maturity  and  construct 
their  cocoons,  but  after  a  time,  instead  of  the  moth,  one  or 
more  of  these  friendly  insects  make  their  appearance.  Sev- 
eral predaceous  insects  also  devour  the  caterpillars ;  these  are 
referred  to  in  detail  under  No.  21. 

No.  21,— The  Forest  Tent-caterpillar. 

Clisiocampa  sylvatica  Harris. 

This  insect  closely  resembles  the  common  tent- caterpillar, 
No.  20.  The  moth  (6,  Fig.  43)  is  of  a  similar  color,  but 
paler,  or  more  yellowish.  The  space  between  the  two  oblique 
lines  is  usually  darker  than  the  rest  of  the  wing,  and  the 
lines  themselves  are  dark  brown  instead  of  whitish.  In  the 
figure,  a  represents  the  egg-cluster,  c  one  of  the  eggs,  much 
enlarged,  as  seen  from  the  top,  d  a  side-view  of  the  same. 

The  eggs  of  this  species  may  be  distinguished  by  their 
almost  uniform  diameter  and  by  their  being  cut  off  squarely 
at  each  end.  The  number  of  eggs  in  each  cluster  is  usually 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


53 


FIG.  43. 


from  three  to  four  hundred ;  they  are  white,  about  one-twenty- 
fifth  of  an  inch  long,  and  one-fortieth  wide,  rounded  at  the 
base,  gradually  enlarg- 
ing towards  the  apex, 
where  they  are  mar- 
gined by  a  prominent 
rim,  and  have  a  sunken 
spot  in  the  centre.  The 
eggs  are  deposited  in 
circles,  and  with  each 
one  is  secreted  a  small 
quantity  of  gummy 
matter,  which  firmly 
fastens  it  to  the  twig  and  also  to  the  adjoining  egg,  and  upon 
becoming  dry  forms  a  coating  of  brown  varnish  over  the  pale 
egg.  Like  the  tent-caterpillar,  the  young  become  fully 
formed  in  the  eggs  before  winter,  and  remain  within  them 
in  a  torpid  condition  until  spring. 

The  larvae  in  this  instance  also  hatch  about  the  time  of  the 
bursting  of  the  buds,  and  in  the  absence  of  food  are  endowed 
with  similar  powers  of  endurance.  It  is  said  they  have  been 
known  to  survive  a  fast  of  three  weeks'  duration.  "While 
young,  they  spin  a  slight  web  or  tent  against  the  side  of  the 
trunk  or  branches. of  the  tree  on  which  they  are  situated,  but, 
from  its  peculiar  color  or  slight  texture,  it  is  seldom  noticed. 
In  this  early  stage  they  often  manifest  strange  processionary 
habits,  marching  about  in  single  or  double  column,  one  larva 
so  immediately  following  another  that  when  thus  crossing  a 
sidewalk  or  other  smooth  surface  they  appear  at  a  little  dis- 
tance like  black  streaks  or  pieces  of  black  cord  stretched 
across  it.  From  the  time  they  are  half  grown,  until  they 
approach  maturity,  they  seem  to  have  a  great  fondness  for 
exercise,  and  delight  to  travel  in  rows  along  fence-boards, 
which  they  do  at  a  very  brisk  pace  when  in  search  of  food. 

In  about  six  weeks  this  larva  becomes  full  grown  (Fig. 
44),  and  is  then  an  inch  and  a  half  or  more  in  length,  of  a 


54  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE  APPLE. 

pale-bluish  color,  sprinkled  all  over  with  black  points  and 
dots.    On  the  back  is  a  row  of  ten  or  eleven  oval  or  diamond- 
shaped  white  spots,  by  which  it  may  be  at 
FIG.  44.         once  distinguished  from  the  common  tent- 
caterpillar,  while  on  the  sides  there  are  pale- 
yellowish    stripes,   somewhat    broken,   and 
mixed  with  gray.    The  hairs  on  the  body  are 
fox-colored,  mixed  with  coarser  whitish  hairs. 
The  caterpillars  attain  full  growth  about  the 
middle  of  June. 

Occasionally,  during  the  latter  part  of 
May,  when  about  half  grown  and  extremely 
voracious,  these  caterpillars  will  appear  in 
perfect  swarms  and  attract  general  attention. 
During  the  latter  part  of  the  day,  and  fre- 
quently also  in  the  morning,  they  collect  on  the  trunks  and 
larger  branches  of  the  trees  in  large  black  masses,  which  are 
so  easily  reached  that  they  seem  to  invite  destruction.  While 
particularly  injurious  to  the  apple,  they  also  attack  various 
species  of  forest-trees,  such  as  oak,  thorn,  ash,  basswood,  beech, 
plum,  cherry,  walnut,  hickory,  etc.,  and  sometimes  large 
clumps  of  wood  may  be  seen  in  June  quite  bare  of  foliage 
from  the  devastation  caused  by  this  insect,  while  underneath 
the  ground  is  covered  with  small  black  grains  of  exuvia. 
It  is  often  very  abundant  in  the  West,  and  occasionally  equally 
destructive  in  the  South,  especially  in  Georgia  and  Tennessee. 
When  full  grown,  this  larva  spins  a  cocoon  (see  Fig.  45) 
closely  resembling  that  of  the  tent-caterpillar,  usually  within 
the  shelter  of  a  leaf,  the  edges  of  which  are  partly  drawn 
together.  Within  such  an  enclosure  there  is  generally  one 
cocoon,  but  in  times  of  great  abundance,  and  where  the  en- 
closure is  large  enough,  there  are  often  two  or  three  cocoons 
together.  At  such  periods  almost  every  leaf  or  fragment  of 
a  leaf  is  so  occupied,  and,  the  whitish-yellow  cocoons  being 
only  partly  hidden,  and  the  leaves  hanging  with  their  weight, 
one  is  impressed  with  the  idea  that  the  tree  is  laden  with  some 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


55 


FIG.  45. 


strange  sort  of  fruit.  If  leaves  cannot  be  had  for  shelter,  the 
cocoons  will  be  found  under  the  bark  of  trees,  in  every  suit- 
able crevice  or  hiding-place  in 
fences,  or  under  logs.  In  two 
or  three  days  the  enclosed  larva 
changes  to  a  chrysalis  of  a  red- 
dish-brown color,  densely  clothed 
with  short  pale-yellowish  hair, 
and  in  the  course  of  two  or  three 
weeks  the  moth  appears,  which, 
like  the  insect  last  described, 
No.  20,  is  nocturnal  in  its  habits, 
and  lives  but  a  few  days,  when, 
having  provided  for  the  contin- 
uance of  its  species,  it  perishes. 
Remedies. — The  egg-clusters 
should  be  sought  for  and  de- 
stroyed during  the  winter 
months.  When  the  caterpillars 
are  young,  they  will  drop,  sus- 
pended by  a  silken  thread,  in 
mid -air,  if  the  branch  on  which 
they  are  feeding  be  suddenly 
struck  ;  advantage  may  be  taken 
of  this  habit,  and  by  swinging 
a  stick  around,  the  threads  may 
be  gathered  in  with  the  larvae  attached  to  them.  When  the 
caterpillars  have  become  half  grown,  the  trees  should  be 
frequently  inspected,  early  in  the  morning,  and  the  congregated 
masses  crushed  and  destroyed  with  a  stiff  broom  or  some 
other  equally  suitable  implement.  During  the  day  they  are 
so  constantly  on  the  move,  that  a  young  tree  thoroughly 
cleansed  from  them  in  the  morning  may  be  crowded  again 
before  evening.  To  avoid  the  necessity  of  constant  watch- 
ing, strips  of  cotton  batting,  three  or  four  inches  wide,  should 
be  tied  around  the  tree  about  half-way  up  the  trunk ;  these 


56 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 


-FiG.  46. 


bands  should  be  tied  tightly  in  the  middle.  Each  caterpillar 
is  furnished  with  four  pairs  of  fleshy  prolegs,  which  are 
fringed  with  small  horny  hooks,  and  on  its  trying  to  pass 
over  the  cotton  these  hooks  get  so  entangled  in  the  fibres 
that  further  progress  becomes  very  difficult,  and  is  seldom 
persisted  in.  A  shower  of  rain  will  pack  the  fibres  of  the 
cotton  somewhat,  but  where  the  string  fastening  it  is  tied 
around  the  middle,  the  upper  half  washes  down  and  makes 
a  sort  of  roof  overhanging  the  lower  portion,  which  in  great 
measure  protects  it  from  the  weather. 

These  larvae  are  seldom  abun- 
dant for  many  years  in  succession, 
for  in  times  of  great  plenty  their 
natural  enemies  multiply  with 
amazing  rapidity.  Several  par- 
asites destroy  them.  Two  species 
of  Ichneumon  flies  prey  on  them, 
also  a  two-winged  Tachina  fly, 
closely  resembling  the  Red-tailed 

Tachina  fly,  Nemorsea  leucanise  (Kirkp.)  (Fig.  46),  which 
attacks  the  army-worm,  but  this  fly  is  without  the  red  tail. 

FIG.  47. 


FIG.  48. 


A  species  of  bug  (Hemiptera)  attacks  the  caterpillars  just  when 
they  are  constructing  their  cocoons,  and  sucks  them  empty, 


ATTACKING   THE  LEAVES.  57 

while  some  of  the  insect-feeding  birds  devour  them  greedily, 
especially  the  black-billed  cuckoo.  There  are  several  species 
of  predaceous  insects  belonging  to  the  Carabidae,  or  ground- 
beetles,  which  are  very  active  in  their  habits,  and  diligently 
hunt  for  them  and  eat  them,  notably  the  Green  Caterpillar- 
hunter,  Calosoma  scrutator  (Fabr.)  (Fig.  47),  and  the  Copper- 
spotted  Calosoma,  Calosoma  calidum  (Fabr.)  (Fig.  48).  They 
are  sometimes  destroyed  in  great  numbers  by  a  fungoid  disease, 
which  arrests  their  progress  when 
about  full  grown,  and  the  affected  FIG.  49. 

specimens  may  be  found  attached  to 
fences  and  trees,  retaining  an  ap- 
pearance almost  natural,  but  when 
handled  they  will  often  be  found  so 
much  decayed  as  to  burst  with  a 
gentle  touch.  An  Ichneumon  fly, 
Pimpla  pedalis  Cresson  (Fig.  49),  is  a  parasite  on  this  larva, 
while  mites  prey  upon  the  eggs,  identical  with  those  which 
feed  on  the  eggs  of  the  common  tent-caterpillar. 

No.  22,— The  White-marked  Tussock-moth. 

Orgyia  leucostigma  (Sm.  &  Abb.). 

The  orchardist,  walking  among  his  fruit-trees  after  the 
leaves  have  fallen,  or  during  the  winter  months,  will  fre- 
quently find  a  dead  leaf  or  leaves  fastened  here  and  there  to 
the  branches  of  his  trees ;  on  examination,  these  will  usually 
be  found  to  contain  a  gray  cocoon,  with  in  most  instances  a 
mass  of  eggs  fastened  to  it.  On  breaking  into  this  mass, 
which  is  brittle,  it  will  be  found  to  include  from  three  hun- 
dred to  five  hundred  eggs,  about  one-twenty-fifth  of  an  inch 
in  diameter,  of  a  white  color,  nearly  globular,  and  flattened 
on  the  upper  side.  They  are  placed  in  three  or  four  layers, 
the  interstices  being  filled  with  a  frothy,  gelatinous  matter, 
which  makes  them  adhere  securely  together,  and  over  all  is 
a  thick  coating  of  the  same  material,  with  a  nearly  smooth 
grayish-white  surface,  of  a  convex  form,  which  effectually 


58  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE  APPLE. 

prevents  the  lodgment  of  any  water  on  it.  The  egg-mass  is 
attached  to  an  empty  gray  cocoon,  the  former  abode  of  the 
female  which  deposited  them. 

About  the  middle  of  May  the  eggs  hatch,  when  the  young 
caterpillars  at  once  proceed  to  devour  the  leaves  of  the  tree 
on  which  they  are  placed,  when  disturbed  letting  themselves 
down  by  a  silken  thread,  remaining  suspended  until  danger 
is  past,  when  they  climb  up  the  thread  and  regain  their 
former  position.  When  mature,  they  are  very  handsome, 
and  present  the  appearance  shown  in  Fig.  50,  are  more  than 

FIG.  50. 


an  inch  long,  of  a  bright-yellow  color,  with  the  head  and  two 
small  protuberances  on  the  hinder  part  of  the  back  of  a  bril- 
liant coral-red.  Along  the  back  there  are  four  cream-colored 
brush-like  tufts,  two  long  black  plumes  on  the  anterior  part 
of  the  body,  and  one  on  the  posterior.  The  sides  are  clothed 
with  long,  fine  yellow  hairs.  There  is  a  narrow  black  or 
brown  stripe  along  the  back,  and  a  wider  dusky  stripe  on 
each  side.  There  are  two  broods  during  the  season,  the  first 
completing  their  larval  growth  and  spinning  their  cocoons 
about  the  middle  of  July ;  the  second  hatching  towards  the 
last  of  July  and  completing  their  growth  by  the  end  of 
August,  the  moths  from  these  latter  depositing  the  eggs, 
which  remain  on  the  trees  during  the  winter. 

The  cocoon,  as  already  stated,  is  spun  in  the  leaf;  it  is  of 
a  loose  texture,  gray  in  color,  and  has  woven  into  it  numerous 
hairs  derived  from  the  body  of  the  caterpillar.  The  enclosed 
chrysalis  is  of  an  oval  form  and  brown  color,  sometimes  whitish 


ATTACKING   THE  LEAVES. 


59 


on  the  under  side,  and  is  covered  with  short  hairs  or  down. 
In  about  a  fortnight  the  moth  of  the  summer  brood  is  hatched, 
when  one  might  reasonably  expect  that  from  so  handsome  a 
caterpillar  there  would  appear  a  moth  with  some  correspond- 
ing beauty,  but  any  such  expectation  is  doomed  to  disappoint- 
ment. In  Fig.  51,  c  shows  the  chrysalis  of  the  female,  and 
d  that  of  the  male. 

The  female  moth  is  wingless,  or  provided  with  the  merest 
rudiments  of  wings ;  her  body  is  of  a  light-gray  color,  of  an 


FIG.  51. 


FIG.  52. 


FIG.  53. 


oblong-oval  form,  with  rather  long  legs,  and  is  distended 
with  eggs ;  indeed,  she  is  more  like  an  animated  bag  of  eggs 
than  anything  else.  (See  Fig.  52,  where  she  is  represented 
attached  to  the  empty  cocoon  from  which  she  has  escaped.) 
After  her  escape,  she  patiently  waits  the  attendance  of  the 
male,  and  then  begins  to  place  her  eggs  on  the  outside  of 
her  own  cocoon,  fastening  them  there  in  the  manner  already 
described.  During  this  process  her  body  contracts  very 
much,  and  soon  after  her  work  is  finished  she  drops  down 
to  the  ground  and  dies. 

The  male  moth  (Fig.  53)  is  of  an  ashen-gray  color,  the 
fore  wings  being  crossed  by  wavy  bands  of  a  darker  shade  ; 
there  is  a  small  black  spot  on  the  outer  edge  near  the  tip,  an 
oblique  blackish  stripe  beyond  it,  and  a  minute  white  crescent 
near  the  outer  hind  angle.  The  body  is  gray,  with  a  small 
black  tuft  near  the  base  of  the  abdomen.  The  wings,  when 
expanded,  measure  about  an  inch  and  a  quarter  across. 


60  INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO   THE  APPLE. 

Since  the  female  is  wingless,  and  invariably  attaches  her 
eggs  to  the  outside  of  her  own  cocoon,  the  insect  can  only 
spread  by  the  wanderings  of  the  caterpillars,  or  the  careless 
introduction  of  eggs  on  young  trees.  No  doubt  the  latter 
has  been  the  most  prolific  source  of  mischief.  Although 
not  usually  very  injurious,  it  becomes  at  times  a  perfect  pest 
to  the  fruit-grower,  stripping  the  trees  almost  bare  of  leaves 
and  disfiguring  the  fruit  by  gnawing  its  surface.  While 
very  partial  to  the  apple,  it  attacks  also  the  plum  and  pear, 
and  is  said  to  feed  occasionally  on  the  elm,  maple,  horse-chest- 
nut, and  oak. 

Remedies. — The  increase  of  this  insect  may  be  easily  pre- 
vented by  collecting  and  destroying  the  eggs  during  the  win- 
ter months.     In  gathering  the  cocoons,  all  those  having  no 
egg-masses  attached  should  be  left,  as  they  contain  either  the 
empty  chrysalids  of  the  male  or  the  chrysalids  of  parasites. 
/Y'Nine  different  species  of  flies,  four-winged  and  two-winged, 
(  are  known  to  be  parasitic  on  this  insect  in  the  caterpillar  state. 

No.  23, — The  Yellow-necked  Apple-tree  Caterpillar 
Datana  ministra  (Drury). 

The  moth  of  this  species  was  first  described  by  Mr.  Drury, 
an  eminent  English  entomologist,  in  1773,  from  specimens 

received  by  him  from  New 

FlG- 54-  York.     It  measures,  when 

its  wings  are  expanded, 
about  two  inches  across 
(see  Fig.  54),  and  is  of  a 
light-brown  color,  with  the 
head  and  a  large  spot  on 
the  thorax  chestnut-brown. 
On  the  fore  wings  there  are 

from  three  to  five  transverse  brown  lines,  one  or  two  spots 
near  the  middle  (sometimes  wanting),  and  the  outer  margin 
also  of  the  same  color.  The  hind  wings  are  pale  yellow, 
without  markings.  When  in  repose,  the  hinder  part  of  its 


ATTACKING   THE  LEAVES.  61 

body  is  raised  up,  and  the  fore  legs  stretched  out.  The 
moths  appear  from  the  middle  of  June  until  the  end  of  July. 

Each  female  deposits  her  stock  of  eggs  in  a  single  cluster 
of  from  seventy  to  one  hundred  in  number.  They  are  white, 
round,  less  than  one-thirtieth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  placed 
side  by  side  in  nearly  straight  rows,  and  firmly  cemented  to 
each  other,  as  well  as  to  the  surface  of  the  leaf  on  which  they 
are  placed.  Those  first  laid  begin  to  hatch  during  the  third 
week  in  July,  while  others  are  three  or  four  weeks  later,  so 
that  some  broods  are  nearly  full  grown,  while  others  are 
small  and  but  a  few  days  old. 

The  young  larvae  eat  only  the  under  side  and  pulpy  part 
of  the  leaves,  leaving  the  veins  and  upper  side  untouched,  but 
as  they  increase  in  size  and  strength  they  devour  the  whole 
of  the  leaf  except  the  stem.  When  young  they  are  brown, 
striped  with  white,  but  as  they  mature  they  become  darker 
in  color,  with  yellow  stripes  ;.  they  attain  their  full  growth  in 
about  five  or  six  weeks,  when  they  are  about  two  inches  long. 
The  head  is  large  and  black,  the  next  segment,  sometimes 
called  the  neck,  of  a  dull  orange  color,  a  black  stripe  ex- 
tending down  the  back,  and  three  stripes  of  the  same  color 
alternating  with  four  yellow  stripes  on  each  side.  The  body 
is  thinly  clothed  with  long,  soft,  whitish  hairs.  The  larvae 
are  invariably  found  clustered  closely  together  on  a  limb,  on 
which,  beginning  with  the  tender  leaves  at  the  extremity,  they 
gradually  devour  all  before  them,  leaving  the  branch  per- 
fectly bare.  Its  leafless  condition  soon  attracts  attention,  and 
on  examination  it  is  found  to  be  loaded  with  these  caterpil- 
lars crowded  together.  The  position  they  assume  when  at 
rest  is  very  odd,  and  is  well  shown  in  Fig.  55 ;  both  ex- 
tremities are  raised,  the  body  being  bent,  and  resting  only 
on  the  four  middle  pairs  of  legs.  If  touched  or  alarmed, 
they  throw  up  their  heads  and  tails  with  a  jerk,  at  the  same 
time  bending  the  body  until  the  two  extremities  almost  meet 
over  the  back ;  they  also  jerk  their  heads  from  side  to  side. 
They  all  eat  together,  crowded  upon  the  under  surface  of 


62  INSECTS  INJURIOUS    TO    THE  APPLE. 

the  leaves,  along  the  margins  of  whick  appears  a  row  of 
shining  black  heads,  with  each  mouth  busily  engaged  in  de- 
vouring the  portion  near  it,  and  when 
the  meal  is  finished  they  arrange 
themselves  side  by  side  along  the 
branches  which  they  have  stripped. 
If  one  branch  does  not  afford  food 
enough,  they  attack  another;  and 
when  full  grown  and  ready  to  trans- 
form, they  nearly  all  leave  the  tree 
at  the  same  time,  descending  by  night 
to  the  ground,  where  they  burrow 
under  the  surface  to  the  depth  of  from  two  to  four  inches, 
and  after  a  time  cast  their  caterpillar  skins  and  become 
naked,  brown  chrysalids.  They  remain  in  the  pupa  state 
until  the  following  July,  when  the  moths  escape  and  take 
wing. 

Although  sometimes  very  abundant  and  destructive,  this 
insect  is  not  usually  very  common ;  some  years  a  few  clusters 
may  be  seen,  and  then  several  seasons  may  pass  before  they 
are  met  with  again.  The  nakedness  of  the  limbs  they  attack 
soon  attracts  attention,  when  the  caterpillars  may  be  easily 
destroyed  by  crushing  them  on  the  tree,  or  by  cutting  off  the 
branches  and  throwing  them  into  the  fire.  A  small  Ichneu- 
mon parasite  is  known  to  prey  on  them,  which  may  in  some 
measure  account  for  the  irregularity  of  their  appearance. 

No.  24, — The  Red-humped  Apple-tree  Caterpillar. 

(Edemasia  concinna  (Sm.  &  Abb.). 

This  insect  very  much  resembles  in  habits  the  yellow- 
necked  apple-tree  caterpillar  (No.  23). 

The  moth  (Fig.  56)  appears  about  the  last  of  June.  The 
fore  wings  are  dark  brown  on  the  inner,  and  grayish  on  the 
outer  margin,  with  a  dot  near  the  middle,  a  spot  near  each 
angle,  and  several  longitudinal  streaks  along  the  hind  margin, 
all  dark  brown.  The  hind  wings  of  the  male  are  brownish, 


ATTACKING   THE  LEAVES.  63 

or  dirty  white,  those  of  the  female  dusky  brown ;  the  body 
is  light  brown,  the  thorax  of  a  darker  shade.  When  ex- 
panded, the  wings  measure  from  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a 
quarter  across. 

The  female  deposits  her  eggs  in  a  cluster,  on  the  under  side 
of  a  leaf,  during  the  month  of  July,  where  they  shortly  hatch 
into  tiny  caterpillars,  which  at  first  consume  only  the  sub- 
stance of  the  under  side  of  the  leaf,  leaving  the  upper  surface 
unbroken,  but  as  they  increase  in  size  they  eat  the  entire  leaf. 
When  not  eating,  they  remain  close  together,  sometimes  com- 
pletely covering  the  branch  they  rest  upon.  Having  come  to 
maturity,  which  occurs  during  August  or  early  in  September, 
the  caterpillar  appears  as  represented  in  Fig.  57.  The  head 

FIG.  56.  FIG.  57. 


is  coral-red,  and  there  is  a  hump  on  the  back  on  the  fourth 
ring  or  segment  of  the  same  color  ;  the  body  is  traced  length- 
wise by  slender  black,  yellow,  and  white  lines,  and  has  two 
rows  of  black  prickles  along  the  back,  and  other  shorter  ones 
upon  the  sides,  from  each  of  which  there  arises  a  fine  hair. 
The  hinder  segments  taper  a  little,  and  are  always  elevated, 
as  shown  in  the  figure,  when  the  insect  is  not  crawling.  It 
measures,  when  full  grown,  about  an  inch  and  a  quarter  long. 
These  caterpillars  entirely  consume  the  leaves  of  the  branch 
on  which  they  are  placed,  and  when  these  are  insufficient  the 
adjoining  branches  are  laid  under  tribute.  When  handled, 
they  discharge  a  transparent  fluid  having  a  strong  acid  smell, 
which  doubtless  serves  as  a  defence  against  enemies,  especially 
birds,  since  their  habit  of  feeding  openly  in  large  flocks  ren- 
ders them  particularly  liable  to  attack  from  these  ever-active 
foes. 


64  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 

When  full  grown,  they  all  disappear  about  the  same  time, 
descending  from  the  trees  to  the  ground,  where  they  con- 
ceal themselves  under  leaves,  upon  or  slightly  under  the  sur- 
face, and  after  a  long  time  change  to  brown  chrysalids,  as 
shown  in  Fig.  58,  and  remain  in  the  pupa  state  until  late  in 
June  or  early  in  July  of  the  following  year,  when 
FIG.  58.  the  perfect  moths  appear. 

In  the  North  there  is  only  one  brood  during  the 
year,  but  in  the  South  they  are  said  to  be  double- 
brooded.     They  are  very  generally  distributed,  but 
seldom  abundant,  and,  while  preferring  the  apple, 
feed  also  on  the  plum,  cherry,  rose,  thorn,  and  pear. 
As  they  maintain  their  gregarious  habits  during  their  en- 
tire larval  existence,  they  can  easily  be  gathered  and  destroyed, 
either  by  cutting  off  the  limb  and  burning  it,  or  by  dislodg- 
ing them  by  suddenly  jarring  the  limb,  when  they  fall  to  the 
ground  and  may  be  trampled  under  foot.     These  larvae  are 
also  destroyed  by  parasites  belonging  to  the  family  of  Ichneu- 
mons, but  it  is  not  yet  known  to  what  species  we  are  indebted 
for  this  friendly  help. 

Nos.  25  and  26. — Canker-worms. 

Anisopteryx  vernata  (Peck),  and  A.  pometaria  Harris. 

These  are  two  distinct  species  of  insects  which  have  been 
confounded  under  the  common  name  of  canker-worm,  and,  as 
their  habits  and  appearance  are  so  similar,  it  will  be  conveni- 
ent to  treat  of  them  under  one  heading.  The  moths  from  the 
species  pometaria  leave  the  ground  chiefly  in  the  fall,  those  of 
vernata  partly  in  the  fall,  but  more  abundantly  in  the  spring. 

A.  pometaria,  known  as  the  Fall  Canker-worm,  will  first 
claim  our  attention.  Late  in  the  season,  when  many  of  the 
leaves  have  fallen,  and  severe  frosts  have  cut  everything  that 
is  tender,  a  walk  in  the  woods  or  through  the  orchard  on  a 
sunny  afternoon  is  not  void  of  interest.  Here  and  there  slen- 
der, delicate,  silky-winged  moths  may  be  seen  flitting  about, 
enjoying  the  sunshine.  On  capturing  one  and  examining  it 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES.  (55 

closely,  we  find  it  to  be  almost  transparent,  and  one  is  led  to 
wonder  why  so  frail  a  creature  should  select  so  bleak  a  season 
in  which  to  appear;  but,  delicate  as  its  structure  seems  to  be, 
it  is  nevertheless  one  of  the  hardiest  of  its  race,  requiring, 
indeed,  a  considerable  degree  of  cold  for  its  perfect  develop- 
ment. These  are  the  male  moths  of  the  canker-worm,  and 
chiefly  those  of  pometaria,  the  fall  canker-worm.  The  females 
are  wingless. 

The  eggs  of  this  species  (a  and  b,  Fig.  59)  are  flattened 
above,  have  a  central  puncture  and  a  brown  circle  near  the 

border,  are  laid  side  by  side  in 

FIG.  59. 
regular  masses  (e,  Jb  ig.  ou),  oiten 

as  many  as  a  hundred  together, 
and  generally  placed  in  exposed 
situations  on  the  twigs  or  branches 
of  the  tree.  They  usually  hatch 
about  the  time  when  the  young 
leaves  of  the  apple  push  from 
the  bud,  when  the  little  canker- 
worms  cluster  upon  and  consume  the  tender  leaves,  and,  on 
the  approach  of  cold  or  wet  weather,  creep  for  shelter  into  the 
bosom  of  the  expanding  bud  or  into  the  opening  flowers. 
The  newly-hatched  caterpillar  is  of  a  pale  olive-green  color, 
with  the  head  and  horny  part  of  the  second  segment  of  a  very 
pale  hue.  When  full  grown,  it  measures  about  an  inch  in 
length,  presenting  the  appearance  shown  at/,  Fig.  59  ;  in  the 
same  figure,  c  represents  a  side  view  of  one  of  the  segments 
of  the  body,  enlarged  so  as  to  show  its  markings.  These 
caterpillars  are  called  loopers,  because  they  alternately  loop 
and  extend  their  bodies  when  in  motion.  They  are  also 
known  as  measuring-worms.  They  vary  in  color  from 
greenish  yellow  to  dusky  or  even  dark  brown,  with  broad 
longitudinal  yellowish  or  paler  stripes  along  each  side.  When 
not  eating,  they  usually  assume  a  stiff  posture,  either  flat 
and  parallel  with  the  twigs  on  which  they  rest,  or  at  an  angle 
of  about  forty-five  degrees ;  in  either  case,  since  they  closely 

5 


66  INSECTS   INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 

resemble  in  color  the  branch  on  which  they  rest,  they  usu- 
ally elude  detection.  When  full  grown,  they  leave  the  trees 
either  by  creeping  down  the  trunk  or  by  letting  themselves 
down  by  silken  threads  from  the  branches.  When  thus  sus- 
pended in  great  numbers,  as  is  frequently  the  case,  under  the 
limbs  of  trees  overhanging  roads  and  sidewalks,  they  become 
a  great  annoyance,  especially  to  sensitive  people,  and  are  often 
swept  off  by  passing  vehicles,  and  in  this  manner  sometimes 
distributed  over  a  considerable  area. 

Having  reached  the  ground,  they  burrow  into  it  to  a  depth 
of  from  two  to  six  inches,  where  they  make  a  rather  tough 
cocoon  of  buff-colored  silk,  interwoven  with  particles  of 
earth.  The  chrysalis  is  about  half  an  inch  long,  of  a  light 
grayish-brown  color,  that  of  the  male  slender  and  furnished 
with  wing-cases,  that  of  the  female  larger  and  without  wing- 
cases.  The  chrysalids  remain  in  the  ground  throughout  the 
summer,  and  the  moths  usually  appear  on  the  wing  during  the 
mild  weather  which  succeeds  the  first  severe  frosts  in  autumn. 
The  female  moth  of  each  species  is  without  wings,  and 
sluggish  in  movement,  with  a  very  odd  spider-like  appearance. 

(See  6,  Fig.  60.)   With 

Fm-  60-  a  body  distended  with 

eggs,  she  drags  her 
weary  way  along  in  a 
most  ungainly  manner 

6  until   she    reaches    the 

base  of  a  suitable  tree, 
up  which  she  climbs,  and  there  awaits  the  arrival  of  the  male. 
Her  body  is  of  a  uniform  shining  ash  color  above,  and  gray 
beneath ;  it  is  from  three  to  four  tenths  of  an  inch  in  length. 
The  fore  wings  of  the  male  (Fig.  60,  a)  are  of  a  brownish- 
gray  color,  very  glossy,  and  are  crossed  by  two  rather  irregu- 
lar whitish  bands,  the  outer  one  enlarging  near  the  apex, 
where  it  forms  a  large  pale  spot.  The  hind  wings  are 
grayish  brown,  with  a  faint  central  blackish  dot  and  a  more 
or  less  distinct  whitish  band  crossing  them. 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES.  67 

Anisopteryx  vernata,  known  as  the  Spring  Canker-worm, 
has  an  oval-shaped  egg,  shown  at  6  in  Fig.  61,  highly  mag- 
nified ;  the  natural  size  is  shown  in 
the  small  cluster  adjoining ;  they  are 
of  a  very  delicate  texture  and  pearly 
lustre,  and  are  laid  in  masses  with- 
out any  regularity  or  order  in  their 
arrangement,  often  as  many  as  a 
hundred  together,  usually  hidden  in 
crevices  of  the  bark  of  trees.  They 
hatch  at  the  same  time  as  the  other  species. 

The  young  caterpillar  is  of  a  dark  olive-green  or  brown 
color,  with  a  black  shining  head,  and  a  horny  plate  of  the 
same  color  on  the  top  of  the  next  segment;  they,  too,  are 
about  an  inch  long  when  full  grown,  and  present  then  the 
appearance  shown  at  a,  Fig.  61.  In  the  same  figure,  c  rep- 
resents a  side  view,  and  d  a  back  view,  of  one  of  the  segments, 
enlarged  so  as  to  show  their  markings  more  distinctly. 

When  full  grown,  this  caterpillar  closely  resembles  that  of 
the  other  species,  and  the  body  is  equally  variable  in  color. 
In  this  the  head  is  mottled  and  spotted,  and  has  two  pale 
transverse  lines  in  front;  the  body  is  longitudinally  striped 
with  many  narrow  pale  lines;  along  the  sides  it  becomes 
deeper  in  color,  and  down  the  middle  of  the  back  are  some 
blackish  spots.  Their  habits  are  similar  to  those  of  the  other 
species,  and  they  attain  full  growth  about  the  same  time. 

The  chrysalids,  which  are  found  about  the  same  depth 
under  ground,  are  similar  in  color  to  those  of  pomdaria,  but 
the  cocoon  is  much  more  fragile,  and  is  easily  torn  to  pieces. 
Sometimes  the  moth  escapes  from  the  chrysalis  in  the  autumn, 
but  more  frequently  during  the  first  warm  days  of  spring. 

The  abdomen  of  the  female  (6,  Fig.  62),  as  well  as  that  of 
the  male,  has  in  this  species,  .upon  the  hinder  margin  of  each 
of  the  rings,  two  transverse  rows  of  stiff  reddish  spines ;  at 
d  in  the  figure  is  represented  a  joint  of  the  abdomen,  en- 
larged, showing  these  spines.  The  female  also  has  a  retractile 


68  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE 

ovipositor,  shown  in  the  figure  at  e;  this  is  wanting  in  the 
other  species  ;  c  represents  a  portion  of  one  of  her  antennae. 

The  fore  wings   of 

FlG-  62-  ±u  i  1*1. 

the  male  are  paler  than 

in  pometaria,  and  more 
transparent;  they  are 
ash-colored  or  brown- 
ish gray,  and  of  a  silky 
appearance.  A  broken 
whitish  band  crosses  the  wings  near  the  outer  margin,  and 
three  interrupted  brownish  lines  between  that  and  the  base  ; 
there  is  an  oblique  black  dash  near  the  tip  of  the  fore  wings, 
and  a  nearly  continuous  black  line  at  the  base  of  the  fringe. 
The  hind  wings  are  plain  pale  ash  color,  or  very  light  gray, 
with  a  dusky  dot  about  the  middle. 

Remedies. — To  attack  an  enemy  with  success  it  is  essential 
that  we  know  his  vulnerable  points.  In  this  instance,  since 
the  females  are  without  wings,  if  they  can  be  prevented  from 
crawling  up  the  trees  to  deposit  their  eggs,  a  great  point  will  be 
gained.  Various  measures  have  been  employed  to  secure  this 
end,  all  belonging  to  one  or  other  of  two  classes, — first,  those 
that  prevent  the  ascension  of  the  moth  by  entangling  her  feet 
and  holding  her  there,  or  by  drowning  her ;  second,  those 
which  look  to  a  similar  end  by  preventing  her  from  getting  a 
foothold,  and  causing  her  to  fall  repeatedly  to  the  ground 
until  she  becomes  exhausted  and  dies.  In  the  first  class  is 
included  tar,  mixed  with  oil  to  prevent  its  drying,  and  applied 
either  directly  around  the  body  of  the  tree,  or  on  strips  of  old 
canvas  or  stiff  paper,  about  five  or  six  inches  wide,  and  tied 
in  the  middle  with  a  string ;  refuse  sorghum  molasses,  printer's 
ink,  and  slow-drying  varnishes,  are  used  in  a  similar  manner. 
Tin,  lead,  and  rubber  troughs,  to  contain  oil,  also  belong  to 
this  class  of  remedies,  and  have  all  been  used  with  more  or 
less  success.  In  the  use  of  any  of  the  first-named  sticky 
substances,  it  should  be  borne  in  mind  that  they  must  be  kept 
sticky  by  frequent  renewal  of  the  surface  in  mild  weather,  or 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES.  69 

the  application  will  be  useless;  they  should  also  be  applied 
as  early  as  the  latter  part  of  October,  and  kept  on  until  the 
leaves  are  expanded  in  the  following  spring.  It  must  also  be 
remembered  that  some  of  the  moths,  defeated  in  their  attempts 
to  climb  the  trees,  will  deposit  their  eggs  near  the  ground,  or 
anywhere,  in  fact,  below  the  barrier,  and  that  the  tiny  young 
worms  hatched  from  them  will  pass  without  difficulty  through 
a  very  small  opening.  Hence,  whether  troughs  or  bandages 
are  used,  care  must  be  taken  to  fill  up  all  the  irregularities  of 
surface  in  the  bark  of  the  trees,  so  that  no  openings  shall  be 
left  through  which  they  may  pass.  Cotton  batting  answers 
well  in  most  cases  for  this  purpose. 

The  second  class  of  remedies  consists  of  various  ingenious 
devices,  in  the  way  of  collars  of  metal,  wood,  or  glass  fastened 
around  the  tree  and  sloping  downward  like  an  inverted  funnel. 
These,  although  they  prevent  the  moths  from  ascending  the 
tree,  offer  but  little  obstacle  to  the  progress  of  the  young 
caterpillars  unless  the  openings  between  the  collar  and  the 
tree  are  carefully  packed,  and  hence  they  often  fail  of  entire 
success.  Those  belonging  to  the  first  class  are  said  to  be  the 
surest  and  best,  and  while  it  must  be  admitted  that  it  involves 
much  time  and  labor  to  renew  so  often  and  for  so  long  a  period 
the  tar  or  other  sticky  application  so  as  to  make  it  an  effectual 
barrier  to  the  ascent  of  the  insect,  still  it  will  pay,  wherever 
the  canker-worm  abounds,  to  give  this  matter  the  attention 
requisite  to  insure  success.  The  limited  power  of  motion 
possessed  by  the  female  usually  confines  this  insect  within 
narrow  limits,  and  hence  it  is  local  in  its  attacks,  sometimes 
abounding  in  one  orchard  and  being  scarcely  known  in  a 
neighboring  one;  but  when  it  has  obtained  a  footing,  and  is 
neglected,  it  usually  multiplies  prodigiously.  Strong  winds 
will  sometimes  carry  the  larvae  from  one  tree  to  another  near 
by.  When  the  caterpillars  are  once  on  the  tree,  if  the  tree  is 
small,  they  may  be  dislodged  by  jarring,  when  they  all  drop, 
suspended  in  mid-air  by  silken  threads;  then,  by  swinging  a 
stick  above  them,  the  threads  may  be  collected  and  the  larvae 


70 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 


FIG.  03. 


brought  to  the  ground  and  destroyed.  Fall  ploughing  has 
been  recommended  to  destroy  the  chrysalids  by  turning  them 
up,  when  they  are  likely  to  be  either  killed  by  exposure  or 
devoured  by  birds.  Hogs  also  are  very  useful  in  destroying 
this  pest  by  rooting  up  the  chrysalids  and  eating  them. 

These  insects  have  many  natural  enemies.  A  small  mite, 
Nothrus  ovivorus  Packard  (Fig.  63),  destroys  the  eggs?  A 
minute  parasitic  fly  deposits  her  eggs 
within  the  eggs  of  the  canker-worm  and 
destroys  them.  In  the  larval  state  they 
are  preyed  on  by  a  small  four-winged 
fly,  a  species  of  Microgaster,  which,  after 
having  fed  upon  its  victim  to  full  growth, 
eats  its  way  out,  and  constructs  a  small 
oval  white  cocoon  attached  to  the  body 
of  the  caterpillar.  A  species  of  Tachina, 
a  two-winged  fly  similar  to  Fig.  46,  No. 
21,  is  also  a  parasite  on  these  worms.  Predaceous  insects 
also  feed  upon  them,  especially  the  Green  Caterpillar-hunter 
(Fig.  47),  the  Copper-spotted  Calosoma  (Fig.  48),  and  the 
Rapacious  Soldier-bug,  Sinea  diadema  (Say)  (Fig.  64).  The 


Fraternal  Potter-wasp,  Eumenes  fraternus  Say  (a,  Fig.  65), 
stores  the  cells  for  her  young  with  canker-worms,  often  placing 
as  many  as  fifteen  or  twenty  in  a  single  cell.  In  the  figure,  at 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES.  71 

b  is  shown  the  clay  cell  of  this  insect  entire ;  at  c  the  same  cut 
through,  showing  how  it  is  packed  with  these  larvae.  These 
cells  are  sometimes  attached  to  plants  and  sometimes  con- 
structed under  the  loose  bark  of  trees.  Insect-eating  birds 
also  devour  large  numbers  of  canker-worms. 

These  insects  are  not  confined  to  the  apple-tree:  elm- 
trees  are  frequently  eaten  bare  by  them ;  they  attack  also 
the  plum,  cherry,  linden,  and  many  other  trees.  They  are 
common  in  tlie  Eastern  and  Western  States,  and  also  in  some 
parts  of  Canada. 

No.  27.— The  Fall  Web-worm. 
Hyphantria  textor  Harris. 

After  the  webs  of  the  tent-caterpillars  have  been  carefully 
removed  in  the  spring,  and  the  fruit-grower  is  perhaps  flatter- 
ing himself  with  the  idea  that  his  troubles  in  this  direction 
are  about  over,  towards  the  end  of  summer  he  may  be  mor- 
tified to  find  his  trees  again  adorned  with  webs  enclosing 
swarms  of  hungry  caterpillars,  devouring  the  foliage.  This  is 
the  fall  web- worm,  an  insect  totally  different  in  all  its  stages 
from  the  common  tent-caterpillar.  The  moth  of  this  species 
deposits  her  eggs  in  broad  patches  on  the  under  side  of  the 
leaves,  near  the  end  of  a  branch,  during  the  latter  part  of 
May  or  early  in  June.  These  hatch  in  the  month  of  June, 
July,  or  August;  during  the  earlier  period  in  the  warmer 
districts,  and  later  in  the  colder  ones. 

As  soon  as  the  young  larvae  appear  they  begin  to  eat,  and  to 
spin  a  web  over  themselves  for  protection.  They  devour  only 
the  pulpy  portion  of  the  leaves,  leaving  the  veins  and  skin  of 
the  under  surface  untouched.  While  young,  they  are  of  a 
pale-yellowish  color,  sparingly  hairy,  with  two  rows  of  black 
marks  along  the  body.  When  full  grown,  they  are  an  inch 
or  more  in  length,  and  vary  greatly  in  their  markings  •  some 
examples  are  pale  yellow  or  greenish,  others  much  darker  and 
of  a  bluish-black  hue.  The  head  is  black,  and  there  is  a  broad 
dusky  or  blackish  stripe  down  the  back ;  along  each  side  is  a 


72 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 


FIG.  66. 


yellowish  band,  speckled  more  or  less  with  black.  The  body 
is  covered  with  long  straight  hairs,  grouped  in  tufts,  arising 

from  small  black  or  orange-yel- 
low protuberances,  of  which  there 
are  a  number  on  each  segment. 
The  hairs  are  sometimes  of  a 
dirty  white,  with  a  few  black 
ones  interspersed,  sometimes  red- 
dish brown ;  they  are  longest 

towards  the  extremities  of  the  body.  Unlike  the  common 
tent- caterpillars,  these  Iarva3  do  not  wander  from  their  nests 
to  feed  until  nearly  full  grown,  but  extend  the  web  over  their 
whole  feeding-ground,  constantly  enclosing  fresh  portions  of 
the  branch  occupied,  until  sometimes  the  web  covers  a  space 
several  feet  long,  the  whole  enclosed  portion  having  a  scorched 
or  withered  look,  as  if  it  had  been  blighted.  When  nearly 
at  their  full  growth,  they  suddenly  abandon  their  social  habits 
and  scatter  far  and  wide,  feeding  on  almost  any  green  thing 
they  meet  with.  They  are  very  active,  and  run  briskly  when 
disturbed. 

During  September  and  October  these  caterpillars  descend 
to  the  ground  and  burrow  a  short  distance  under  the  surface, 
or  creep  under  crevices  of  bark  or  some  such  shelter  above 
ground,  where  they  form  slight  cocoons  of  silk,  interwoven 
with  hairs  from  their  bodies.  Within  these  cocoons  they 
soon  change  to  chrysalids  of  a  dark-brown  color  (Fig.  67), 


FIG.  67. 


FIG.  68. 


smooth,  polished,  and  faintly  punctated,  with  a  swelling  about 
the  middle.  In  this  condition  they  remain  until  the  following 
year. 

The  moth  (Fig.  68)  is  of  a  milk-white  color,  without  spots; 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES.  73 

the  antennae  are  gray,  those  of  the  male  doubly  feathered  be- 
low, those  of  the  female  with  two  rows  of  minute  teeth  only ; 
the  front  thighs  are  tawny  yellow,  the  feet  blackish  brown. 
When  the  wings  are  expanded  they  measure  about  one  and 
a  quarter  inches  across.  The  moth  flies  only  at  night. 

In  the  Northern  United  States  and  Canada  there  is  only 
one  brood  of  this  insect  in  the  season,  but  in  the  South  it  is 
frequently  double-brooded,  the  first  brood  of  the  larvae  ap- 
pearing in  June,  the  second  in  August.  It  is  a  very  general 
feeder ;  besides  the  apple,  it  also  eats  the  leaves  of  the  plum, 
cherry,  pear,  hickory,  ash,  elm,  willow,  oak,  beech,  button- 
wood,  grape,  currant,  blackberry,  raspberry,  and  clover. 

From  their  birth,  the  web-spinning  habits  of  these  larvae 
promptly  lead  to  their  detection,  and  as  soon  as  seen  they 
should  be  removed  by  cutting  off  the  twig  or  branch  and 
destroying  it ;  if  beyond  ordinary  reach,  the  branch  may  be 
cut  off  by  attaching  a  pair  of  priming-shears  to  a  pole  and 
pulling  one  handle  with  a  string.  As  they  remain  constantly 
under  the  web  for  so  long  a  period,  the  removal  of  the  branch 

insures  in  most  instances  the  destruction  of 

PIG.  69 
the  whole  colony. 

No  parasites  have  yet  been  recorded  as 
preying  on  them,  but  many  carnivorous  in- 
sects devour  them.    The  Spined  Soldier-bug, 
Podisus  spinosus  (Dallas)  (Fig.  69),  attacks 
them,  piercing  their  bodies  with  its  beak 
and  sucking  them  empty.     This  friendly  insect  is  represented 
in  the  figure  at  6,  with  one  pair  of  wings  extended,  the  other 
closed ;  at  a,  a  magnified  view  of  the  beak  is  given. 

No.  28. — The  Cecropia  Emperor-moth. 

Platysamla  Cecropia  (Linn.). 

Among  the  many  beautiful  insects  native  to  this  country, 
there  are  none  which  excite  more  delight  and  astonishment 
than  the  Cecropia  moth.  Its  size  is  enormous,  measuring, 
when  its  wings  are  spread,  from  five  to  seven  inches  across, 


74 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 


while  its  beauty  is  such  as  to  charm  all  beholders.     Fig.  70 
gives  a  very  good  representation  of  this  magnificent  moth. 


Both  the  front  and  hind  wings  are  of  a  rich  brown,  the 
anterior  pair  grayish  shaded  with  red,  the  posterior  more 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES.  75 

uniformly  brown,  and  about  the  middle  of  each  of  the  wings 
is  a  nearly  kidney-shaped  white  spot,  shaded  more  or  less  with 
red,  and  margined  with  black.  A  wavy  dull-red  band  crosses 
each  of  the  wings,  edged  within  with  white,  the  edging  wide 
and  distinct  on  the  hind  wings,  and  more  or  less  faint  on  the 
front  pair.  The  outer  edges  of  the  wings  are  of  a  pale  silky 
brown,  in  which,  on  the  anterior  pair,  runs  an  irregular  dull- 
black  line,  which  on  the  hind  wings  is  replaced  by  a  double 
broken  band  of  the  same  hue.  The  front  wings,  next  to  the 
shoulders,  are  dull  red,  with  a  curved  white  and  black  band, 
and  near  their  tips  is  an  eye-like  spot  with  a  bluish- white 
crescent.  The  upper  side  of  the  body  and  the  legs  are  dull 
red,  with  a  wide  band  behind  the  head,  and  the  hinder  edges 
of  the  rings  of  the  abdomen  white;  the  under  side  of  the 
body  is  also  marked  with  white. 

During  the  winter  months,  when  the  apple-trees  are  leaf- 
less, the  large  cocoons  of  this  insect  are  frequently  found 
firmly  attached  to  the  twigs ;  they  also  occur  on  many  other 
trees  and  shrubs,  for  in  its  caterpillar  state  it  is  a  very 
general  feeder.  The  cocoon  (Fig.  71)  is  about  three  inches 
long  and  an  inch  or  more  broad  in  its  widest  part,  pod- 
shaped,  of  a  rusty-gray  or  brownish  color ;  it  is  formed  of 
two  layers  of  silk,  the  outer  one  not  unlike  strong  brown 
paper,  and  within  this  a  quantity  of  loose  silken  fibres  cover- 
ing an  inner,  oval,  closely-woven  cocoon,  containing  a  large 
brown  chrysalis.  Snugly  enclosed  within  this  double  wrap- 
per, the  chrysalis  remains  uninjured  by  the  variations  of 
temperature  during  the  winter.  Late  in  May,  or  early  in 
June,  the  pupa-case  is  ruptured  by  the  struggles  of  its  occu- 
pant, and  the  newly-born  moth  begins  to  work  its  way  out 
of  the  cocoon ;  to  lessen  the  labor,  a  fluid  is  secreted  from 
about  the  mouth,  which  softens  the  fibres;  then  a  tearing, 
scraping  sound  is  heard,  made  by  the  insect  working  with  the 
claws  on  its  fore  feet,  pulling  away  the  softened  threads  and 
packing  them  on  each  side  to  make  a  passage  for  its  body. 
The  place  of  exit  is  the  smaller  end  of  the  cocoon,  which  is 


76 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE    APPLE. 


FIG.  71. 


more  loosely  made  than  any  other  part,  and  through  which,  after 
the  internal  obstacles  are  overcome,  the  passage  is  effected 
without  much  further  trouble.  First 
through  the  opening  is  thrust  the 
front  pair  of  bushy-looking  legs, 
the  sharp  claws  of  which  fasten  on 
the  outside  structure ;  then  with  an 
effort  the  head  is  drawn  forward, 
displaying  the  beautiful  feather-like 
antenna;  next  the  thorax,  on  which 
are  borne  the  other  two  pairs  of 
legs,  is  liberated,  and  finally  the 
escape  is  completed  by  the  with- 
drawal of  the  abdomen.  An  odd- 
looking  creature  it  is  at  first,  with 
its  large,  plump,  juicy  body,  and  its 
thick,  small  wiugs  not  much  larger 
than  those  of  a  humble-bee.  The 
insect  now  seeks  a  good  location 
where  the  wings  may  hang  down  in 
a  position  favorable  for  expanding, 
when  in  a  short  time  they  undergo 
a  marvellous  growth,  attaining  their 
full  size  in  from  half  an  hour  to  an 
hour. 

Soon  after  their  exit  these  moths 
seek  their  mates,  and  shortly  the 
female  begins  to  deposit  her  eggs,  a 
process  which  occupies  considerable 
time,  since  there  are  two  or  three 
hundred  to  dispose  of,  and  they  are 
usually  laid  in  pairs,  firmly  fastened  with  a  glutinous  material, 
on  the  under  side  of  a  leaf  of  the  tree  or  shrub  which  is  to 
form  the  future  food  of  the  caterpillar.  The  egg  is  nearly 
one-tenth  of  an  inch  long,  almost  round,  of  a  dull  creamy- 
white  color,  with  a  reddish  spot  or  streak  near  the  middle. 


ATTACKING   THE  LEAVES. 


77 


The  duration  of  the  egg-state  is  usually  from  a  week  to  ten 
days,  when  the  young  larva  eats  its  way  out,  making  its  first 
meal  of  the  empty  egg-shell.  At  first  it  is  black,  with  little 
shining  black  knobs  on  its  body,  from  which  arise  hairs  of 
the  same  color.  With  a  ravenous  appetite,  its  growth  is  very 
rapid,  and  from  time  to  time  its  exterior  coat  or  skin  becomes 
too  tight  for  its  comfort,  when  it  is  ruptured  and  thrown  off. 
At  each  of  these  changes  or  moultings  the  caterpillar  appears 
in  an  altered  garb,  until  finally  it  assumes  the  appearance 
represented  in  Fig.  72.  It  is  a  gigantic  creature,  from  three 

FIG.  72. 


to  four  inches  long,  and  nearly  as  thick  as  a  man's  thumb ; 
its  color  is  pale  green ;  the  large  warts  or  tubercles  on  the 
third  and  fourth  segments  are  coral-red,  the  others  on  the 
back  are  yellow,  except  those  on  the  second  and  terminal 
segments,  which,  in  common  with  the  smaller  tubercles  along 
the  side,  are  blue.  During  its  growth  from  the  diminutive 
creature  as  it  escapes  from  the  egg  to  the  monstrous-looking 
full-grown  specimen,  it  consumes  an  immense  amount  of  vege- 
table food ;  and  especially  as  it  approaches  maturity  is  this 
voracious  appetite  apparent.  Where  one  or  two  have  been 
placed  on  a  young  apple-tree,  they  may  in  a  short  time  strip 
it  entirely  bare;  the  loss  of  foliage  during  the  growing  period 


78  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE  APPLE. 

prevents  the  proper  ripening  of  the  wood,  and  often  endangers 
the  life  of  the  tree. 

Remedies. — The  natural  increase  of  this  insect  is  great,  and 
wise  provisions  have  been  made  to  keep  it  within  due  bounds. 
Being  so  conspicuous  an  object,  it  often  forms  a  dainty  meal 
for  the  larger  insectivorous  birds ;  there  are  also  enemies 

which  attack  the  egg  and 
FIG.  73.        ^  ^  young    larva,  and   several 

species  of  parasites  which 
live  within  or  on  the  body  of 
'-^—  /  the  caterpillar,  and  finally 
destroy  it  either  in  the  lar- 
val or  the  chrysalis  state : 
it  is  believed  that  fully 
four-fifths  of  the  larvae 
perish  in  this  manner.  The 
largest  of  these  parasites, 
and  perhaps  the  commonest 
of  them  all,  is  the  Long- 
tailed  Ophion,  Ophion  ma- 
cnmtm  (Linn.)  (Fig.  73),  a  large,  yellowish-brown  Ichneumon. 
The  female  of  this  fly  deposits  her  eggs  on  the  skin  of  her 
victim,  where  the  young  larvae  soon  hatch,  and,  having  firmly 
attached  themselves,  feed  externally,  sucking  the  juices  of  the 
caterpillar.  After  the  latter  has  attained  full  growth,  formed 

its  cocoon,  and  become  a 
chrysalis,  this  useful  para- 
site causes  its  death.  When 
full  grown,  the  larva  of  the 
parasite  is  a  large,  fat,  foot- 
less grub  (Fig.  74),  which 
spins  an  oblong-oval  cocoon 

within  the  Crecopia  chrysalis,  and  escapes  as  a  fly,  sometimes 
in  the  autumn,  but  more  frequently  in  the  following  spring. 
A  two-winged  fly,  a  species  of  Tachina  (Fig.  46),  is  also  very 
frequently  found  as  a  parasite  on  the  caterpillar.  The  larva 


ATTACKING  THE  LEAVES. 


79 


of  this  parasite  is  a  fat,  fleshy,  footless  grub,  of  a  translucent 
yellow  color,  and  about  half  an  inch  in  length.  A  third  para- 
site is  a  small  four-winged  fly,  known  as  the  Cecropia  Chalcis- 
fly,  Smicra  maride  (Riley)  (Fig.  75).  Tn  the  figure  the  fly  is 


FIG.  75. 


FIG 


much  magnified  ;  the  short  lines  at  the  side  show  its  natural 
size.  A  fourth  friendly  helper  is  an  Ichneumon  fly,  known 
under  the  name  of  the 
Cecropia  Cryptus,  Qryptus 
extremaMs  Cresson,  which 
infests  the  Cecropia  larva 
in  great  numbers,  filling  its 
chrysalis  so  entirely  with 
its  thin,  papery  cocoons 
that  a  transverse  section 
bears  a  strong  resemblance 
to  a  piece  of  honey-comb. 
(See  Fig.  76.)  The  flies  of 
this  parasite  escape  in  June, 
the  female  presenting  the 
appearance  shown  in  Fig. 
77,  where  it  is  much  mag- 
nified, the  short  line  at  the  side  showing  its  natural  size. 
Another  two-winged  parasite  is  Gaurax  anchora  Loew. 

While  very  partial  to  the  apple,  the  larva  of  Cecropia  will 
also  feed  on  the  cherry,  plum,  pear,  maple,  willow,  lilac,  Eng- 


80  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 

lish  alder,  red  currant,  and  hazel ;  also  on  the  hickory,  birch, 
elm,  honey-locust,  barberry,  hawthorn,  and  elder. 

During  the  winter  their  cocoons  should  be  looked  for  and 
destroyed ;  the  larvae  also  may  be  subdued  by  hand-picking, — 
their  work,  as  well  as  their  appearance,  being  so  conspicuous 
that  they  are  readily  detected. 

No.  29. — The  Unicorn  Prominent, 

Coslodasys  unicornis  (Sm.  &  Abb.). 

The  larva  of  this  moth  is  a  very  singular-looking  creature. 
(See  Fig.  78.)  It  is  reddisli  brown,  variegated  with  white,  on 
the  back,  with  a  large  brown  head ;  the 
sides  of  the  second  and  third  segments 
are  green,  and  from  the  top  of  the 
fourth  a  prominent  horn  is  projected. 
There  are  on  the  body  a  few  short 
hairs,  scarcely  visible  to  the  naked  eye  ; 
the  posterior  segment,  with  the  hindermost  pair  of  feet,  is 
always  raised  when  the  insect  is  at  rest,  but  it  generally  uses 
these  feet  in  walking.  In  August  and  September  this  larva 
may  be  found  nearly  full  grown.  At  first  eating  a  notch, 
about  the  size  of  its  body,  in  the  side  of  the  leaf  on  which  it 
is  feeding,  and  placing  itself  in  this  notch,  with  the  humps 
on  its  body  somewhat  resembling  the  irregularities  in  the 
margin  of  the  partly-eaten  leaf,  it  is  not  easily  detected. 
Eventually  it  consumes  the  entire  leaf,  except  a  small  portion 
of  the  base.  When  mature,  it  measures  from  an  inch  to  an 
inch  and  a  quarter  in  length,  and,  while  generally  solitary  in 
its  habits,  sometimes  three  or  four  are  found  together  eating 
the  leaves  of  the  same  twig.  Besides  the  apple,  it  feeds  on 
the  plum,  dogwood,  rose,  alder,  and  winterberry. 

When  full  grown,  which  is  towards  the  end  of  September, 
it  descends  from  the  tree,  and  under  fallen  leaves  on  the 
ground  constructs  a  thin,  almost  transparent,  papery  cocoon, 
with  bits  of  leaves  attached  to  the  outside.  A  considerable 
time  elapses  after  the  cocoon  is  formed  before  the  caterpillar 


ATTACKING   THE  LEAVES.  gl 

changes  to  a  brown  chrysalis.  The  moth  does  not  appear 
until  the  following  summer,  and  is  most  common  in  July. 
(See  Fig.  79.) 

The  fore  wings  are  light  brown,  variegated  with  patches 
of  greenish  white,  with  many  wavy  lines  of  a  dark-brown 
color,  two  of  which  enclose  a  small 
whitish  space ;    at  the  base  there  FlG-  79- 

is  a  short  blackish  mark  near  the 
middle ;  the  tip  and  the  outer  hind 
margin  are  whitish,  tinged  with 
red  in  the  males,  and  near  the  outer 
hind  angle  there  are  two  black 
dashes  and  one  small  white  dash.  The  hind  wings  of  the 
male  are  dirty  white,  with  a  dusky  spot  on  the  inner  hind 
angle,  those  of  the  female  sometimes  entirely  dusky.  The 
body  is  brownish,  with  two  narrow  black  bands  across  the 
front  part  of  the  thorax.  When  the  wings  are  expanded, 
this  moth  measures  from  an  inch  and  a  quarter  to  an  inch 
and  a  half  across.  It  is  double-brooded  in  the  South,  the 
moths  of  the  first  brood  appearing  early  in  June,  those  of 
the  second  in  August ;  in  the  North  it  is  also  sometimes 
double-brooded. 

This  insect  is  rarely  present  in  sufficient  numbers  to  do 
any  material  damage ;  and  it  seldom  attracts  the  notice  of  the 
fruit-grower,  unless  by  the  singular  appearance  of  the  cater- 
pillar and  its  remarkable  combination  of  colors.  No  para- 
sites have  yet  been  recorded  as  preying  on  it,  though  doubtless 
ii  suifers  in  this  way  in  common  with  most  other  insects. 

No,  30.— The  Turnus  Swallow-tail. 

Papilio  turnus  Linn. 

Every  one  must  have  seen  the  large  turnus  swallow-tail 
butterfly  floating  about  in  the  warm  days  of  June  and  July, 
enjoying  the  sunshine,  drinking  from  the  wayside  pool,  or 
sipping  the  honey  from  flowers.  It  is  one  of  our  largest  and 
handsomest  butterflies,  measuring,  when  its  wings  are  ex- 

6 


82 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 


panded,  about  four  inches  across.  (See  Fig.  80.)  The  wings 
are  of  a  rich,  pale  lemon-yellow  color,  banded  and  bordered 
with  black ;  on  the  fore  wings  are  four  black  bars,  the  inner 
one  extending  entirely  across  the  wing,  the  outer  ones  be- 
coming shorter  as  they  approach  the  apex.  The  front  mar- 
gin is  edged  with  black,  and  the  outer  margin  has  a  wide 
border  of  the  same,  in  which  is  set  a  row  of  eight  or  nine 
pale-yellow  spots,  the  lower  ones  less  distinct. 

FIG.  80. 


The  hind  wings  are  crossed  by  a  streak  of  black,  which  is 
almost  a  continuation  of  the  inner  band  on  the  fore  wings ; 
there  is  a  short  black  streak  a  little  beyond,  and  a  wide  black 
border,  widening  as  it  approaches  the  inner  angle  of  the 
wing.  Enclosed  within  this  border,  and  towards  its  outer 
edge,  are  six  lunular  spots,  the  upper  and  lower  ones  reddish, 
the  others  yellow ;  above  and  about  these  spots,  and  especially 
towards  the  inner  angle  of  the  wing,  the  black  bordering  is 
thickly  powdered  with  blue  scales.  The  outer  margin  of  the 
hind  wings  is  scalloped  and  partly  edged  with  yellow;  the 
inner  margin  is  bordered  with  brownish  black  for  about  two- 


ATTACKING   THE  LEAVES.  83 

thirds  of  its  length,  followed  by  a  small  yellow  patch,  which 
is  succeeded  by  a  larger  black  spot,  centred  with  a  crescent  of 
blue  atoms,  and  bounded  below  by  an  irregular  reddish  spot, 
margined  within  with  yellow.  The  hind  wings  terminate  in 
two  long  black  tails  edged  on  the  inside  with  yellow.  The 
body  is  black  above,  margined  with  pale  yellowish;  below, 
yellowish  streaked  with  black.  The  under  surface  of  the 
wings  resembles  the  upper,  but  is  paler. 

This  insect  passes  the  winter  in  the  chrysalis  state,  and  ap- 
pears first  on  the  wing  from  the  middle  to  the  end  of  May, 
but  becomes  more  plentiful  during  the  latter  part  of  June  and 
early  in  July.  The  eggs  are  deposited  singly  on  the  leaves 
of  the  apple  and  other  trees  and  shrubs  on  which  the  larva 
feeds ;  they  are  about  one-twenty-fourth  of  an  inch  in  diame- 
ter, nearly  round,  of  a  dark-green  color,  with  a  smooth  sur- 
face. In  about  ten  or  twelve  days  the  eggs  begin  to  change 
color,  becoming  darker,  and  growing  very  dark  just  before 
the  escape  of  the  larvae.  The  very  young  caterpillars  are 
black,  roughened  with  small  brownish-black  tubercles,  with 
the  first  segment  thickened,  of  a  dull,  glossy  flesh  color,  a 
prominent  fleshy  tubercle  on  each  side,  and  a  patch  of  white 
on  the  seventh  and  eighth  segments. 

When  full  grown,  it  appears  as  in  Fig.  81.  It  is  then 
from  an  inch  and  a  half  to  two  inches  long,  with  a  rather 
large  reddish-brown 
head,  and  a  green 
body,  which  is  thick- 
est towards  the  head 
and  tapers  posteri- 
orly. On  the  an- 
terior segments  the 

green  is  of  a  darker  shade,  but  paler  on  the  sides  of  the 
body,  and  partly  covered  with  a  whitish  bloom.  On  the 
front  edge  of  the  first  segment  is  a  raised  yellow  fold,  which 
slightly  overhangs  the  head,  and  from  which,  when  irri- 
tated, the  larva  protrudes  a  yellow,  fleshy,  forked  organ,  at 


84  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 

the  same  time  giving  off  a  disagreeable  odor,  which  is  doubt- 
less used  as  a  means  of  defence  against  its  enemies.  On  each 
side  of  the  third  segment  is  an  eye-like  spot,  nearly  oval, 
yellow,  enclosed  by  a  ring  of  black,  centred  with  a  small 
elongated  blue  dot,  which  is  also  set  in  black.  On  the  hinder 
portion  of  the  fourth  segment  is  another  raised  yellow  fold, 
bordered  behind  with  rich  velvety  black ;  the  latter  is  seen 
only  when  the  larva  is  in  motion.  On  the  terminal  segment 
there  is  a  similar  fold,  flattened  above,  with  a  slight  protu- 
berance on  each  side.  On  the  fifth  segment  are  two  blue 
dots,  one  on  each  side,  and  there  are  traces  on  the  hinder 
segments  of  similar  dots,  arranged  in  longitudinal  rows. 
The  under  surface  is  paler  than  the  upper,  with  a  whitish 
bloom. 

When  the  caterpillar  is  about  to  change  to  a  chrysalis, 
which  is  usually  during  the  early  part  of  August,  the  color 
of  the  body  grows  gradually  darker,  until  it  becomes  dark 
reddish  brown,  with  the  sides  nearly  black,  and  the  blue 
dots  become  much  more  distinct.  Having  selected  a  suitable 
spot  in  which  to  pass  the  chrysalis  state,  it  spins  a  web  of 
silk,  into  which  the  hooks  on  the  hind  legs  are  firmly  fastened  ; 
then,  having  prepared  and  stretched  across  a  silken  band  or 
loop  to  support  its  body  in  the  middle,  it  casts  its  larval  skin, 
and  remains  a  dull-brown  chrysalis,  of  the 
FIG.  82.  form  shown  in  Fig.  82,  until  the  following 

spring. 

This  insect  is  very  widely  distributed, 
being  found  in  nearly  all  parts  of  the 
United  States  and  Canada.  The  caterpil- 
lar feeds  on  a  number  of  different  trees, 
but  chiefly  affects  the  apple,  cherry,  thorn, 
and  basswood.  As  it  is  always  solitary  in  its  habits,  it  is 
never  likely  to  cause  much  injury.  South  of  Pennsylvania 
the  female  of  this  species  of  butterfly  usually  loses  its  yellow 
color  and  becomes  nearly  black,  while  the  other  sex  retains 
its  normal  hue. 


ATTACKING   THE  LEAVES. 


85 


No.  31.— The  Blind-eyed  Sphinx. 

Smerinthus  excecatus  (Sm.  &  Abb.). 

During  September,  and  sometimes  as  late  as  the  beginning 
of  October,  there  may  be  found  occasionally  on  the  apple-tree, 
feeding  on  the  leaves,  a  thick,  cylindrical  caterpillar,  about  two 
and  a  half  inches  long,  with  a  green  triangular  head,  bordered 
with  white,  an  apple-green  body,  paler  on  the  back,  but  deeper 
in  color  along  the  sides,  with  its  skin  roughened  with  numerous 
white-tipped  granulations,  having  a  stout  horn  on  the  hinder 
part  of  its  back,  of  a 
bluish-green  color,  with  FIG.  83. 

seven  oblique  stripes  on 
each  side,  of  a  pale  yel- 
low, the  last  one  of  a 
brighter  yellow  than  the 
others  and  extending  to 
the  base  of  the  horn. 
This  is  the  larva  of  the 
blind-eyed  sphinx,  represented  in  Fig.  83. 

When  full  grown,  it  leaves  the  tree  and  buries  itself  in 

FIG.  84. 


the  earth,  where  it  changes  to  a  chrysalis  of  a  chestnut-brown 
color,  smooth,  with  a  short  terminal  spine. 

The  moth  (Fig.  84)  appears  from  May  to  July,  but  chiefly 


86  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 

in  June,  and  is  very  handsome.  The  body  is  fawn-colored ; 
on  the  top  of  the  thorax  is  a  chestnut-colored  stripe,  and  on 
the  abdomen  a  dark-brown  line.  The  front  wings  are  fawn- 
colored,  clouded  and  striped  with  brown ;  the  hind  wings  are 
rose-colored  in  the  middle,  with  a  brownish  patch  at  the 
tip,  crossed  by  two  or  three  short  whitish  lines,  and  having 
near  the  inner  angle  a  black  spot  with  a  pale-blue  centre. 
This  moth  measures,  when  its  wings  are  spread,  about  three 
inches  across. 

It  is  comparatively  a  rare  insect,  and  has  never  been  known 
to  cause  any  serious  injury.  While  partial  to  the  apple-tree, 
the  caterpillar  will  also  feed  on  the  plum  and  wild  cherry. 
The  moth  remains  hidden  during  the  day,  but  becomes  very 
active  at  dusk. 

No,  32. — The  Apple  Sphinx. 

Sphinx  Gor dins  Cram. 

This  insect  belongs  to  the  same  family  as  No.  31,  viz.,  the 
Sphingidse,  or  Sphinx  family,  and  there  is  a  general  re- 
semblance between  the  two  species  in  all  their  stages.  The 
larva  of  the  apple  sphinx  is  a  thick,  cylindrical,  apple-green 
caterpillar,  about  two  and  a  half  inches  long,  with  a  reddish- 
brown  horn  projecting  from  the  hinder  part  of  its  back,  and 
with  seven  oblique  stripes  along  each  side,  of  a  violet  color, 
margined  behind  with  white. 

Late  in  the  autumn  it  leaves  off  feeding  and  buries  itself 
deeply  in  the  earth,  where  it  changes  to  a  brown  chrysalis 
with  a  short  detached  tongue-case.  Here  it  remains  until 
the  following  season. 

The  perfect  insect  is  a  strong,  narrow- winged  moth,  which 
appears  on  the  wing  from  the  latter  part  of  May  to  the  end 
of  June.  (Fig.  85.)  Its  fore  wings  are  dark  brown,  varied 
with  ash-gray,  with  black  streaks  within  the  veins,  and  a 
white  dot  near  the  middle,  resting  on  a  long  black  line.  The 
hind  wings  are  gray,  with  a  band  across  the  middle,  and  a 
wide  marginal  band  of  black.  The  fringes  of  the  wings  are 


ATTACKING  THE  LEAVES.  87 

white,  the  head  and  thorax  blackish  brown.  The  abdomen 
is  dark  gray,  with  a  central  black  line,  and  alternate  black  and 
grayish  bands  partly  encircling  it.  When  the  wings  are  ex- 


FIG.  85. 


panded,  the  moth  measures  from  three  to  three  and  a  half 
inches  across.     This  also  is  a  night-flyer. 

No.  33. — The  American  Lappet-moth. 

Gastropacha  Americana  Harris. 

This  singular  insect  is  found  in  the  larval  state  in  July  and 
August,  resting  in  the  daytime  on  the  twigs  or  limbs  of  the 
apple-tree,  feeding  at  night.  Its  body  is  broad,  convex  above, 
and  perfectly  flat  beneath,  and  when  at  rest  it  closely  resem- 
bles a  natural  swelling  of  the  bark.  It  is  of  an  ash-gray 
color,  fringed  close  to  the  under  surface  on  each  side  with 
tufts  of  blackish  and  gray  hairs  springing  from  projecting 
tubercles.  On  the  hinder  part  of  the  third  segment  there  is 
a  bright-scarlet  velvety  band,  and  a  similar  one  on  the  fourth 
segment,  neither  of  which  is  seen  except  when  the  larva  is 
in  motion.  On  the  second  segment  there  are  two  small  tu- 
bercles on  each  side,  and  one  on  each  side  of  the  remaining 
segments  ;  from  these  tubercles  are  given  out  tufts  of  grayish 
hairs  mingled  with  white  ones.  The  under  side  of  the  body 
is  orange-colored,  with  a  central  row  of  diamond-shaped  black- 
ish spots.  In  general  appearance  it  much  resembles  Fig.  87. 


88  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 

When  ready  to  transform,  it  attaches  itself  to  a  limb  and 
there  encloses  itself  in  a  gray  cocoon,  which  appears  like  a 
slight  swelling  of  the  limb,  and  in  this  enclosure  it  changes 
to  a  brown  chrysalis,  in  which  state  it  remains  until  the 
month  of  June  following,  when  the  perfect  insect  escapes. 

The  moth  (Fig.  86)  is  of  a  tawny  reddish-brown  color, 
with  the  hinder  and  inner  edges  of  the  fore  wings  and  the 

outer  edges  of   the  hind   wings 
FIG.  86.  notched ;    the   notches  are   mar- 

gined with  white.  Both  pairs  of 
wings  are  crossed  by  a  rather 
broad,  interrupted,  whitish  band, 
not  very  clearly  shown  in  the 
figure,  which,  on  the  anterior 
wings,  does  not  always  extend  to 
the  front  margin.  In  the  female  the  pale  bands  and  dark 
lines  are  sometimes  wanting,  the  wings  being  almost  entirely 
of  a  red-brown  color.  The  moth  measures,  when  its  wings 
are  expanded,  from  an  inch  and  a  half  to  an  inch  and  three- 
quarters  across. 

The  eggs  are  laid  on  the  leaves  of  the  apple-tree  late  in 
June,  and  are  very  pretty  objects  under  a  magnifying-glass. 
They  measure  about  one-twentieth  of  an  inch  long,  are  oval, 
flattened  at  the  base  and  also  above,  and  a  little  thicker  at  one 
end  than  at  the  other.  In  color  they  are  white,  with  peculiar 
black  markings ;  at  each  end  is  a  crescent-shaped  stripe,  with 
a  dot  below  it,  and  on  both  the  flattened  surfaces  there  are 
markings  like  eyes,  each  formed  by  an  oval  spot  in  the 
centre,  with  a  curved  stripe  above  and  a  shorter  straight  one 
below ;  between  and  parallel  to  the  two  eyebrow-like  marks 
there  is  another  black  stripe.  The  whole  surface  is  covered 
with  a  net-work,  the  meshes  of  which  are  irregular,  with  a 
depressed  dot  in  the  centre  of  each.  This  insect  feeds  also 
on  the  cherry  and  the  oak,  It  is  not  at  all  common,  and 
probably  will  never  be  a  source  of  much  annoyance  to  the 
fruit-grower. 


ATTACKING  THE  LEAVES.  89 

No.  34. — The  Velleda  Lappet-moth. 

Tolype  velleda  (Stoll). 

The  caterpillar  of  this  species  is  very  similar  in  appearance 
and  habits  to  that  of  the  American  Lappet-moth,  No.  33, 
with  some  slight  differences  in  color  and  markings.  The  full- 
grown  larva  is  two  inches  or  more  in  length,  with  a  small, 
flat  head,  nearly  hidden  beneath  two  projecting  tufts  of  hair 
from  the  second  segment.  It  is  represented  partly  grown  in 
Fig.  87.  The  body  is  bluish 
gray,  with  many  faint  paler 
longitudinal  lines  ;  across  the 
upper  part  of  the  fourth  seg- 
ment there  is  a  narrow  velvety 
black  band,  more  conspicuous 
when  the  caterpillar  is  in  motion.  On  each  segment  above 
there  are  two  warts  with  short  black  hairs,  of  which  those  on 
the  fourth  segment,  anterior  to  the  band,  are  most  prominent. 
There  are  a  few  short  black  and  gray  hairs  scattered  over  the 
body.  The  side  fringes  which  border  the  body  close  to  the 
under  surface  are  composed  of  spreading  tufts  of  light-gray 
mingled  with  black  hairs,  of  unequal  length,  proceeding  from 
warts  nearly  one-tenth  of  an  inch  long.  The  under  side  is  of 
a  pale-red  or  orange  color,  with  black  spots.  This  caterpillar, 
when  at  rest,  closely  resembles  the  color  of  the  twig  to  which 
it  is  attached,  and  hence  is  difficult  to  detect.  It  reaches 
maturity  during  the  month  of  July,  and  is  found  on  the 
cherry  and  elm,  as  well  as  on  the  apple. 

The  cocoon,  which  is  usually  attached  to  one  of  the  branches 
of  the  tree  on  which  the  larva  has  fed,  is  about  an  inch  and 
a  half  long  and  half  an  .inch  wide,  oval,  convex  above,  and 
flattened  on  the  under  side ;  it  is  of  a  brownish-gray  color, 
with  a  few  blackish  hairs  interwoven  with  the  silk. 

The  moth  (Fig.  88)  is  usually  found  in  August  and  Sep- 
tember. It  has  a  large,  thick,  woolly  body,  of  a  white  color, 
variegated  with  bluish  gray;  its  legs  are  thick  and  very 


90  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 

hairy.     On  the  fore  wings  are  two  broad,  dark-gray  bands,  in- 
tervening between  three  narrow,  wavy,  white  bands;  the  veins 

are  white  and  prominent.  The 
hind  wings  are  gray,  with  a  white 
hind  border,  and  across  the  middle 
there  is  a  broad,  faint,  whitish 
band.  On  the  top  of  the  thorax 
is  an  oblong,  blackish-brown  spot, 
widening  behind.  The  males  are 
not  much  more  than  half  the  size  of  the  females;  the  former, 
when  their  wings  are  expanded,  measure  about  an  inch  and  a 
half  across,  the  latter  nearly  two  and  a  half  inches.  Like 
that  last  described,  this  is  a  rare  insect,  and  one  never  likely 
to  appear  in  sufficient  numbers  to  be  troublesome. 

No.  35. — The  Oblique-banded  Leaf-roller. 

Caccecia  rosaceana  (Harris). 

This  moth  is  a  member  of  a  very  large  family  of  small 
moths  called  Tortrices,  or,  popularly,  leaf-rollers,  because 
their  larvae  have  the  habit  of  rolling  up  the  leaves,  or  por- 
tions of  them,  forming  hollow  cylinders,  firmly  fastened  with 
silken  threads,  in  which  they  live,  and  where  they  are  partly 
protected  from  birds  and  other  enemies.  Most  of  these 
insects,  when  disturbed,  slip  quickly  out  of  their  enclosure 
and  let  themselves  down  to  the  ground  by  a  fine  silken  thread, 
and  thus  frequently  escape  danger. 

Soon  after  the  buds  of  the  apple-tree  begin  to  open,  the 
caterpillars  of  the  oblique-banded  leaf-roller  commence  their 
labors.  They  coil  up  and  fasten  together  the  small  and  tender 
leaves,  which  thus  furnish  them  at  once  with  shelter  and  food. 
When  full  grown,  they  are  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch 
in  length,  of  a  pale-green  or  yellowish-green  color,  sometimes 
reddish  or  brownish,  with  the  head  and  top  of  the  first  seg- 
ment brown  ;  there  is  usually  a  darker  green  stripe  along  the 
back,  and  a  few  smooth  dots  oh  each  segment,  from  each  of 
which  there  arises  a  short,  fine  hair.  In  Fig.  89  this  larva  is 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


91 


FIQ.  89. 


shown  somewhat  magnified;  also  the  chrysalis,  which  is  about 
the  natural  size.  Besides  consuming  the  leaves,  this  leaf- 
roller  is  very  fond  of  gnawing  the 
skin  of  the  young  fruit,  and  such 
abraded  spots  soon  become  brown 
and  rusty,  and  sometimes  crack. 

When  mature,  the  larva  lines  the 
inner  surface  of  its  dwelling-place 
with  a  web  of  silk,  and  then  changes 
to  a  chrysalis  of  a  dark-brown  color. 
(See  Fig.  89.)  Towards  the  end  of 
June,  or  early  in  July,  with  the  help  of  some  little  thorns 
on  the  hinder  segments,  the  chrysalis  wriggles  itself  half- 
way out  of  the  nest,  and  shortly  after  the  imprisoned  moth 
escapes. 

This  is  a  short,  broad,  flat  moth,  resembling  a  bell  in 
outline  when  its  wings  are  closed  (see  Fig.  90) ;  but  when 
expanded  (Fig.  91),  they  appear  arched  on  the  front  edge, 


FIG.  90. 


FIG.  91. 


curving  in  a  contrary  direction  near  the  tip.  The  body  is 
reddish  brown,  the  fore  wings  of  a  light  cinnamon-brown 
color,  crossed  with  little,  wavy,  darker  brown  lines,  and  with 
three  broad,  oblique,  dark-brown  bands,  one  of  which  covers 
the  base  of  the  wings  and  is  sometimes  indistinct  or  want- 
ing; the  second  crosses  the  middle  of  the  wings;  and  the 
third,  which  is  broad  on  the  front  edge  and  narrow  behind, 
is  near  the  outer  hind  margin.  The  hind  wings  are  ochre- 
yellow,  with  the  folded  part  next  to  the  body  blackish. 
When  the  wings  are  expanded,  the  moth  measures  about  an 
inch  across.  The  caterpillars  are  found  on  the  apple,  pear, 


92  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 

plum,  peach,  cherry,  rose,  raspberry,  gooseberry,  currant, 
strawberry,  and  probably  some  other  plants,  shrubs,  and  trees. 

Remedies. — In  the  larval  state  this  insect  is  infested  by  a 
parasite,  a  species  of  Ichneumon.  A  single  parasite  almost 
fills  the  body  of  the  caterpillar,  and  yet  the  latter  goes  on 
actively  feeding,  and  grows  to  maturity  without  showing  any 
signs  of  inconvenience.  When  about  to  enter  the  chrysalis 
state,  the  occupant  eats  its  way  out  of  the  body  of  its  victim, 
which  shrinks  up  and  dies,  and  the  parasite  spins  a  cocoon 
within  the  leafy  enclosure,  and  forms  a  chrysalis  nearly  as 
large  as  that  of  the  leaf-roller,  from  which,  in  due  time,  a 
four-winged  fly  escapes. 

The  depredations  of  this  foe  are  sometimes  serious,  more 
especially  when  it  selects  as  its  abode  the  terminal  branches 
of  the  tree,  and  thus  checks  its  growth.  Whenever  practi- 
cable, the  curled  and  twisted  clusters  of  leaves  should  be 
pinched  and  the  Iarva3  crushed;  if  out  of  reach,  syringing 
with  powdered  hellebore  and  water,  in  the  proportion  of  an 
ounce  to  a  pailful  of  water,  or  with  Paris-green  and  water,  in 
the  proportion  of  a  teaspoonful  to  a  pailful  of  water  will 
destroy  many  of  them. 

No.  36.— The  Lesser  Apple-leaf  Folder. 

Teras  minuta  (Bobs). 

The  caterpillar  of  this  species  is  a  small  greenish  larva, 
smooth,  with  a  pale-brown  head  and  whitish  markings. 
Those  of  the  first  brood  make  their  appearance  with  the 
opening  foliage  in  spring ;  the  opposite  edges  of  the  tender 
leaves  are  drawn  together  upwards,  and  fastened  with  a  silken 
web,  thus  forming  a  roof  over  the  insect,  which  serves  the 
double  purpose  of  shelter  and  protection.  The  second  brood, 
hatching  later  in  the  season  from  eggs  laid  on  the  surface  of 
the  mature  and  less  yielding  leaf,  do  not  draw  its  edges  to- 
gether, but  simply  construct  a  web  over  the  surface  of  the 
leaf.  When  mature,  the  caterpillar  eats  off  the  upper  cuticle 
of  part  of  a  leaf,  and  brings  the  edges  together,  tying  them 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES.  93 

with  silken  threads,  and  then  lines  the  enclosure  with  fine 
white  silk. 

Within  this  curled  leaf  the  caterpillar  changes  to  a  brown 
chrysalis,  about  three-tenths  of  an  inch  long.  Some  of  the 
segments  of  the  body  are  furnished  with  minute  spines,  and 
the  posterior  extremity  with  two  hooks,  bent  downwards, 
with  which  the  pupa  works  itself  half-way  out  of  the  enclo- 
sure before  the  moth  escapes. 

The  moth  is  about  one-third  of  an  inch  long,  and  measures, 
when  its  wings  are  spread,  half  an  inch  or  more  across.  Its 
head,  thorax,  and  fore  wings  are  of  a  bright-orange  color, 
the  hind  wings,  body,  and  legs  whitish,  with  a  silken  lustre. 
The  first  moths  appear  early  in  the  season,  in  time  to  deposit 
their  eggs  on  the  young  foliage  as  it  bursts  the  buds;  the 
second  brood  appear  during  the  latter  half  of  July. 

This  insect  sometimes  occurs  in  great  numbers,  destroying 
the  leaves  of  apple-trees,  particularly  young  trees,  giving  them 
the  appearance  of  being  scorched  by  fire.  When  it  becomes 
necessary  to  destroy  them,  the  remedies  mentioned  under  No. 
35  should  be  promptly  applied. 

No.  37.— The  Leaf-crumpler, 

Phycis  indigenella  (Zeller). 

The  fruit-grower  will  frequently  find,  on  examining  his 
apple-trees  in  winter,  clusters  of  curious  little  cases,  partly 
hidden  by  portions  of  crumpled  and  withered  leaves.  The 
cases  (Fig.  92,  a,  b)  resemble  long  miniature  horns,  wide  at 
one  end,  tapering  almost  to  a  point  at  the  other,  and  twisted 
in  a  very  odd  manner.  The  withered  leaves  are  firmly 
fastened  to  the  cases  and  to  the  twig  by  silken  threads,  and 
the  case  itself,  which  is  attached  to  the  bark  of  the  twig  on 
which  it  is  placed,  is  curiously  constructed  of  silk  inter- 
woven with  the  dried  castings  of  the  artificer.  The  inner 
surface  of  the  case  is  whitish  and  smooth,  the  exterior  rougher 
and  of  a  yellowish-brown  color. 

These  odd  little  cases  are  the  work  of  the  larvae  of  the 


94 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   APPLE. 


FIG.  92. 


Leaf-crumpler,  the  young  of  which  appear  late  in  the  sum- 
mer and  attain  about  one-third  of  their  growth  .before  winter 

sets  in.  After  construct- 
ing their  places  of  abode, 
they  remain  in  them  all 
winter  in  a  torpid  state. 
Fig.  93  represents  one  of 
these  cases  well  covered 
with  withered  leaves.  As 
soon  as  the  warmth  of  a 
spring  sun  causes  the  buds 
to  expand,  the  caterpillar 
resumes  its  activity,  and, 
leaving  its  case  in  search 
of  food, — for  which  pur- 
pose it  usually  chooses 
the  night-time, — it  draws 
the  opening  leaves  towards 
its  case,  so  as  to  secure  a 
safe  retreat  should  danger  threaten,  and,  fastening  them  by 

threads  of  silk,  enjoys  its  meals 
in  comparative  safety.  Its  length, 
when  full  grown,  is  about  six- tenths 
of '  an  inch,  the  body  tapering 
slightly  towards  the  hinder  ex- 
tremity. The  head  is  dark  red- 
dish brown,  and  the  body  a  dark, 
dull  greenish  brown  ;  the  first  seg- 
ment has  a  horny  plate  at  the  top, 
and  a  flattened  blackish  prominence 
on  each  side,  below  the  plate;  on 
each  of  the  other  segments  there  are 
several  small  blackish  dots,  from 
every  one  of  which  there  arises  a 
single  brown  hair.  At  c,  Fig.  92,  the  head  and  anterior  seg- 
ments of  this  caterpillar  are  shown. 


FIG. 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES.  95 

By  the  early  part  of  June  its  growth  is  completed.  It 
then  shuts  itself  up  in  its  case  and  changes  to  a  reddish-brown 
chrysalis,  about  four-tenths  of  an  inch  long,  from  which,  in 
about  two  weeks,  the  perfect  moth  escapes. 

When  its  wings  are  expanded,  the  moth  (see  d,  Fig.  92) 
measures  about  seven-tenths  of  an  inch  across.  Its  fore 
wings  are  pale  brown,  with  patches  and  streaks  of  silvery 
white,  the  hind  wings  plain  brownish  white ;  the  under  side 
of  both  wings  is  paler.  There  is  only  one  brood  during  the 
year,  the  moths  depositing  their  eggs  during  July. 

Remedies. — One  would  imagine  that  a  caterpillar  protected 
as  this  one  is,  within  its  case,  would  be  secure  from  all  ene- 
mies, but  it  is  not  so ;  a  small  Ichneumon  fly  is  a  parasite 
upon  it;  so,  also,  is  a  two-winged  Tachina  fly,  Tachina  phycitse 
(Le  Baron),  which  closely  resembles  the  common  house-fly. 

It  is  not  often  that  this  insect  is  very  numerous  in  any  one 
orchard,  but  where  it  is  abundant  it  sometimes  inflicts  a  con- 
siderable amount  of  damage,  consuming  the  young  foliage 
and  materially  retarding  the  growth  of  the  tree.  The  only 
way  to  destroy  them  is  to  pick  the  cases  with  the  crumpled 
leaves  off  the  trees  during  the  winter  and  burn  or  crush 
them.  Besides  the  apple,  it  feeds  on  the  cherry,  quince,  / 
and  plum,  and  occasionally  on  the  peach. 

No,  38. — The  Eye-spotted  Bud-moth. 

Tmetocera  ocellana  (Schiff). 

The  caterpillar  of  this  insect  selects  the  opening  bud  as  its 
point  of  attack.     It  is  a  small,  cylindrical,  naked  larva  (see 
Fig.  94),  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch  in  length,  of  a  pale, 
dull,  brownish  color,  with  small  warts  on  its 
body,  from  which  arise  fine  short  hairs;  the        FIG.  94. 
head  and   the  top  of  the  next  segment  are 
black.      Its    tenement    consists    of    a   dried, 
blackened  leaf,  portions  of  which  are  drawn 
together  so  as  to  make  a  rude  case,  the  cen- 
tral part  of  which  is  lined  with  silk.     It  is  very  partial  to 


96  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 

the  blossoms  and  newly-formed  fruit,  thereby  causing  great 
disappointment  to  fruit-growers,  who  have  perhaps  waited 
patiently  for  years  for  the  fruit  of  some  new  or  interesting 
variety,  and  have  their  hopes  excited  by  seeing,  it  may  be,  a 
single  bunch  of  blossoms  set  well  and  appear  promising, 
when  this  mischief-maker  commences  its  depredations  on 
the  young  fruit,  drawing  the  several  portions  together  with 
threads  of  silk,  and  partly  devouring  them.  It  sometimes 
contents  itself  with  injuring  the  leaves  only,  drawing  one 
after  another  around  its  small  inside  case  until  there  is 
formed  a  little  cluster  of  withered  and  blackened  leaves. 
Another  of  its  tricks  is  to  gnaw  a  hole  into  the  top  of  the 
branch  from  which  a  bunch  of  blossoms  issues,  and,  tunnel- 
ling it  down  the  centre,  cause  its  death. 

These  Iarva3  are  usually  full  grown  by  the  middle  of  June, 
when  they  change  to  dark-brown  chrysalids  within  their  nests, 
from  which  the  perfect  insects  escape  in  July. 

The  moth  (Fig.  94)  measures,  when  its  wings  are  expanded, 
about  half  an  inch  across.  It  is  of  an  ash-gray  color.  The 
fore  wings  have  a  whitish-gray  band  across  the  middle,  and 
there  are  two  small  eye-like  spots  on  each  of  them,  one,  near 
the  tip,  composed  of  four  little  black  marks  on  a  light-brown 
ground,  the  other,  near  the  hind  angle,  formed  by  three 
minute  black  spots  arranged  in  a  triangle,  with  sometimes 
a  black  dot  in  the  centre.  The  hind  wings  are  dusky  brown. 

The  attacks  of  this  insect  are  not  restricted  to  the  apple; 
it  is  injurious  also  to  the  cherry  and  plum.  Small  and  in- 
significant as  it  appears,  it  is  capable  of  much  mischief.  The 
only  remedy  suggested  is  to  pull  off  and  crush  the  withered 
clusters  of  leaves  containing  the  caterpillars  or  chrysalids 
early  in  the  spring. 

No.  39,— The  Apple-bud  Worm, 

Eccopsis  malana  Fernald. 

This  insect,  recently  recorded  as  injurious,  has  seriously 
injured  the  apple-trees  in  the  orchards  of  Northern  Illinois, 


ATTACKING  THE  LEAVES.  97 

by  devouring  the  terminal  buds  on  the  branches.  In  the 
larval  state  the  mischief  is  done;  it  is  then  a  small  pale- 
greenish  or  yellowish-green  caterpillar,  sometimes  tinged  with 
pink  on  the  back.  Its  head  is  yellowish,  with  a  black  dot  on 
each  side,  and  there  is  a  patch  or  shield  of  a  yellowish  color 
on  the  upper  part  of  the  next  segment. 

The  eggs  from  which  these  caterpillars  hatch  are  deposited 
singly  upon  the  terminal  buds.  The  young  larva,  after  de- 
vouring the  bud,  fastens  the  leaf-stalk  of  one  of  the  leaves 
growing  near  the  tip  to  the  side  of  the  branch,  and  thus 
forms  for  itself  a  sort  of  burrow  between  the  leaf-stalk  and 
the  branch,  in  which  it  hides  during  the  day,  issuing  from  its 
retreat  at  night  to  feed  on  the  leaf  so  secured.  When  this  is 
consumed,  it  is  said  to  feed  for  a  time  on  the  newly-formed 
wood,  and  sometimes  eats  its  way  a  short  distance  into  the 
twig.  The  caterpillar  about  this  time  deserts  its  burrow  on 
the  branch,  and  constructs  a  yellow,  woolly  tube  or  case  upon 
one  of  the  leaves,  in  which  it  lives,  issuing  at  night  to  feed  as 
heretofore,  and  when  the  leaf  on  which  it  is  placed  is  almost 
consumed,  the  larva  drags  the  case  to  an  adjoining  leaf.  As 
it  approaches  maturity,  it  becomes  of  a  dark  flesh-color ;  its 
body  is  marked  with  a  number  of  small  shining  spots,  and 
its  head  and  the  horny  shield  on  the  next  segment  are  black. 
When  full  grown,  it  measures  about  half  an  inch  in  length ; 
it  then  closes  its  case  with  a  silken  lid  and  changes  to  a  chrys- 
alis within  it,  from  which  the  moth  appears  about  a  week  or 
ten  days  later. 

The  fore  wings  of  the  moth  are  white,  mottled  and  spotted 
with  greenish  brown;  there  is  a  large  grayish-brown  spot 
at  the  tip,  mottled  with  white,  and  another,  towards  the  base 
of  the  wing,  of  a  darker  shade ;  the  front  edge  is  mottled 
with  grayish  brown.  The  hind  wings  are  dusky.  There  is 
only  one  brood  of  these  insects  during  the  year. 

The  tips  of  the  infested  branches  usually  die  back  as  far 
as  the  base  of  the  first  perfect  leaf,  where  a  new  bud  forms, 
which  takes  the  place  of  the  terminal  bud.  As  the  branch 

7 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 


from  this  new-formed  bud  is  late  in  starting,  and  does  not 
grow  straight,  the  injury  caused  by  this  insect  interferes  seri- 
ously with  the  growth  of  the  tree,  and  also  mars  its  beauty. 

A  small  Ichneumon  fly,  Microdus  earinoides  Cresson,  attacks 
this  bud-worm,  depositing  an  egg  in  the  body  of  each  cater- 
pillar, which,  hatching,  produces  a  footless  larva,  that  lives 
within  the  body  of  the  caterpillar  until  it  is  about  ready  to 
become  a  chrysalis,  when  the  larva  issues  from  its  body  and 
the  caterpillar  dies.  The  parasite  spins  within  the  silken  case 
of  its  host  a  tough  white  cocoon  about  one-fourth  of  an  inch 
long,  from  which  the  perfect  fly  issues  in  about  a  fortnight. 

Where  these  insects  are  very  troublesome  they  may  be  de- 
stroyed by  syringing  the  trees  with  Paris-green  or  London- 
purple  mixed  with  water,  in  the  proportion  of  one  or  two 
teaspoonfuls  of  the  poison  to  two  gallons  of  water.  Their 
numbers  may  also  be  lessened  by  hand-picking,  gathering 
them  while  still  in  their  burrows  near  the  tops  of  the  twigs. 

Xo,  40, — The  Green  Apple-leaf-tyer. 

Teras  minuta  (Kobs)  var.  Cinderella  (Kiley). 

This  is  a  small  yellowish-green  caterpillar  (a,  Fig.  95), 
with  a  horny  head  and  neck  of  a  deeper  yellowish  shade,  the 
head  being  marked  with  a  crescent-shaped  black  mark.  It 

belongs  also  to  the  leaf-rollers 
or  leaf-folders,  and  draws  the 
edges  of  the  leaf  together,  as 
shown  in  the  figure  at  d,  and 
lives  within  the  fold.  In  feed- 
ing, it  eats  the  leaf  entirely 
through.  It  is  a  very  nimble 
little  creature,  and  when  dis- 
turbed wriggles  quickly  out  of 
its  case  and  drops  to  the  ground. 
The  larva  changes  to  a  brown 
chrysalis  (6,  Fig.  95)  within  the  fold  of  the  leaf,  which  is 
lined  with  silk.  When  the  time  approaches  for  the  moth  to 


FIG.  95. 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


99 


escape,  the  chrysalis  wriggles  itself  so  far  out  that  the  head 
projects  beyond  the  enclosure,  as  shown  at  d,  soon  after  which 
the  moth  appears. 

The  front  wings  of  the  moth  (c,  Fig.  95)  are  of  a  glossy, 
dark  ash-gray  color,  the  hind  wings  a  little  paler ;  when  its 
wings  are  spread,  it  measures  about  an  inch  across. 

This  insect  is  but  a  slate-colored  variety  of  No.  36,  but  suf- 
ficiently marked  in  its  character  to  justify  a%  description  under 
a  separate  heading. 

No.  41. — The  Apple-leaf-sewer. 

Phoxopteris  nubeculana  (Clem.). 

In  the  perfect  state,  this  insect  is  a  small  moth  belonging 
to  the  Tortricidae,  or  Leaf-rollers.  It  passes  the  winter  in 
the  larval  condition  in  rolled-up  apple-leaves  which  lie  on 
the  ground.  Early  in  April  the  larvae  change  to  chrysalids, 
and  about  ten  days  afterwards  the  moths  begin  to  appear, 
and  continue  to  issue  for  several  weeks. 

The  moth  is  white,  with  brown  markings,  as  shown  in  Fig. 
96,  at  c.  The  eggs  are  laid  in  June,  and  the  larva  is  found 

FIG.  96. 


throughout  the  summer  and  autumn  on  apple-leaves.  It 
folds  the  leaves  together,  as  shown  at  b  in  the  figure,  making 
the  edges  meet,  so  that  the  whole  leaf  forms  a  hollow  case, 
within  which  it  lives  and  feeds  on  the  softer  tissues.  The 
larva  is  of  a  yellowish-green  color,  with  a  yellow  head,  and 


100 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 


with  a  horny  shield  on  the  next  segment,  a  little  darker,  with 
a  black  dot  on  each  side.  On  each  of  the  remaining  segments 
there  are  a  number  of  pale,  shining,  raised  dots,  from  every 
one  of  which  arises  a  single  hair.  On  the  approach  of  winter 
the  larva  lines  its  chamber  with  silk,  and  falls  with  the  leaf 
to  the  ground,  where  it  remains  unchanged  until  early  the 
following  spring,  when  it  becomes  a  yellowish-brown  chrys- 
alis. As  the  time  approaches  for  the  escape  of  the  moth,  the 
chrysalis  wriggles  its  way  through  the  partly-decayed  leaf- 
case  at  the  back,  and  protrudes  as  shown  at  b  in  the  figure, 
soon  after  which  the  moth  escapes. 

This  caterpillar  sometimes  prevails  to  such  an  extent  as 
seriously  to  injure  the  foliage  of  apple-trees;  in  such  cases 
the  most  obvious  remedy  is  to  gather  carefully  in  the  autumn 
all  the  fallen  leaves  with  the  enclosed  larvae  and  burn  them. 

No.  42. — The  Apple-leaf  Skeletonizer. 

Pempelia  Hammondi  Riley. 

This  insect  occurs  in  the  larval  state  in  the  autumn,  and 
sometimes  during  the  summer  also,  and  is  especially  injurious 
to  young  orchards  and  nurseries,  giving  the  foliage  a  rusty, 

blighted  appearance,  caused  by 
the  larva  devouring  the  green 
pulpy  parts  of  the  upper  sur- 
face of  the  leaves  and  leaving 
the  closely- netted  veins  with  the 
under  skin  untouched.  The 
larva  (Fig.  97,  a)  is  of  a  pale- 
brownish  color,  about  half  an 
inch  long,  with  darker  lines,  as 
shown  at  b,  where  one  of  the 
segments  is  highly  magnified ; 
sometimes  the  color  assumes  a 
greenish  shade.  Behind  the 
head  there  are  four  shiny-black  tubercles,  as  shown  at  c  in 
the  figure,  also  magnified.  The  larva  covers  the  surface  of 


FIG.  97. 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES.  101 

the  leaf  with  loose  silky  threads,  attached  to  which  will  be 
found  a  number  of  small  black  grains  of  excrementitious 
matter,  and  under  this  rough  covering  the  larva  feeds.  It 
sometimes  feeds  singly  and  sometimes  in  groups ;  in  the 
latter  case  a  number  of  the  leaves  are  drawn  together,  and 
the  caterpillars  live  and  feed  within  this  shelter. 

The  chrysalis  is  usually  formed  among  the  leaves  in  a 
very  slight  cocoon,  and  is  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long 
and  of  a  pale-brown  color.  The  winter  is  passed  in  the 
chrysalis  state,  and  the  moths  appear  during  May  or  June 
following. 

When  its  wings  are  spread,  the  moth  measures  nearly  half 
an  inch  across;  it  is  of  a  deep  purplish-gray  color,  with  a 
glossy  surface,  and  has  two  silvery-gray  bands  across  the 
wings,  as  shown  in  the  figure,  at  d,  where  it  is  magnified ;  the 
cross-lines  below  the  figure  indicate  the  natural  size. 

Remedies. — This  pest  may  be  subdued  by  hand-picking  if 
begun  in  good  season.  It  is  preyed  on  by  two  species  of 
small  Ichneumon  flies,  and  by  several  carnivorous  insects. 

No.  43. — The  Many-dotted  Apple-worm. 

Nolaphana  malana  (Fitch). 

In  June,  and  again  in  August  or  September,  there  is  some- 
times found  on  apple-leaves,  in  considerable  numbers,  a  rather 
thick,  cylindrical,  light-green  larva,  an  inch  or  more  in  length, 
with  five  white  longitudinal  lines  and  numerous  whitish  dots. 
These  are  the  larvae  of  Nolaphana  malana.  They  eat  irregular 
notches  in  the  margins  and  holes  in  the  middle  of  the  leaves, 
and  do  not  feed  in  groups,  but  are  solitary  in  their  habits, 
scattered  among  the  foliage.  They  begin  to  appear  about 
the  last  of  May,  and  live  openly  exposed  on  the  under  side 
of  the  leaves,  without  forming  any  web  or  fold  in  the  leaf 
for  protection.  On  reaching  maturity,  which  for  the  early 
brood  is  about  the  last  of  June,  the  larva  selects  a  leaf  and 
draws  together  a  portion  of  it  with  silken  threads,  forming  a 
hollow  tube,  within  which  it  spins  a  slight  silky  cocoon  and 


102  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 

changes  to  a  brown  chrysalis.  In  this  inacti\7e  condition  the 
insect  remains  for  three  or  four  weeks,  sometimes  longer,  when 
the  moth  appears. 

The  moth  (Fig.  98)  is  a  very  pretty  object.     Its  fore  wings 

are  ash-gray,  whitish  towards  the  outer  margin,  and  crossed 

„        8  by  three  irregular  black  lines,  which 

are    ft"nt    or    indistinct    towards    the 

HHREjBr     inner  edge;    near  the  middle  of  the 

^JaiHIBfBreiy       wing  there  is  often  a  round,  whitish 
spot,  with  a  black  dot  in  the  middle. 

The  hind  wings  are  dull-whitish,  dusky  towards  the  tips. 
Beneath,  both  wings  are  of  a  silvery-whitish  hue,  sprinkled 
with  blackish  dots  towards  the  outer  edges.  When  the 
wings  are  expanded,  they  measure  from  three-quarters  of  an 
inch  to  an  inch  or  more  across.  . 

The  first  moths  appear  early  in  spring,  and  attach  their 
eggs  to  the  young  foliage ;  the  second  brood  appear  in  July. 
These  attach  their  eggs  to  the  leaves,  and  produce  larvaa 
in  August  and  September,  which,  when  their  growth  is  com- 
pleted, change  to  chrysalids  within  the  folded  leaves,  as 
already  described,  and  are  carried  to  the  ground  with  the 
fall  of  the  leaves  in  autumn,  where  they  pass  the  winter  in 
the  pupa  state  and  produce  moths  in  the  following  spring. 

These  larvae  feed  also  on  cherry,  peach,  elm,  poplar,  and 
other  trees.  They  are  seldom  sufficiently  numerous  to  be 
troublesome,  but  if  at  any  time  a  remedy  is  required  they 
may  be  destroyed  by  syringing  the  leaves  with  Paris-green 
or  hellebore  mixed  with  water,  as  recommended  for  No.  35. 
When  the  trees  on  which  they  are  feeding  are  suddenly 
jarred,  the  caterpillars  will  drop  to  the  ground,  and  by  tak- 
ing advantage  of  this  peculiarity  they  may  be  captured  and 
destroyed. 

No,  44. — The  Palmer-worm. 

Ypsolophus  pometellus  (Harris). 

This  larva  appears  on  apple-trees  during  the  latter  part  of 
June,  and  at  times  is  excessively  numerous  and  destructive, 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES.  103 

It  lives  in  societies,  making  its  home  in  a  mass  of  half-eaten 
and  browned  leaves,  drawn  together  by  silken  threads,  from 
which  it  drops,  when  the  tree  or  branch  is  jarred,  suspended  in 
the  air  by  a  thread  of  silk.  The  larva  is  of  a  pale  yellowish- 
green  color,  with  a  dusky  or  blackish  stripe  along  each  side, 
edged  above  by  a  narrow  whitish  stripe ;  there  is  also  a  dusky 
line  along  the  middle  of  the  back.  Its  head  is  shining  yel- 
low, and  the  top  of  the  next  segment  is  of  the  same  color ; 
on  each  ring  there  are  several  small  black  dots,  from  each  of 
which  arises  a  fine  yellow  hair.  While  young,  the  caterpillars 
eat  only  the  green  pulpy  tissue  of  the  leaves,  leaving  the  net- 
work of  veins  entire ;  later  on,  they  consume  the  whole  of 
the  leaf  except  its  coarser  veins.  They  also  frequently  gnaw 
holes  or  irregular  cavities  in  the  young  apples.  These  larva? 
feed  on  the  leaves  of  the  cherry  as  well  as  those  of  the  apple. 

When  full  grown,  they  are  about  half  an  inch  long.  They 
then  change  to  chrysalids  within  the  mass  of  eaten  leaves  oc- 
cupied by  the  larva?,  and  ordinarily  spin  a  slight  cocoon  in  a 
fold  of  a  leaf,  but  when  they  are  very  abundant  the  foliage 
is  so  entirely  consumed  that  they  have  to  look  for  shelter 
elsewhere.  Their  chrysalids  are  then  often  found  under  dry 
leaves  on  the  surface  of  the  ground,  in  crevices  in  the  bark  of 
the  tree,  and  in  other  suitable  hiding-places.  The  chrysalis 
is  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long ;  at  first  it  is  of  a  tawny- 
yellow  color,  which  gradually  changes 
to  a  darker  hue.  In  ten  or  twelve  FlQ-  99. 

days  the  perfect  insect  is  produced. 

The  moth  (Fig.  99)  is  of  an  ash-gray 
color.  The  fore  wings  are  sprinkled 
with  black  atoms,  and  have  four  black 
dots  near  the  middle,  and  six  or  seven 
smaller  ones  along  the  hinder  margin. 
The  hind  wings  are  dusky  above  and  beneath,  with  a  glossy 
azure-blue  reflection,  blackish  veins,  and  long,  dusky  fringes. 
The  antenna?  are  alternately  striped  with  black  and  white. 
Sometimes  the  fore  wings  are  of  a  tawny  yellow,  in  other 


104  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   APPLE. 

specimens  they  are  tinged  with  purplish  red,  and  in  some  the 
dots  are  faint  or  entirely  wanting.  They  rest  with  their  long, 
narrow  wings  folded  together  and  laid  flat  upon  their  backs. 

Remedies. — Showering  the  trees  with  whale-oil  soap  and 
water  has  been  recommended,  but  the  use  of  Paris-green  and 
water,  as  directed  for  No.  35,  would  prove  more  effectual ;  the 
water  would  dislodge  many  of  the  larvae,  and  the  remainder 
would  be  destroyed  by  eating  the  poisoned  leaves. 

In  the  year  1791  the  orchards  and  forests  of  New  England 
were  overrun  with  this  larva,  and  many  of  the  trees  perished. 
It  was  at  that  time  that  the  insect  received  the  popular  name 
of  Palmer- worm,  which  it  has  ever  since  retained.  Another 
remarkable  visitation  occurred  in  1853,  which  extended  all 
over  the  Eastern  States,  and  also  over  the  eastern  part  of  the 
State  of  New  York.  It  was  first  observed  about  the  middle 
of  June,  and  so  rapid  was  the  destruction  it  occasioned  that 
in  a  few  days  it  was  everywhere  the  leading  topic  of  conver- 
sation and  was  generally  regarded  as  a  new  and  unknown 
insect.  The  trees  attacked  assumed  a  brown  and  withered 
appearance,  looking  as  though  they  had  been  scorched  by 
fire.  Apple-trees  and  oaks  suffered  most,  but  nearly  all  other 
trees  and  shrubs  were  more  or  less  injured.  The  weather  was 
dry  and  hot  previous  to  and  during  this  period,  but  on  the 
20th  of  June  copious  rains  fell,  when  the  worms  suddenly 
disappeared,  the  rain  doubtless  dislodging  them,  and  perhaps 
drowning  a  large  number  of  them.  The  fruit-crop  in  those 
sections  that  year  was  almost  destroyed,  from  the  trees  losing 
their  leaves  by  this  insect.  The  following  year  they  were 
quite  scarce,  and  since  then  they  have  not  appeared  in  such 
alarming  numbers. 

There  are  two  other  insects  found  on  the  apple-leaves  re- 
sembling the  Palmer-worm,  and  having  similar  habits,  which 
are  described  by  Dr.  Asa  Fitch  as  distinct,  but  which  are 
probably  varieties  only  of  the  common  Palmer- worm.  One 
of  these  is  described  as  "the  comrade  Palmer-worm,  Choeto- 
cMlus  contubernakllus"  The  larva  of  this  is  found  in  com- 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES.  105 

pany  with  the  common  Palmer- worm,  from  which  it  differs 
only  in  having  the  head  and  the  upper  part  of  the  second  seg- 
ment of  a  polished  black  color.  The  moth  of  this  black-headed 
larva  differs  from  the  common  Palmer-worm  moth  chiefly  in 
the  ground-color  of  the  wings,  which  are  dark  brown  on  the 
inner  half,  with  the  outer  half  white,  the  latter  sometimes 
tinged  with  tawny  yellowish.  The  other  insect  is  described 
as  "  the  tawny-striped  Palmer-worm,  Choetochilus  malifoli- 
ellus"  and  is  a  slender,  pale-yellowish  larva,  similar  in  size 
to  the  ordinary  Palmer-worm,  with  a  tawny-yellow  stripe 
along  each  side  of  the  back,  broadly  margined  above  and 
below  with  white.  The  head  is  pale  yellow,  and  there  are  a 
few  minute  dots  scattered  over  the  surface  of  the  body,  from 
each  of  which  arises  a  fine  hair.  It  appears  during  the  early 
part  of  July,  which  is  a  little  later  than  the  common  Palmer- 
worm,  but  has  precisely  similar  habits.  The  moth  is  ash-gray 
and  glossy,  often  with  a  purplish-red  reflection,  and  differs 
from  the  moth  of  the  common  species  in  that  the  fore  wings 
are  not  sprinkled  with  black  atoms,  and  in  having  in  addition 
to  the  dots  on  the  fore  wings  a  tawny-yellow  band  towards 
the  tips,  edged  with  whitish  in  front.  Should  these  prove  to 
be  distinct  and  at  any  time  troublesome,  the  treatment  sug- 
gested for  the  common  Palmer-worm  will  be  equally  applica- 
ble in  either  case. 

No.  45. — Climbing  Cut-worms. 

These  are  the  caterpillars  of  various  night-flying  moths, 
and  are  well  known  to  horticulturists  and  gardeners  every- 
where. Most  of  the  species  are  particularly  destructive  to 
young  cabbage-plants  and  similar  young  and  tender  vege- 
tation, cutting  or  severing  the  plants,  when  but  three  or  four 
inches  high,  just  above  or  below  the  ground,  from  which  habit 
they  derive  their  common  name.  They  are  active  only  at 
night,  remaining  concealed  during  the  day  just  under  the 
surface  of  the  earth  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  their 
feeding-grounds.  Some  of  the  species  are  known  as  climbing 


106 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE  APPLE. 


FIG.  100. 


cut- worms,  and  have  the  habit  of  ascending  fruit-trees  at 
night  and  committing  great  havoc  among  the  expanding  buds 
and  young  foliage,  and  it  is  to  these  that  we  here  particularly 
refer.  Orchards  having  a  light,  sandy  soil  are  much  more 
liable  to  attack  than  those  with  a  stiff  and  heavy  soil.  Where 
the  buds  and  foliage  of  trees  or  vines  are  being  destroyed  with- 
out apparent  cause,  climbing  cut-worms  should  be  searched 
for,  when  the  lurking  foes  will  usually  be  found  buried  in 
the  soil  not  far  from  the  base  of  the  trees  or  vines  injured. 

The  several  species  of  climbing  cut-worms,  while  differing 
in  size,  color,  and  markings,  are  much  alike,  being  all  smooth, 
naked  larvae  of  some  shade  of  gray^  green, 
brown,  or  black,  with  grayish  or  dusky 
markings. 

The  Variegated  Cut-worm,  Agrotis  sau- 
cia  (Hubner).  One  of  the  eggs  of  this 
species  is  represented  in  Fig.  100,  much 
enlarged  ;  also  a  patch  of  the  same,  num- 
bering several  hundreds,  on  a  twig.  The 
egg  is  round  and  flattened,  of  a  pinkish 
color,  and  very  prettily  ribbed  and  orna- 
mented. These  are  often  laid  on  twigs  of 
the  apple,  cherry,  and  peach. 

The  young  larvae,  when  hatched,  are 
very  small,  and  of  a  dull-yellowish  color, 
with  darker  spots.  At  first,  it  is  said,  they  do  not  hide  them- 
selves under  the  ground,  but  acquire  this  habit  after  their 
first  moult,  which  takes  place  about  a  week  after  they  are 
hatched.  They  become  full  grown  before  the  middle  of  June, 
when  they  present  the  appearance  shown  in  Fig.  101,  which 
shows  the  larva  as  at  rest ;  when  extended  and  in  motion,  it 
is  nearly  two  inches  long.  The  figure  at  the  side  represents 
the  head  magnified,  showing  its  markings  more  distinctly. 
The  full-grown  caterpillar  is  of  a  dull  flesh-color,  mottled 
with  brown  and  black,  with  elongated  velvety  black  mark- 
ings on  each  side. 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


107 


When  mature,  the  larva  enters  the  ground,  where  it  forms 
an  oval,  smooth  cavity  (see  Fig.  102),  within  which  it  changes 


FIG.  101. 


FIG.  102. 


FIG.  103. 


to  a  chrysalis  of  a  deep  mahogany-brown  color,  pointed  at 
the  extremity. 

Within  a  few  days  the  moth  (Fig.  103)  appears,  which 
measures,  when  its  wings  are  expanded,  about  an  inch  and 
three-quarters  across.     The 
fore  wings  are  of  a  grayish- 
brown   color,  marked  with 
brownish    black;    the  hind 
wings  are  white  and  pearly, 
shaded  towards  the  margin 
with  pale  brown. 

The  Dark-sided  Cut- 
worm, Agrotis  Cochranii  Ri- 
ley,  is  another  of  the  climbing  species.  The  caterpillar  (a,  Fig. 
104)  is  a  little  over  an  inch  in  length,  of  a  dingy  ash-gray 
color  above,  much 
darker  along  the  sides 
of  the  body.  The 
chrysalis,  which  is 
formed  under  ground, 
is  about  seven-tenths 
of  an  inch  long,  of  a 
yellowish-brown  color, 
with  darker  brown  markings.  The  moth  is  light  gray,  marked 
and  shaded  with  brown. 

The  Climbing  Cut-worm,  Agrotis  scandens  Riley.   The  larva 
of  this  insect  is  a  very  active  climber,  and  does  a  great  deal  of 


FIG.  104. 


108 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO    THE  APPLE. 


injury  to  fruit-trees.    It  is  represented  in  Fig.  105  in  the  act  of 

devouring  the  buds 

FIG.  105.  on  a  twig.     It  is  of 

a  light  yellowish- 
gray  color,  varie- 
gated with  dull 
green,  with  a  dark 
line  down  the  back, 
and  fainter  lines 
along  the  sides;  the 
spiracles,  or  breath- 
ing-pores, are  black. 
When  full  grown,  it 
is  nearly  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  when  it  enters  the  earth,  and 
there  changes  to  a  brown  chrysalis.  The  moth  (Fig.  105)  has 
the  fore  wings  of  a  light  bluish  gray,  with  darker  markings, 
and  the  hind  wings  pearly  white.  The  length  of  the  body  is 
about  seven-tenths  of  an  inch,  and  the  wings  measure,  when 
spread,  nearly  an  inch  and  a  half  across. 

The  W-marked  Cut-worm,  Agrotis  clandestine*,  (Harris) 
(Fig.  106),  has  also  been  found  feeding  on  apple-buds,  al- 
though it  more  frequently  attacks  low 
bushes,  such  as  currants ;  also  succulent 
plants,  such  as  young  corn,  cabbages, 
^  etc.  The  moth  of  this  species  (Fig. 
107)  has  the  fore  wings  of  a  rather  dark 
ash-gray  color,  with  the  deeper  lines  and 
wavy  bands  but  faintly  traced.  The  hind  wings  are  dull 
white,  with  a  tinge  of  brown,  becoming  darker  towards  the 
hinder  edge.  The  chrysalis  is  of  the  usual  brown  color,  and 
is  formed  in  a  cell  under  the  earth,  as  in  the  other  species 
referred  to. 

The  family  of  cut-worms  is  a  large  one,  and  embraces 
many  other  destructive  species,  but  none  of  them,  except 
those  above  mentioned,  are  known  to  have  the  habit  of 
climbing  trees.  Some  of  the  other  injurious  species  will  be 


FIG.  106. 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES.  109 

referred  to  when  treating  of  the  insects  which  injure  the 
strawberry. 

Remedies. — One  of  the  most  effectual  remedies  against  the 
climbing  cut-worms  is  to  fasten 
strips  of  tin  or  zinc  around  the  FlQ-  107- 

tree,  cut  in  such  a  way  as  to 
form,  when  applied,  a  sort  of 
inverted  funnel ;  this  forms  an 
effectual  barrier  to  their  ascent. 
They  may  also  be  collected  by 
visiting  the  trees  after  dark  and 
jarring  or  shaking  them  over 
sheets  spread  on  the  ground.  It  has  also  been  suggested  to 
dig  holes  about  the  trees,  or  on  one  side  of  them,  with  nearly 
perpendicular  sides,  when  the  cut-worms,  being  clumsy  in 
their  movements,  are  very  likely  to  fall  into  them,  and  will 
not  be  able  to  get  out  again.  Sprinkling  the  foliage  with 
Paris-green  or  hellebore  mixed  with  water,  as  recommended 
for  No.  35,  would  no  doubt  poison  them. 

There  are  several  parasites,  both  Ichneumons  and  Tachina 
flies,  which  attack  cut- worms  and  greatly  lessen  their  numbers. 
Some  of  the  carnivorous  beetles  (see  Figs.  47  and  48)  also  feed 
upon  them. 

No.  46. — The  Lime-tree  Winter-moth. 

Hybernia  tiliaria  Harris. 

The  caterpillar  of  this  species  is  a  span-worm,  not  unlike 
the  canker-worm,  but  larger  and  differently  marked.  The 
head  is  dull  red,  with  a  V-shaped  mark  on  the  front ;  the 
body  yellow  above,  with  many  longitudinal  black  lines ;  the 
under  side  is  paler.  When  full  grown,  it  is  about  an  inch  and 
a  quarter  long.  Besides  the  apple,  it  feeds  on  bass  wood,  elm, 
and  hickory.  The  larvae  hatch  early  in  the  spring,  and  some- 
times prove  very  destructive  to  the  foliage.  In  Fig.  108  they 
are  represented  both  feeding  and  at  rest.  They  complete  their 
growth  about  the  middle  of  June,  when,  letting  themselves 


110 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS    TO    THE  APPLE. 


down  from  the  trees  by  a  silken  thread,  they  burrow  into  the 
ground,  forming  a  little  oblong  cell,  five  or  six  inches  below 
the  surface,  within  which  the  change  to  a  chrysalis  takes 
place,  and  from  which  the  moth  usually  comes  out  late  in 


October  or  early  in  November,  but  occasionally  this  latter 
change  does  not  take  place  until  spring. 

The  male  moths  have  large  and  delicate  wings  (see  Fig. 
108)  and  feathered  antenna.  The  fore  wings,  which  measure, 
when  expanded,  about  an  inch  and  a  half  across,  are  of  a 
rusty-buff  color,  sprinkled  with  brownish  dots,  and  with  two 
transverse  wavy  brown  lines,  the  inner  one  often  indistinct, 
while  between  the  bands  and  near  the  edge  of  the  wing  there 
is  generally  a  brown  dot.  The  hind  wings  are  paler,  with  a 
small  brownish  dot  in  the  middle ;  the  body  is  similar  in  color 
to  the  fore  wings. 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES.  HI 

The  female,  also  shown  in  Fig.  108,  is  a  wingless,  spider- 
like  creature,  with  slender,  thread-like  antennae,  yellowish- 
white  body,  sprinkled  on  the  sides  with  black  dots,  and  with 
two  black  spots  on  the  top  of  each  ring  except  the  last, 
which  has  only  one.  The  head  is  black  in  front,  and  the  legs 
are  ringed  with  black.  She  is  furnished  with  a  jointed  ovi- 
positor, which  can  be  protruded  or  drawn  in  at  pleasure,  and 
from  which  the  eggs  are  deposited.  As  soon  as  the  females 
leave  the  ground,  they  climb  up  the  trees  and  await  the 
attendance  of  the  males. 

The  eggs  are  oval,  of  a  pale-yellow  color,  and  covered  with 
a  net-work  of  raised  lines.  They  are  laid  in  little  clusters 
here  and  there  on  the  branches. 

As  the  habits  of  this  insect  are  similar  to  those  of  the 
canker-worm,  the  remedies  recommended  for  the  latter  will 
prove  equally  efficient  in  this  instance. 

No.  47,— The  White  Eugonia, 
Eugonia  subsignaria  (Hubner). 

This  insect  has  only  recently  been  reported  as  injurious  to 
the  foliage  of  the  apple.  It  has  long  been  known  as  de- 
structive to  shade-trees,  particularly  the  elm.  From  a  com- 
munication to  the  "Canadian  Entomologist/'  vol.  xiv.  p.  30, 
by  Mr.  Charles  R.  Dodge,  of 
Washington,  D.C.,  it  appears  FlG-  109- 

that  the  larva  of  this  moth 
has  become  exceedingly  in- 
jurious to  apple-trees  in  some 
parts  of  Georgia. 

The  moth  is  pure  white, 
and  measures,  when  its  wings 
are  spread,  about  an  inch  and 
a  half  across.  In  the  male 
the  antennas  are  pectinated  or 
toothed  (Fig.  109  represents  a  male);  in  the  female  they  are 
much  less  toothed.  When  resting  on  the  trees,  these  moths 


112 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS    TO    THE  APPLE. 


FIG.  110. 


are  easily  disturbed,  and  on  the  slightest  alarm  drop  to  the 
ground  for  protection. 

The  eggs  are  usually  deposited  on  the  under  side  of  the1 
limbs,  near  the  tops  of  the  trees,  in  patches,  consisting  often 
of  many  hundreds,  arranged  in  rows  closely  crowded  together. 
They  are  smooth,  irregularly  ovoid,  slightly  flattened  on  the 
sides,  rounded  at  the  bottom,  while  the  top  is  depressed, 
with  a  whitish  rim  or  edge,  forming  a  perfect  oval  ring.  The 
egg  hatches  about  the  1st  of  May. 

The  caterpillar  (Fig.  110)  is  dark  brown,  with  a  large  red 
head ;    the  terminal  segment  is  also  red.     Tt  lives  in  this 
stage  about  forty  days,  and  then  changes 
to  a  chrysalis,  in  which  condition  it  re- 
mains about  ten  days,  when  the  moth 
escapes.     This  insect,  when  very  abun- 
dant, devours  the  leaves  of  almost  every 
variety  of  tree,  bush,  and  shrub. 

Where  abundant,  they  may  be  poisoned,  and  the  orchard 
protected,  by  syringing  the  trees  with  Paris-green  and  water, 
in  the  proportion  of  a  teaspoonful  of  the  poison  to  two  gallons 
of  water. 

No.  48. — The  Hag-Moth  Caterpillar, 
Phobetron  pithecium  (Sin.  &  Abb.). 

The  caterpillar  of  this  moth  is  a  curious,  slug-like  creature, 
of  a  dark-brown  color,  flattened,  oblong,  or  nearly  square  in 
form,  with  singular,  fleshy  append- 
ages  protruding  from  the  sides  of 
its  body.    The  three  middle  ones  are 
longest,   measuring   about    half    an 
inch    long,    and    have    their    ends 
curved.   When  this  larva  is  handled, 
the  fleshy  horns  become  detached, 
and    when   spinning    its    cocoon   it 
detaches  them  and  fastens  them  to 
the  outside,    Fig.  Ill  gives  a  side  view  as  well  as  a  back  view 
of  this  larva.     It  feeds  on  the  cherry  as  well  as  the  apple. 


FIG.  111. 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


113 


The  cocoon  is  small,  round,  and  compact,  usually  fastened 
to  a  limb  or  twig  of  the  tree  on  which  the  larva  has  fed. 

The  moth  escapes  in  about  ten  days.  It  is  of  a  dusky- 
brown  color,  the  front  wings  variegated  with  pale  yellowish 
brown,  and  crossed  by  a  narrow,  wavy,  curved  band  of  the 
same  color,  edged  near  the  outer  margin  with  dark  brown,  and 
having  near  the  middle  a  light-brown  spot.  When  its  wings 
are  expanded,  it  measures  from  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a 
quarter  across.  It  is  an  insect  which  has  always  hitherto 
been  rare,  and  is  never  likely  to  do  much  injury. 


FIG.  112. 


No.  49. — The  Saddle-back  Caterpillar. 

Empretia  stimulea  Clemens. 

This  caterpillar,  which  is  represented  in  Fig.  112,  a,  a  back 
view,  6,  a  side  view,  is  often  found  feeding  on  apple-leaves, 
also  on  those  of  the  cherry, 
grape,  raspberry,  currant, 
rose, althaa,  Indian  corn,  and 
sumach.  It  is  of  a  reddish- 
brown  color,  rounded  above, 
flattened  beneath,  armed 
with  prickly  thorns,  which 
are  longest  on  the  fourth  and 
tenth  segments,  and  with  a 
bright  pea-green  patch,  some- 
what resembling  a  saddle  in 
form,  over  the  middle  portion  of  the  body,  centred  with  a 
broad,  elliptical,  reddish  spot,  the  red  spot  and  green  patch 
both  being  edged  with  white.  The  thorns  with  which  the 
body  is  armed  sting  like  a  nettle  when  applied  to  the  back  of 
the  hand,  or  any  other  part  where  the  skin  is  tender,  and  the 
parts  touched  swell  with  watery  pustules,  the  irritation  being 
accompanied  with  much  itching.  The  under  part  of  the  body 
of  the  larva  is  flesh-colored ;  there  are  three  pairs  of  thoracic 
legs,  but  the  thick,  fleshy,  abdominal  legs  found  in  most  other 

8 


114  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 

caterpillars  are  wanting  in  this  species,  and  the  larva  glides 
along  with  a  snail-like  motion. 

The  cocoon  is  rounded,  almost  spherical,  and  is  surrounded 
with  a  loose  silken  web. 

The  moth  (Fig.  113)  appears  on  the  wing  from  the  middle 
to  the  end  of  June ;  but  it  is  a  rare  insect,  and  is  seldom 

captured  even  by  collectors.     The 
FIG.  113.  wings  are  of  a  deep,  rich,  reddish, 

velvety  brown,  with  a  dark  streak 
about  the  middle  of  the  fore  wings, 
.-.,,....  extend  ing  from  the  body  half- way 

ff  v>'j        across,  and  on   this   is   a  golden 

spot;    there  are  also  two  golden 

spots  near  the  apex  of  the  wing.    When  the  wings  are  spread 
they  measure  nearly  an  inch  and  a  half  across. 

In  the  larval  state  this  insect  is  preyed  on  by  a  small  Ich- 
neumon fly,  and,  never  being  abundant,  other  remedies  are 
not  needed  to  subdue  it. 

No.  50,— The  Apple-leaf  Miner. 

Tischeria  malifoliella  Clemens. 

The  larva  of  this  insect  lives  within  the  leaf  of  the  apple- 
tree,  between  the  upper  and  the  under  skin,  devouring  the  soft 
tissues,  and  burrowing  an  irregular  channel,  which  begins  as 
a  slender  white  line,  dilating  as  the  larva  increases  in  size,  and 
ultimately  becoming  an  irregular  brownish  patch,  sometimes 
extending  to,  or  over,  the  place  of  beginning.  The  caterpillar 
is  of  a  pale-green  color,  with  a  brown  head,  and  the  next  seg- 
ment brownish. 

When  about  to  change  to  a  pupa,  the  leaf  is  drawn  into  a 
fold,  which  is  carpeted  with  silk,  and  in  this  enclosure  the 
chrysalis  is  formed,  the  change  occurring  during  September. 
When  the  leaf  falls,  its  occupant  falls  with  it,  and  remains  on 
the  ground  within  the  folded  leaf  until  the  following  May. 

The  moth  is  a  tiny  creature,  measuring,  when  its  wings  are 
spread,  a  little  more  than  a  quarter  of  an  inch  across.  The 


ATTACKING    THK   LEAVES. 


115 


fore  wings  are  of  a  shining  dark  brown,  suffused  with  a  tinge 
of  purple,  and  slightly  dusted  with  dull-yellowish  atoms.  The 
hind  wings  are  dark  gray. 

This  insect  also  mines  the  leaves  of  the  wild  crab-apple, 
different  species  of  thorn,  the  blackberry,  and  the  raspberry, 
but  has  never  been  known  to  do  any  material  injury. 

No.  51. — The  Apple-tree  Case-bearer. 

Coleophora  malivorella  Riley. 

With  the  opening  of  spring  there  will  sometimes  be  found 
on  the  twigs  of  apple-trees  curious  little  pistol -shaped  cases  as 
shown  at  a,  Fig.  114.  Each  of  these  on  examination  will  be 

FIG.  114. 


found  to  contain  a  larva,  possessing  the  power  of  moving  from 
place  to  place  and  carrying  its  protecting  case  with  it.  These 
cases  are  very  tough,  almost  horny  in  their  texture,  and  seem 
to  be  proof  against  the  attack  of  insect  enemies.  As  the  buds 
begin  to  swell,  the  cases  will  be  found  here  and  there  sticking 
on  them,  while  the  active  little  foe  within  is  busily  devouring 
their  interior.  In  this  way  many  of  the  fruit-buds  are  de- 
stroyed, nothing  but  hollow  shells  being  left.  As  the  season 
advances,  the  caterpillars  leave  the  twigs  and  fasten  on  the 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 

leaves,  on  which  they  also  feed,  sometimes  reducing  them  to 
mere  skeletons.  Late  in  June  the  change  to  chrysalis  takes 
place,  and  the  moths  appear  on  the  wing  in  July.  They  fly 
at  night,  and  deposit  their  eggs  on  the  leaves;  these  eggs  hatch 
during  August  and  September,  the  larvae  living  and  feeding 
on  the  under  side  of  the  leaves  until  frost  comes,  when  before 
the  leaves  fall  they  migrate  to  the  twigs,  and,  fastening  their 
odd  little  cases  firmly  with  silken  threads,  remain  torpid  until 
the  following  spring;  then,  aroused  to  activity  by  the  first 
warm  days,  they  attack  the  swelling  buds,  as  already  described. 
The  larva  (6,  Fig.  114)  is  of  a  pale-yellow  color,  with  a  faint 
rosy  tint,  a  black  head,  and  a  few  short  hairs  on  its  body.  In 
the  figure  it  is  much  magnified  ;  the  hair-line  adjoining  shows 
its  natural  size  ;  c  represents  the  chrysalis,  and  d  the  moth, 
both  enlarged.  The  wings  of  the  moth  are  brown,  with  white 
scales,  head  and  thorax  white,  abdomen  whitish,  all  dotted 
with  brown  scales.  The  wings,  when  expanded,  measure  a 
little  more  than  half  an  inch  across. 

No.  52.  —  The  Resplendent  Shield-bearer. 

Aspidisca  splendoriferella  Clemens. 

Occasionally  there  may  be  found  on  the  limbs  of  apple- 
trees  during  the  winter  clusters  of  little  oval  seed-like  bodies, 
as  shown  at  d,  Fig.  115;  these  on  examination  will  be  found 
to  be  formed  of  minute  portions  of  apple-leaves,  and  on  open- 
ing one  of  them  it  will  be  seen  to  contain  a  small  yellowish 
larva,  or,  if  the  season  be  advanced,  perhaps  a  chrysalis. 

During  the  month  of  May  a  very  small  but  very  beautiful 
moth  escapes  from  each  of  these  enclosures.  The  moth  is  rep- 
resented at  g  in  Fig.  115,  much  magnified.  Its  head  is  golden, 
the  antennae  brown,  tinged  with  gold  ;  the  fore  wings  from  the 
base  to  the  middle  are  of  a  leaden  gray  with  a  metallic  lustre, 
and  from  the  middle  to  the  tip  golden  ;  a  broad  silvery  streak 
extends  from  the  front  edge  to  about  the  middle,  margined 
with  a  dark  color  on  both  sides  ;  there  are  also  other  streaks 
and  spots  of  silvery  and  dark  brown.  The  hind  wings  are 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


117 


of  a  rich  deep  gray  margined  with  a  long  yellowish-brown 
fringe.  It  is  an  active  little  creature,  running  about  on  the 
upper  surface  of  the  leaves  in  the  sunshine,  with  its  wings 
closely  folded  to  its  body. 


The  eggs  are  laid  on  the  apple-leaves,  and  the  young  larva 


FIG.  115. 


when  hatched  penetrates  to  the  interior  of  the  leaf,  mining  it, 
leaving  the  upper  and  under  surfaces  unbroken,  but  forming 
after  a  time  an  irregular,  dark-colored  blotch  upon  the  leaf. 
When  mature,  it  forms  from  the  leafy  blotch  its  little  case, 
and,  crawling  with  it,  fastens  it  securely  to  a  near  twig  or 
branch  of  the  tree.  At  this  period  the  larva  presents  the 


,v 


118  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE  APPLE. 

appearance  shown  at  6,  and  is  then  about  one-eighth  of  an 
inch  long,  and  of  a  yellowish -brown  color,  with  a  dark  head. 
Shortly,  contracting  within  its  case,  it  appears  as  shown  at  c, 
and  finally  transforms  to  a  chrysalis,  as  seen  at/  in  the  figure. 

There  are  two  broods  during  the  season,  the  moths  appear- 
ing in  May  and  again  in  July  and  August,  the  first  brood  of 
the  larva?  being  found  in  June,  the  second  brood  at  the  latter 
end  of  the  season. 

Remedies. — A  minute  parasitic  fly,  shown  at  h  in  Fig.  115, 
attacks  this  tiny  creature  and  destroys  it.  (All  these  figures, 
except  that  of  the  leaf,  are  much  magnified,  the  short  lines 
at  the  side  or  below  showing  the  natural  size.)  Should  these 
insects  prevail  to  such  an  extent  as  to  require  man's  inter- 
ference, the  cases  might  be  scraped  from  the  branches  and 
destroyed  during  the  winter,  or  the  limbs  brushed  with  the 
alkaline  wash  or  the  mixture  of  sulphur  and  lime  recom- 
mended for  the  woolly  apple- louse,  No.  9. 

No.  53. — The  Apple-leaf  Bucculatrix. 

Bucculatrix  pomifoliella  Clemens. 

The  larva  of  this  insect  feeds  externally  on  the  leaves  of 
apple-trees,  and  is  very  active,  letting  itself  down  from  the 
tree  by  a  silken  thread  when  disturbed.  When  full  grown, 
it  is  nearly  half  an  inch  long,  with  a  brown  head  and  a  dark 
yellowish-green  body,  its  anterior  portion  tinged  with  reddish, 
and  having  a  few  short  hairs  scattered  over  its  surface. 

When  full  grown,  the  caterpillar  spins  an  elongated,  whitish 
cocoon,  attached  to  the  twig  on  the  leaves  of  which  it  has 
been  feeding;  this  cocoon  is  ribbed  longitudinally,  as  shown 
at  6,  Fig.  116,  and  within  this  enclosure  the  larva  changes  to 
a  brown  chrysalis.  The  second  brood  is  found  late  in  the 
autumn,  the  insect  remaining  in  the  chrysalis  state  during  the 
winter.  The  moths  issue  the  following  spring,  when  they 
lay  eggs  for  the  first  brood  of  caterpillars,  which  are  found 
injuring  the  foliage  during  the  month  of  June. 

The  fore  wings  of  the  moth  (c,  Fig.  116)  are  whitish, 


ATTACKING   THE  LEAVES. 


119 


FIG.  116. 


-I-1 


tinged  with  pale  yellow,  and  dusted  with  brown.  On  the 
middle  of  the  inner  margin  is  a  large,  oval  patch  of  dark 
brown,  forming, 
when  the  wings  are 
closed,  a  conspicu- 
ous, nearly  round 
spot ;  there  is  a  wide 
streak  of  the  same 
hue  opposite,  ex- 
tending to  the  front 
margin,  and  a  dark- 
brown  spot  near  the 
tip.  In  the  figure 
the  moth  is  shown 
highly  magnified.  Sometimes  this  insect  appears  in  immense 
numbers,  and  then  becomes  injurious. 

Remedies. — As  the  cocoons  of  the  second  brood  remain 
attached  to  the  trees  all  winter,  abundant  opportunity  is 
afforded  to  destroy  them.  Any  oily  or  alkaline  liquid  brushed 
over  them  will  usually  penetrate  and  destroy  the  enclosed 
insect.  A  minute  parasitic  fly  is  destructive  to  this  pest, 
and  the  cocoons  may  often  be  found  perforated  with  small 
round  holes  at  one  end,  through  which  these  tiny  friends  have 
escaped. 

No.  54. — The  Apple  Lyonetia, 

Lyonetia  saccatella  Packard. 

This  is  a  tiny  moth,  but  a  very  beautiful  one,  which  ap- 
pears early  in  the  summer;  its  wings,  when  expanded,  meas- 
ure only  one-fifth  of  an  inch  across.     It  is 
shown,  much  magnified,  in  Fig.  117.     The 
fore  wings  are  of  a  light  slate-gray  on  the 
inner  half,  while  the  outer  half  is  bright 
orange,   enclosing   two    white   bands,   one 
arising  on  the  front  edge,  the  other  on  the 
inner   margin,  both    nearly   meeting   in  the  middle  of  the 
wing ;  these  white  bands  are  margined  externally  with  black. 


FIG.  117. 


120 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE  APPLE. 


FIG.  118. 


FIG.  119. 


There  is  a  conspicuous  black  spot  near  the  fringe,  from  which 
arises  a  pencil  of  black  hairs. 

The  larva  (Fig.  118),  which  feeds  on  apple-leaves,  is  small, 
flattened,  and  of  a  green  color.  It  constructs  from  the  skin 
of  the  leaf  a  flattened,  oval  case,  in 
which  it  lives ;  the  case  is  open  at  each 
end,  and  is  drawn  about  by  the  larva 
as  it  moves  from  place  to  place.  The 
case  is  represented  in  Fig.  119.  (Both 
case  and  larva  are  magnified.)  The 
larva  becomes  full  grown  about  the 
end  of  August,  and  attaches  its  cocoon  to  the  bark  of  the  tree 
on  which  it  is  feeding,  changing  there  to  a  chrysalis,  in  which 
condition  it  remains  until  the  following  spring. 

No.  55.— The  Rosy  Hispa, 

Odontoid  rosea  (Weber). 

This  is  a  small,  flat,  rough,  coarsely-punctated  beetle,  its 
wing-covers  forming  an  oblong  square,  as  shown  in  Fig.  120; 
there  are  three  smooth,  raised,  longitudinal  lines  on  each  of 
them,  spotted  with  red,  while  the  spaces  between 
are  deeply  punctated  with  double  rows  of  dots. 
The  head  is  small,  the  antennae  short,  thickened 
towards  the  end,  and  the  thorax  rough  above, 
striped  with  deep  red  on  each  side.     The  under 
side  of  the  body  is  usually  darker  in  color,  some- 
times blackish.     This  beetle  is  found  from  the 
latter  part  of  May  until  the  middle  of  June,  and 
deposits  its  eggs  on  the  leaves  of  the  apple-tree.     These  are 
small,  rough,  and  of  a  blackish  color,  fastened  to  the  surface 
of  the  leaves,  sometimes  singly  and  sometimes  in  clusters  of 
four  or  five. 

The  larvse,  when  hatched,  eat  their  way  into  the  interior 
of  the  leaf,  where  they  feed  upon  its  green,  pulpy  substance, 
leaving  the  skin  above  arid  below  entire,  which  soon  turns 
brown  and  dry,  forming  a  blister-like  spot.  The  larva,  when 


FIG.  120. 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES.  121 

full  grown,  which  is  usually  during  the  month  of  July,  is 
about  one-fifth  of  an  inch  long,  oblong  in  form,  rather 
broader  before  than  behind,  flattened,  soft,  and  of  a  yellowish- 
white  color,  with  the  head  and  neck  blackish  and  of  a  horny 
consistence.  Each  of  the  three  anterior  segments  has  a  pair 
of  legs;  the  other  segments  are  provided  with  small  fleshy 
warts  at  the  sides,  and  transverse  rows  of  little  rasp-like 
points  above  and  beneath. 

The  larva  changes  to  a  pupa  within  the  leaf,  from  which, 
in  about  a  week,  the  perfect  insect  escapes.  Within  these 
blister-like  spots  the  larva,  pupa,  or  freshly-transformed 
beetle  may  often  be  found.  This  insect  never  occurs  in  suf- 
ficient numbers  to  be  a  source  of  much  trouble. 

No.  56.— The  Cloaked  Chrysomela. 

Glyptoscdis  crypticus  (Say). 

This  is  another  beetle  which  devours  the  foliage  of  the 
apple-tree,  also  that  of  the  oak-tree.     It  is  of  a  thick,  cylin- 
drical form,  about  one-third  of  an  inch  long,  with  its  head 
sunk  into  the  thorax,  and  the  thorax  narrower  than 
the  body.     It  is  of  a  pale  ash-gray  color,  from  being  FIG. 121. 
entirely  covered  with   short  whitish   hairs.     The 
closed  wing-covers  have  a  small  notch  at  the  top  of 
their  suture.   At  the  junction  of  the  wing-covers  with 
the  thorax  there  is  a  dusky  spot     This  insect  is 
represented  in  Fig.  121. 

No.  57. — The  Apple-tree  Aphis. 

Aphis  mali  Fabr. 

During  the  winter  there  may  often  be  found  in  the  crevices 
and  cracks  of  the  bark  of  the  twigs  of  the  apple-tree,  and 
also  about  the  base  of  the  buds,  a  number  of  very  minute, 
oval,  shining  black  eggs.  These  are  the  eggs  of  the  apple- 
tree  aphis,  known  also  as  the  apple-leaf  aphis,  Aphis  mali- 
folite  Fitch.  They  are  deposited  in  the  autumn,  and  when 


122 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 


first  laid  are  of  a  light  yellow  or  green  color,  but  gradually 
become  darker,  and  finally  black. 

As  soon  as  the  buds  begin  to  expand  in  the  spring,  these 
eggs  hatch  into  tiny  lice,  which  locate  themselves  upon  the 
swelling  buds  and  the  small,  tender  leaves,  and,  inserting  their 
beaks,  feed  on  the  juices.  All  the  lice  thus  hatched  at  this 
period  of  the  year  are  females,  and  reach  maturity  in  ten  or 
twelve  days,  when  they  commence  to  give  birth  to  living 
young,  producing  about  two  daily  for  two  or  three  weeks, 
after  which  the  older  ones  die.  The  young  locate  about  the 
parents  as  closely  as  they  can  stow  themselves,  and  they 
also  mature  and  become  mothers  in  ten  or  twelve  days,  and 
are  as  prolific  as  their  predecessors.  They  thus  increase  so 
rapidly  that  as  fast  as  new  leaves  expand  colonies  are  ready 
to  occupy  them.  As  the  season  advances,  some  of  the  lice 
acquire  wings,  and,  dispersing,  found  new  colonies  on  other 
trees.  When  cold  weather  approaches,  males  as  well  as 
females  are  produced,  and  the  season  closes  with  the  deposit 
of  a  stock  of  eggs  for  the  continuance  of  the  species  another 
year. 

When  newly  born,  the  apple  aphis  is  almost  white,  but 
soon  becomes  of  a  pale,  dull  greenish-yellow.  The  females 
are  said  to  be  always  wingless ;  their  bodies  are  oval  in  form, 
less  than  one-tenth  of  an  inch  long,  of  a  pale  yellowish- 
green  color,  often  striped 
with  deeper  green.  The 
eyes  are  black,  honey- 
tubes  green,  and  there  is 
a  short,  tail-like  appen- 
dage of  a  black  color. 
The  accompanying  il- 
lustration (Fig.  122)  of 
a  winged  male  and  wing- 
less female,  highly  mag- 
nified, shows  the  struc- 
ture and  shape  of  the  insect ;  its  beak,  which  proceeds  from 


FIG.  122. 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES.  123 

the  under  side  of  the  head,  is  here  hidden  from  view  in  the 
male,  but  can  be  seen  in  the  female. 

Both  the  winged  and  wingless  lice  are  very  similar  in  color. 
The  head,  thorax,  and  antennae  are  black,  with  the  neck  usually 
green.  The  abdomen  is  short  and  thick,  of  an  oval  form 
and  bright-green  color,  with  a  row  of  black  dots  along  each 
side;  the  nectaries  and  tail-like  appendage  are  black;  the 
wings  are  transparent,  with  dark-brown  veins. 

Most  of  the  insects  belonging  to  this  family  are  provided 
with  two  little  tubes  or  knobs,  which  project,  one  on  each 
side,  from  the  hinder  part  of  their  bodies ;  these  are  called 
honey-tubes,  or  nectaries,  and  from  them  is  secreted  in  con- 
siderable quantities  a  sweet  fluid.  This  fluid  falling  upon 
the  leaves  and  evaporating  gives  them  a  shiny  appearance,  as 
if  coated  with  varnish,  and  for  the  purpose  of  feeding  upon 
this  sweet  deposit,  which  is  known  as  honey-dew,  different 
species  of  ants  and  flies  are  found  visiting  them.  Ants  also 
visit  the  colonies  of  aphides  and  stroke  the  insects  with  their 
antennae  to  induce  them  to  part  with  some  of  the  sweet  liquid, 
which  is  greedily  sipped  up.  This  fluid  is  said  to  serve  as 
food  for  a  day  or  two  to  the  newly-born  young. 

The  leaves  of  trees  infested  by  these  insects  become  dis- 
torted and  twisted  backwards,  often  with  their  tips  pressing 
against  the  twig  from  which  they  grow,  and  they  thus  form 
a  covering  for  the  aphides,  protecting  them  from  rain.  An 
infested  tree  may  be  distinguished  at  some  distance  by  this 
bending  back  of  the  leaves  and  young  twigs.  It  is  stated  / 
that  the  scab  on  the  fruit  of  the  apple-tree  often  owes  its  I 
origin  to  the  punctures  of  these  plant-lice.  This  species, 
which  was  originally  imported  from  Europe,  is  now  found 
in  apple- orchards  all  over  the  Northern  United  States  and 
Canada. 

Remedies. — Scraping  the  dead  bark  off  the  trees  during  the 
winter  and  washing  them  with  a  solution  of  soft  soap  and  soda, 
as  recommended  for  No.  2,  the  two-striped  borer,  would  be 
beneficial,  by  destroying  the  eggs.  Syringing  the  trees,  about 


124  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE  APPLE. 

the  time  the  buds  are  bursting,  with  strong  soap-suds,  weak 
lye,  or  tobacco-water,  the  latter  made  by  boiling  one  pound 
of  the  rough  stems  or  leaves  in  a  gallon  of  water,  will  destroy 
a  large  number  of  the  young  lice.  A  frost  occurring  after 
a  few  days  of  warm  weather  will  kill  millions  of  them;  in 
the  egg  state  the  insects  can  endure  any  amount  of  frost,  but 
the  young  aphis  quickly  perishes  when  the  temperature  falls 
below  the  freezing-point. 

Myriads  of  these  aphides  are  devoured  by  Lady-birds  and 
their  larvae.     In  Fig.  123  is  represented  the   Nine-spotted 

FIG.  123.  FIG.  124.  FIG.  125. 


Lady-bird,  Coccinella  novemnotata  Herbst,  one  of  our  com- 
monest species,  which  is  found  almost  everywhere ;  it  is  of  a 
brick-red  color,  and  is  ornamented  with  nine  black  spots. 

The  Two-spotted  Lady-bird,  Adalia  bipunctata  (Linn.) 
(Fig.  124),  is  also  extremely  common.  This  is  very  similar  in 
color  to  the  nine-spotted  species,  but  in  this  one  there  is  only 
a  single  spot  on  each  wing-case.  In  the  figure  the  insect  is 
shown  magnified. 

Fig.  125  represents  the  Plain  Lady-bird,  Oydoneda  san- 
guinea  (Linn.).  This  is  somewhat  smaller  in  size  than  the 
last  two  species  named,  of  a  lighter  shade  of  red,  and  without 
any  spots  on  its  wing-cases.  It  is  known  also  as  Coccinella 
munda. 

The  Comely  Lady -bird,  Coccinetta  venusta  Mels.  (Fig.  126), 
is  pink,  with  ten  large  black  spots,  the  hinder  ones  being 
united  together. 

The  Thirteen -spotted  Lady-bird,  Hippodamia  IS^unctata 
(Herbst),  is  shown  in  Fig.  127  ;  it  is  larger  than  C.  sanguined, 
and  has  thirteen  black  spots  on  a  brick-red  ground. 

In  Fig.  128,  c,  is  represented  the  Convergent  Lady-bird, 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


125 


Hippodamia  convergens  Guer.,  which  is  of  an  orange  red, 
marked  with  black  and  white.     The  larva  is  shown  of  its 


FIG.  126. 


FIG.  127. 


FIG.  128. 


natural  size  at  a,  its  colors  being  black,  orange,  and  blue, 
and  when  full  grown  it  attaches  itself  to  the  under  side  of  a 
leaf  and  changes  to  a  pupa,  which  is  shown  at  b. 

The    Spotted    Lady  bird,  Megitta  maeulata   (De  FIG.  129. 
Geer)  (see  Fig.  129),  is  of  a  pinkish  color,  some- 
times  pale  red.     It  has  large  black  blotches,  twelve 
in  all,  on  its  wing-cases;  two  on  one  wing-cover  are 
opposite  to  and  touch  two  on  the  other. 

Fig.  130  represents  the  Fifteen-spotted  Lady-bird,  Anatis 
15-punctata  (Oliv.),  the  largest  of  them  all.     It  is  a  very 

FIG.  130. 


variable  insect;  at  <i,  e,/,  g,  are  shown  four  of  the  different 
forms  under  which  it  is  seen ;  a  shows  the  larva  in  the  act 
of  devouring  a  young  larva  of  the  Colorado  potato-beetle, 
to  which  it  is  also  partial,  while  6  represents  the  pupa. 

The  Painted  Lady-bird,  Harmowa  picta  (Rand),  is  a  very 
pretty  little  insect.  (See  Fig.  131.)  At  b  it  is  shown  of  the 
natural  size,  at  c  enlarged ;  it  is  of  a  pale  straw-color,  marked 
with  black,  as  in  the  figure.  The  larva,  a,  is  of  a  dusky 


126 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE  APPLE. 


brown,  with  paler  markings.     This  species  is  most  commonly 
found  feeding  on  lice  which  attack  the  pine. 

All  the  Lady-birds  are  very  useful  creatures,  and,  with  their 


FIG.  131. 


FIG.  132. 


larvae,  should  be  encouraged  and  protected  by  the  fruit-grower 
in  every  possible  way. 

The  larvse  of  the  Lace-winged  or  Golden-eyed  Flies,  Chry- 
sopa,  are  equally  destructive  to  aphides,  roaming  about  among 
them  like  so  many  tigers  with  appetites  almost  insatiable.  At 
6,  Fig.  132,  one  of  these  larvse  is  shown,  and  at  a  some  of  the 
eggs,  which  are  attached  to  the  end  of  fine  upright  threads  or 
stalks.  These  are  usually  found  in  clusters.  The  perfect  in- 


FIG.  133. 


FIG.  134. 


FIG.  135. 


sect  has  four  delicate,  transparent,  whitish  wings  (see  Fig.  133) 
netted  like  fine  lace,  bright-golden  eyes,  and  a  beautiful  green 
body.  Fig.  134  shows  the  same  insect  with  its  wings  closed ; 
also  a  side  view  of  a  cluster  of  eggs.  While  beau- 
tiful to  look  at,  these  insects  are  offensive  to  handle, 
as  when  touched  they  emit  a  very  sickening,  pun- 
gent, and  persistent  odor. 

Other  friendly  helpers  in  this  good  work  are  the 
larvse  of  the  Syrphus  flies.  These  are  fleshy  larvae, 
thick  and  blunt  behind,  and  pointed  in  front.  (See  Fig.  135.) 
Their  mouths  are  furnished  with  a  triple-pointed  dart,  with 


ATTACKING    THE  FRUIT. 


127 


FIG.  136. 


which  they  seize  and  pierce  their  prey,  and,  elevating  it,  as 
shown  in  the  figure,  deliberately  suck  it  dry.  They  are  quite 
blind,  but  the  eggs  from  which  they 
hatch  are  deposited  by  the  parent  flies 
in  the  midst  of  the  colonies  of  plant- 
lice,  where  they  grope  about  and  obtain 
an  abundance  of  food  without  much 
trouble.  In  Fig.  136  is  shown  one  of 
the  flies.  They  are  black  with  transparent  wings,  and  are 
prettily  ornamented  with  yellow  stripes  across  their  bodies. 


FIG.  137. 


ATTACKING  THE  PEUIT, 
No.  58.— The  Codling  Moth. 

Carpocapsa  pomonella  (Linn.). 

In  the  accompanying  figure,  137,  a  shows  the  burrowings 
of  this  larva,  6  the  point  where  it  effected  its  entrance,  e  the 
larva  full  grown,  h  the 
anterior  part  of  its  body, 
magnified,  d  the  chrys- 
alis, i  the  cocoon,  f  the 
moth  with  its  wings 
closed,  and  g  the  same 
with  wings  expanded.  A 
better  representation  of 
the  moth  is  given,  mag- 
nified, in  Fig.  138.  The 
larger  opening  at  the 
side  of  the  apple  shows 
where  the  full  -  grown 
larva  has  escaped. 

This    is    one   of    the 
most  troublesome  insects  with  which  fruit-growers  have  to 
contend,  and  although  of   foreign  origin,  having  been  im- 


128  INSKCTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE    APPLE. 

ported  from  Europe  about  the  beginning  of  the  present  cen- 
tury, it  is  now  found  in  almost  all  parts  of  North  America, 
entailing  an  immense  yearly  loss  upon  apple-growers. 

The  early  brood  of  moths  appear  on  the  wing  about  the 
time  of  the  opening  of  the  apple-blossoms,  when  the  female 
deposits  her  tiny  yellow  eggs  singly  in  the  calyx  or  eye,  just 
as  the  young  apple  is  forming  ;  in  a  few  instances  they  have 
been  observed  in  the  hollow  at  the  stalk 
FIG.  138.  end,  and  occasionally  on    the  smooth 

surface  of  the  cheek  of  the  apple.  In 
about  a  week  the  egg  hatches,  and  the 
tiny  worm  at  once  begins  to  eat  through 
the  apple  to  the  core.  Usually  its  cast- 
ings are  pushed  out  through  the  hole 
by  which  it  has  entered,  the  passage  being  enlarged  from 
time  to  time  for  this  purpose.  Some  of  the  castings  commonly 
adhere  to  the  apple ;  hence,  before  the  worm  is  full  grown, 
infested  fruit  may  generally  be  detected  by  the  mass  of  red- 
dish-brown exuviae  protruding  from  the  eye.  Sometimes  as 
the  larva  approaches  maturity  it  eats  a  passage  through  the 
apple  at  the  side,  as  shown  in  the  figure,  and  out  of  this 
opening  thrusts  its  castings,  and  through  it  the  larva,  when 
full  grown,  escapes.  The  head  and  upper  portion  of  the  first 
segment  of  the  young  larva  are  usually  black,  but  as  it  ap- 
proaches maturity  these  change  to  a  brown  color.  The  body 
is  of  a  flesh-color,  or  pinkish  tint,  more  highly  colored  on 
the  back  ;  it  is  also  sprinkled  with  minute,  elevated  points, 
from  each  of  which  there  arises  a  single  fine  hair. 

In  three  or  four  weeks  from  the  time  of  hatching  the  early 
brood  of  larvae  attain  full  growth,  when  the  occupied  apples 
generally  fall  prematurely  to  the  ground,  sometimes  with  the 
worm  in  them,  but  more  commonly  after  it  has  escaped.  The 
larvae,  which  leave  the  apples  while  still  on  the  trees,  either 
crawl  down  the  branches  to  the  trunk  of  the  tree,  or  let  them- 
selves down  to  the  ground  by  a  fine  silken  thread,  which  they 
spin  at  will.  In  either  case,  whether  they  crawl  up  or  down, 


ATTACKING   THE  FRUIT.  129 

the  greater  portion  of  them  find  their  way  to  the  trunks  of 
the  trees,  where,  under  the  rough  bark  and  in  cracks  and 
crevices,  they  spin  their  cocoons. 

Having  selected  a  suitable  hiding-place,  the  larva  constructs 
a  papery-looking  silken  cocoon,  shown  at  i  in  the  figure,  which 
is  white  inside,  and  disguised  on  the  outside  by  attaching  to 
the  silky  threads  small  fragments  of  the  bark  of  the  tree  or 
other  available  debris.  ( After  the  cocoon  is  completed,  the     / 
change  to  the  chrysalis  takes  place  in  the  early  brood  in  about    / 
three  days.     At  first  the  pupa  is  of  a  pale-yellow  color,  deep-      / 
eiimg  in  a  day  or  two  to  pale  brown ;  the  insect  remains  in     ,< 
this  condition  abou£  t^o  weeks,  when  the  moth  escapes.  / 

Each  moth  is  capable  of  laying  on  an  average  probably  not 
less  than  fifty  eggs,  but  these  are  not  all  matured  at  once ;  by 
careful  dissection  they  maybe  found  in  the  body  of  the  moth 
in  different  stages  of  development.  Hence  they  are  deposited 
successively,  extending  over  a  period  probably  of  from  one 
to  two  weeks  or  more;  add  to  this  the  fact  that  some  of  the  / 
moths  are  retarded  in  their  development  in  the  spring,  and 
it  is  easy  to  account  for  the  finding  of  larvae  of  various  sizes 
at  the  same  time ;  indeed,  sometimes  the  later  specimens  from 
the  first  brood  will  not  have  escaped  fromntnT?nrnT^e!ore 
some  of  the  young  larvae  of  the  second  brood  make  their  ap- 
pearance, the~t>ro6ds *th us,  as  it  were,  overlapping  each  other^ 
and  very  much  extending  the  period  for  the  appearance  of 
the  winged  insects. 

The  moth  (#,  Fig.  137),  although  small,  is  a  beautiful 
object.  The  fore  wings  are  marked  with  alternate  irregular, 
transverse,  wavy  streaks  of  ash-gray  and  brown,  and  have  on 
the  inner  hind  angle  a  large,  tawny-brown  spot,  with  streaks 
of  light  bronze  or  copper  color,  nearly  in  the  form  of  a  horse- 
shoe ;  at  a  little  distance  they  resemble  watered  silk.  The 
hind  wings  and  abdomen  are  of  a  light  yellowish  brown, 
with  the  lustre  of  satin.  The  moth  conceals  itself  during  the 
daytime,  and  appears  only  at  night,  and,  since  it  is  not  read- 
ily attracted  by  light,  is  seldom  seen.  The  second  brood  of 

9 


130  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 

moths  are  usually  on  the  wing  during  the  latter  half  of  July, 
when  they  pair,  and  in  a  few  days  the  female  begins  to  de- 
posit her  eggs  for  the  later  brood  of  larvaa,  generally  selecting 
for  this  purpose  the  later  apples.  These  larvas  mature  during 
the  autumn  or  early  winter  months;  if  they  escape  before  the 
fruit  is  gathered,  they  seek  some  sheltered  nook  under  the 
loose  bark  of  a  tree  or  other  convenient  hiding-place ;  but 
if  carried  with  the  fruit  into  the  cellar,  they  may  often  be 
found  about  the  barrels  and  bins  in  which  it  is  stored ;  a 
favorite  hiding-place  is  between  the  hoops  and  staves  of  the 
apple-barrels,  where  they  are  found  sometimes  by  hundreds. 
If  thus  provided  with  snug  winter-quarters,  and  through 
negligence  allowed  to  escape,  the  fruit-grower  must  expect  to 
suffer  increased  loss  from  his  want  of  care.  Having  fixed  on 
a  suitable  spot,  the  larva  spins  its  little  tough  cocoon,  firmly 
fastened  to  the  place  of  attachment,  and  within  this  it  re- 
mains in  the  larval  state  until  early  the  following  spring, 
when  it  changes  to  a  brown  chrysalis,  and  shortly  afterwards 
the  moth  appears,  to  begin  the  work  of  the  opening  season. 

Besides  injuring  the  apple,  it  is  very  destructive  to  the  pear ; 
it  is  also  found  on  the  wild  crab,  and  occasionally  on  the  plum 
and  peach.  Sometimes  two  larvse  will  be  found  in  the  same 
fruit. 

Remedies. — One  of  the  most  effective  methods  yet  devised 
for  reducing  the  numbers  of  this  insect  is  to  trap  the  larvaB  and 
chrysalids  and  destroy  them.  This  is  best  done  by  applying 
bands  around  the  trunks  of  the  trees  about  six  inches  in  width  ; 
strips  of  old  sacking,  carpet,  cloth,  or  fabric  of  any  kind  will 
serve  the  purpose,  and,  although  not  so  durable,  many  use 
common  brown  paper.  Whatever  material  is  used,  it  should 
be  wound  entirely  round  the  tree  once  or  twice,  and  fastened 
with  a  string  or  tack.  Within  such  enclosures  the  larvse  hide 
and  transform.  The  bands  should  be  applied  not  later  than 
the  1st  of  June,  and  visited  every  eight  or  ten  days  until  the 
last  of  August,  each  time  taken  off  and  examined,  and  all 
the  worms  and  chrysalids  found  under  them  destroyed ;  they 


ATTACKING   THE  FRUIT. 


131 


should  also  be  visited  once  after  the  crop  is  secured.  Some 
persoiis  prefer  to  use  narrower  bands,  not  more  than  four 
inches  wide,  and  fasten  them  with  a  tack,  while  others  se- 
cure them  in  their  place  by  merely  tucking  the  end  under. 
Usually  the  cocoons  under  the  bandages  are  partly  attached 
to  the  tree  and  partly  to  the  bandage,  so  that  when  the  latter 
is  removed  the  cocoon  is  torn  asunder,  when  it  often  happens 
that  the  larva  or  chrysalis  will  fall  to  the  ground,  and,  if  it 
escapes  notice,  may  there  complete  its  transformations.  Wide- 
mouthed  bottles  partly  filled  with  sweetened  water,  and  hung 
in  the  trees,  have  been  recommended  as  traps  for  the  codling 
moth,  but  there  is  no  evidence  that  any  appreciable  benefit  has 
ever  been  derived  from  their  use.  A  large  number  of  moths 
can  be  captured  in  this  manner,  but  it  is  rare  to  find  a  codling 
moth  among  them.  Neither  is  the  plan  of  lighting  fires  in  the 
orchard  of  much  avail,  since  codling  moths  are  rarely  attracted 
by  light.  Spraying  the  trees  soon  after  the  fruit  has  set,  and 
while  it  is  still  in  an  upright  position,  with  a  mixture  of  Paris 
green  and  water  in  the  proportion  of  a  teaspoonful  to  a  pailful 
of  water,  will  deter  the  moths  from  placing  their  eggs  on  the 
apples,  and  thus  protect  much  of  the  fruit  from  injury. 

The  fallen  fruit  should  be 
promptly  gathered  and  de- 
stroyed. It  has  been  recom- 
mended that  hogs  be  kept  in 
the  orchard  for  the  purpose  of 
devouring  such  fruit;  and, 
where  they  can  be  so  kept 
without  injury  to  the  trees  or 
to  other  crops,  they  will  no 
doubt  prove  useful. 

This  insect,  while  in  the  lar- 
val state,  is  so  protected  within 
the  apple  that  it  enjoys  great 
immunity  from  insect  enemies.     Nevertheless  it  is  occasion- 
ally reached  by  the  ever-watchful  Ichneumons,  two  species 


FIG.  139. 


132 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 


of  which  are  known  to  occur  as  parasites  within  the  bodies  of 
the  larvse.  They  have  been  bred  by  Mr.  C.  V.  Riley,  who 
describes  them  in  his  fifth  Missouri  Report.  One  is  a  small 
black  fly, from  one-fourth  to  one-half  inch  in  length;  its  legs 
are  reddish,  the  hind  pair  having  a  broad  white  ring.  It 
is  called  the  Ring-legged  Pimpla,  Pimpla  annulipes  Br.,  and 
is  represented,  much  magnified,  in  Fig.  139.  The  other 

species  is  about  the 

FIG.  140.  same  size,  but  more 

slender,  and  of  a 
yellow  or  brownish- 
yellow  color.  The 
female  is  provided 
with  a  long  ovipos- 
itor, as  seen  in 
Fig.  140,  where  the 
insect  is  shown 
highly  magnified. 
The  abdomen  of  the 
male  is  represented 
to  the  right  of  the 
figure.  This  spe- 
cies is  known  as 
the  Delicate  Long- 
sting,  Macrocentrus 
delicatus  Cresson. 
These  useful  insect 
friends  are  not  yet 
sufficiently  numer- 
ous to  check  materially  the  increase  of  the  codling  moth, 
and  it  is  doubtful  if  they  ever  will  be.  When  the  codling 
worm  has  left  the  fruit  in  which  it  has  been  feeding,  and  while 
wandering  about  in  search  of  a  suitable  spot  in  which  to  pass 
its  chrysalis  stage,  it  is  liable  to  be  attacked  by  any  of  the 
ground-beetles,  Carabidde,  both  in  their  larval  and  their 
perfect  state,  also  by  the  larvae  of  soldier-beetles  and  other 


ATTACKING  THE  FRUIT.  133 

carnivorous  insects.  Some  of  the  smaller  insectivorous  birds 
are  also  said  to  devour  this  insect  both  in  the  larval  and 
in  the  pupal  condition. 

No.  59.— The  Apple  Curculio. 
Anthonomus  quadrigibbus  Say. 

This  is  a  small  beetle,  a  little  smaller  than  a  plum  curculio, 
of  a  dull-brown  color,  having  a  long,  thin  snout,  which  sticks 
out  more  or  less  horizontally,  and  cannot  be  folded  under  the 
body,  as  is  the  case  with  many  species  of  Curculio.  This 
snout  in  the  female  is  as  long  as  the  body ;  in  the  male  it  is 
about  half  that  length.  In  addition  to  the  prominent  snout, 
it  is  furnished  with  four  conspicuous  brownish-red  humps  to- 
wards the  hinder  part  of  its  body,  from  which  it  takes  its 
specific  name,  quadrigibbus.  Including  the  snout,  its  length  is  a 
quarter  of  an  inch  or  more.  In  the  accompanying  figure,  141, 

the  insect  is  magnified  :  a  rep- 

'  PIG.  141. 

resents  a  back  view,  6  a  side 

view;  the  outline  at  the  left 
shows  its  natural  size.  Its 
body  is  dull  brown,  shaded 
with  rusty  red ;  the  thorax 
and  anterior  third  of  the  wing- 
covers  are  grayish. 

This  is  a  native  American 
insect  which  formerly  bred  ex- 
clusively in  the  wild  crabs  and  haws;  it  is  single-brooded, 
and  passes  the  winter  in  the  beetle  state.  The  beetle  appears 
quite  early,  and  the  larva  may  often  be  found  hatched  before 
the  middle  of  June,  and  in  various  stages  of  its  growth  in 
the  fruit  during  June,  July,  and  August. 

The  beetle  with  its  long  snout  drills  holes  into  the  young 
apples,  much  like  the  puncture  of  a  hot  needle,  the  hole 
being  round,  and  surrounded  by  a  blackish  margin.  Those 
which  are  drilled  by  the  insect  when  feeding  are  about  one- 
tenth  of  an  inch  deep,  and  scooped  out  broadly  at  the  bottom; 


134  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 

those  which  the  female  makes  for  her  eggs  are  scooped  out 
still  more  broadly,  and  the  egg  is  placed  at  the  bottom.  The 
egg  is  of  a  yellowish  color,  and  in  shape  a  long  oval,  being 
about  oue-twenty-fifth  of  an  inch  in  length  and  not  quite  half 
that  in  width.  As  soon  as  the  larva  hatches,  it  burrows  to 
the  heart  of  the  fruit,  where  it  feeds  around  the  core,  which 
becomes  partly  filled  with  rust-red  excrement.  In  about  a 
month  it  attains  full  size,  when  it  presents  the  appearance 
shown  in  Fig.  142 ;  6  represents  the  larva  highly  magnified, 
and  a  the  pupa. 

The  larva  is  a  soft,  white  grub,  nearly  half  an  inch  in 
length,  with  a  yellowish-brown  head  and  jaws.  Its  body  is 

much  wrinkled,  the  spaces 
•FlG-  142<  between  the  folds  being  of 

a  bluish-black  color;  there  is 
also  a  line  of  a  bluish  shade 
down  the  back.  Having 
no  legs,  it  is  incapable  of 
much  movement,  and  re- 
mains within  the  fruit  it  oc- 
cupies, changing  there  to  a 
pupa  of  a  whitish  color  (see 

Fig.  142  a),  and  in  two  or  three  weeks,  when  perfected,  the 
beetle  cuts  a  hole  through  the  fruit  and  escapes. 

When  feeding,  this  insect  makes  a  number  of  holes  or 
punctures,  and  around  these  a  hard  knot  or  swelling  forms, 
which  much  disfigures  the  fruit ;  pears,  as  well  as  apples,  are 
injured  in  this  way.  The  infested  fruits  do  not  usually  fall 
to  the  ground,  as  do  apples  affected  by  the  codling  worm,  but 
remain  attached  to  the  tree,  and  the  insect,  from  its  habit 
of  living  within  the  fruit  through  all  its  stages,  is  a  difficult 
one  to  destroy.  Picking  the  affected  specimens  from  the 
tree,  and  vigorously  jarring  the  tree  during  the  time  when 
the  beetle  is  about,  will  bring  it  to  the  ground,  where  it  can 
be  destroyed  in  the  same  manner  as  recommended  for  the 
plum  curculio.  Fortunately,  it  is  seldom  found  in  such 


ATTACKING   THE  FRUIT.  135 

abundance  as  to  do  much  damage  to  the  fruit-crop.  In 
Southern  Illinois  and  in  some  portions  of  Missouri  it  has 
proved  destructive,  but  in  most  of  the  Northern  United 
States  and  in  Canada,  although  common  on  thorn-bushes  and 
crab-apples,  it  seldom  attacks  the  more  valuable  fruits  to  any 
considerable  extent. 

No.  60.— The  Apple  Maggot. 

Trypeta pomonella  Walsh. 

This  is  a  footless  maggot,  shown  at  a,  Fig.  143,  tapering  to 
a  point  in  front,  and  cut  squarely  off  behind,  which  lives  in 
the  pulp  of  the  apple,  and  tunnels  it  with  winding  channels, 
making  here  and  there  little  roundish  discolored  excavations 
about  the  size  of  a  pea.  This  maggot  is  of  a  greenish-white 
color,  about  one-fifth  of  an  inch  long,  with  a  pointed  head 
and  a  pale-brown,  flattish,  rough  tubercle  behind  it ;  the 
hinder  segment  has  two  pale-brown  tubercles  below. 

The  pupa  is  of  a  pale  yellowish-brown  color,  and  differs 
from  the  larva  only  in  being  contracted  in  length  ;  in  this  in- 
stance the  true  pupa  is  enclosed  within  the  shrunken  skin  of 
the  larva.  When  about  to  change,  the  maggot  leaves  the 
apple,  and,  falling  to  the  ground,  burrows  under  the  surface, 
and  there  enters  the  pupal  state,  in  which  condition  it  remains 
until  the  middle  of  the  following  summer,  when  the  perfect 
insect  escapes  in  the  form  of  a  two-winged  fly. 

The  fly  (6,  Fig.  143)  is  about  one-fifth  of  an  inch  long,  and 
measures,  when  its  wings  are  expanded,  nearly  half  an  inch 
across.  The  head  and  legs  are  rust-red,  the  thorax  shining 
black,  more  or  less  marked  with  grayish  or  white ;  the  ab- 
domen is  black,  with  dusky  hairs,  and  with  whitish  hairs  bor- 
dering the  spaces  between  the  segments  of  the  body.  The 
wings  are  whitish  glassy,  with  dusky  bands.  This  insect  is 
single-brooded,  the  fly  appearing  in  July,  when,  by  means  of 
a  sharp  ovipositor,  it  inserts  its  eggs  into  the  substance  of 
the  apple.  It  frequently  attacks  apples  which  have  been 
previously  perforated  by  the  codling  worm,  and  it  prefers  the 


136  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APPLE. 

thin-skinned  summer  and  fall  apples  to  the  winter  varieties 
It  is,  however,  frequently  found  in  apples  which  have  been 
stored,  and  has  thus  proved  very  troublesome  in  many  parts 


FIG.  143. 


of  the  country,  especially  in  Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  and 
New  York.  It  is  a  native  insect,  found  feeding  on  haws,  and 
probably  also  on  crab-apples. 

No.  61. — The  Apple  Midge. 

Sciara  mail  (Fitch). 

This  is  also  a  small  maggot,  found  devouring  the  flesh  of 
ripened  and  stored  apples,  and  hastening  their  decay.  It  ap- 
pears to  attack  chiefly,  if  not  wholly,  those  specimens  which 
have  been  previously  perforated  by  the  codling  worm,  thus 
adding  to  the  damage  caused  by  that  destructive  pest,  and 
when  this  insect  has  completed  its  transformations  within 
the  apple,  the  hole  made  by  the  codling  worm  affords  this  fly 
a  ready  means  of  exit. 

The  larvae  are  long  and  slender,  tapering  gradually  to  a 
point  at  the  head,  the  hinder  end  being  blunt;  they  are  of  a 
glassy-white  color,  and  semi-transparent.  When  present,  they 
are  generally  found  in  considerable  numbers,  and  they  burrow 
many  channels  through  the  flesh  of  the  apple,  converting  it 
into  a  spongy  substance  of  a  dull-yellowish  color. 

The  change  to  a  pupa  takes  place  within  the  fruit.  The 
pupa  is  about  one-eighth  of  an  inch  long,  somewhat  sticky  on 
the  surface,  of  an  elongated,  oval  form,  pointed  at  one  end, 


ATTACKING   THE  FRUIT.  137 

and  rounded  at  the  other ;  the  head,  thorax,  and  wing-cases 
are  black ;  the  abdomen  is  dull  yellow. 

The  perfect  insect  very  much  resembles  the  Hessian  fly  in 
appearance,  except  that  its  legs  are  not  so  long  and  slender. 
The  head,  antennae,  and  thorax  are  black;  the  abdomen 
dusky,  almost  black,  with  a  pale-yellow  band  at  each  of  the 
sutures ;  beneath  it  is  yellow,  with  a  dusky  patch  on  the 
middle  of  each  segment ;  the  tip  of  the  abdomen,  ovipositor, 
and  legs,  are  black.  The  wings  are  dull  hyaline,  tinged  with 
a  smoky  hue,  and  about  one-fourth  longer  than  the  body. 

This  insect  has  not  thus  far  proved  very  destructive,  and 
from  its  habits  is  scarcely  likely  to  become  so. 

No.  62.— The  Apple  Fly. 

Drosophila  ampdvphtta  Loew. 

This  is  a  two-winged  fly,  known  as  the  vine-loving 
pomace  fly,  very  similar  in  its  habits  to  the  apple  midge, 
but  it  usually  attacks  the  earlier  varieties,  showing  a  pref- 
erence for  such  as  are  sweet.  The  larva  (see  a,  Fig.  144) 

FIG.  144. 


generally  enters  the  apple  where  it  has  been  bored  by  the  cod- 
ling worm,  or  through  the  punctures  made  by  the  apple  cur- 
culio,  and  sometimes  through  the  calyx  when  the  apple  is 
quite  sound.  In  August  the  fly  (see  Fig.  144,  b)  matures  and 
deposits  eggs  for  another  brood,  and  successive  generations 
follow  until  winter  begins.  The  pupae  may  be  found  during 
the  winter  in  the  bottoms  of  apple-barrels,  and  in  this  inac- 
tive state  they  remain  until  the  following  season.  Usually 


138  INSECTS   INJURIOUS    TO    THE   APPLE. 

several  insects  are  found  in  the  same  apple,  and  sometimes  the 
fruit  is  almost  alive  with  them,  when,  being  rapidly  riddled 
with  their  borings,  it  speedily  decays. 

No.  63. — The  Apple  Thrips. 

PhlcBothrips  mail  Fitch. 

This  is  a  very  small  insect,  about  one-eighteenth  of  an  inch 
long.  It  is  slender,  of  a  blackish-purple  color,  with  narrow, 
silvery-white  wings.  Occasionally  apples  are  found  early  in 
August,  small  and  withered,  with  a  cavity  near  their  tip, 
about  the  size  of  a  pea,  and  the  surface  of  a  blackened  color, 
appearing  as  if  the  cavity  had  been  gnawed  out.  Within  this 
may  usually  be  found  one  of  these  apple  thrips,  which  had 
probably  taken  up  its  residence  on  the  fruit  while  it  was  very 
small,  and  by  frequent  puncturing  day  after  day  the  apple 
has  become  stunted  in  growth,  and  finally  withered. 

This  insect  has  never  yet  proved  very  injurious;  should  it 
ever  become  so,  it  would  be  a  difficult  one  to  exterminate. 
Syringing  thoroughly  with  tobacco-water  or  a  solution  of 
whale-oil  soap  would  probably  prove  efficacious. 

No.  64, — The  Ash-gray  Pinion. 

Lithophane  antennata  (Walker.) 

This  insect  is  a  moth,  the  larva  of  which  has  occasionally 
FIG.  145. 


been  found  boring  into  young  apples  and  peaches  during  the 
month  of  June.     Fig.  145  illustrates  its  mode  of  procedure. 


ATTACKING  THE  FRUIT  139 

The  caterpillar  is  pale  green,  with  cream-colored  spots,  and  a 
broad,  cream-colored  band  along  the  sides.  When  full  grown, 
it  leaves  the  fruit  and  works  its  way  under  the  surface  of 
the  ground,  where  it  forms  a  very  thin,  filmy,  silken  cocoon, 
within  which  it  changes  to  a  reddish-brown  chrysalis. 

The  moth  escapes  in  the  autumn,  and  is  of  a  dull  ash-gray 
color,  with  its  fore  wings  variegated  with  darker  gray,  or 
grayish  brown,  as  shown  in  the  figure. 


SUPPLEMENTARY  LIST  OP  INJUEIOUS  INSECTS  WHICH 
AFFECT  THE  APPLE, 

In  addition  to  those  already  enumerated,  the  following 
insects  are  injurious  to  the  apple,  but,  since  they  are  more 
destructive  to  other  fruits,  they  will  be  referred  to  under 
other  headings. 

ATTACKING  THE   BRANCHES. 

The  pear-blight  beetle,  No.  68;  the  New  York  weevil, 
No.  100 ;  and  the  red-shouldered  Sinoxylon,  No.  130. 

ATTACKING   THE   LEAVES. 

The  tarnished  plant-bug,  No.  71 ;  the  pear-tree  leaf-miner, 
No.  74;  grasshoppers,  No.  80;  the  gray  dagger-moth,  No. 
84 ;  the  waved  Lagoa,  No.  89  ;  the  blue-spangled  peach-tree 
caterpillar,  No.  102;  the  lo  emperor-moth,  No.  112;  the 
Ursula  butterfly,  No.  116  ;  the  basket  or  bag- worm,  No.  120 ; 
the  white-lined  Deilephila,  No.  136  ;  the  rose-beetle,  No.  151  ; 
and  the  smeared  dagger,  No.  194. 

ATTACKING  THE   FRUIT. 

The  melancholy  Cetonia,  No.  82 ;  and  the  plum  curculio, 
No.  94. 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  PEAR. 

ATTACKING  THE  TBUNK, 

No.  65. — The  Pear-tree  Borer. 
JEgeriapyri  (Harris). 

This  is  a  whitish  larva  resembling  that  of  the  peach-tree 
borer,  but  much  smaller,  which  feeds  chiefly  upon  the  inner 
layers  of  the  bark  of  the  pear-tree.  Its  presence  may  be 
detected  from  its  habit  of  throwing  out  castings  resembling 
fine  sawdust,  which  are  readily  seen  upon  the  bark  of  the 
tree.  Before  the  larva  changes  to  a  chrysalis  it  eats  a  passage 
through  the  bark,  leaving  only  the  thinnest  possible  covering 
unbroken.  Retiring  towards  the  interior,  it  changes  to  a 
chrysalis,  and  late  in  the  summer  the  chrysalis  wriggles  itself 
forward,  and,  pushing  against  the  paper-like  covering  which 
conceals  its  place  of  retreat,  ruptures  it,  and,  projecting  itself 
from  the  orifice,  the  moth  soon  bursts  its  prison-house  and 
escapes,  leaving  nothing  but  the  empty  skin  behind  it. 

The  moth  (Fig.  146)  is  somewhat  like  a  small  wasp,  of 
a  purplish  or  bluish-black  color,  with  three  golden-yellow 
stripes  on  its  abdomen;  the  edges  of  the  collar, 
Fia.^146.    the  shoulder-covers,  and  the  fan-shaped  brush  on 
the  tail  are  of  the  same  golden-yellow  hue.     The 
wings,  which,  when  expanded,  measure  more  than 
half  an  inch  across,  are  clear  and  glass-like,  with 
their  veins  and  fringes  purplish  black,  and  across 
the  tips  of  the  fore  wings  is  a  broad  dark  band  with  a  coppery 
lustre.     The  under  side  is  pale  yellow. 

Remedies. — The  trees  should  be  examined  in  the  spring, 

and  if  evidences  of  the  presence  of  these  larvse  are  found, 

they  should  be  searched  for  and  destroyed.     As  a  preventive 

measure,  paint  the  trees  with  the  mixture  of  soft-soap  and 

140 


ATTACKING   THE   TRUNK. 


141 


FIG.  147. 


solution  of  soda,  as  recommended  for  the  round-headed  borer 
of  the  apple  (No.  2),  or  mound  the  trees  about  midsummer 
with  earth,  as  recommended  for  the  peach-tree  borer  (No.  97). 

No.  66,— The  Pigeon  Tremex. 

Tremex  Columba  Linn. 

The  female  Pigeon  Tremex  is  represented  in  Fig.  147.  It 
is  a  large  wasp-like  creature,  which  measures,  when  its  wings 
are  expanded,  nearly  two 
inches  across.  The  body  is 
cylindrical,  and  about  an 
inch  and  a  half  long  ex- 
clusive of  its  boring  instru- 
ment, which  projects  about 
three-eighths  of  an  inch  be- 
yond the  body.  The  wings 
are  of  a  smoky-brown  color, 
and  semi-transparent ;  the 
head  and  thorax  are  reddish, 
varied  with  black,  and  the 
abdomen  is  black,  crossed  by 

seven  yellow  bands,  all  except  the  first  two  interrupted  in 
the  middle.  The  horny  tail  and  a  round  spot  at  its  base  are 
ochre-yellow. 

The  male  (Fig.  148)  is  unlike  the  female:  it  is  smaller  and 
has  no  borer.     Its  wings  are  more  transparent;  the  body  is 
reddish,  varied   with   black,  in  form 
somewhat  flattened,  rather  wider  be- 
hind, and  ends  with  a  conical  horn. 
The  length  of  the  body  is  from  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch  to  an  inch  or  more, 
and  the  wings  expand  about  an  inch 
and  a  half. 

The  female  bores  into  the  wood  of 
the  tree  with  her  borer,  and,  when  the 
hole  is  made  deep  enough,  drops  an  egg  into  it.  The  egg  is 


FIG.  148. 


142 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE  PEAR. 


oblong-oval,  pointed  at  both  ends,  and  rather  less  than  one- 
twentieth  of  an  inch  in  length. 

The  larva  is  soft,  yellowish  white,  of  a  cylindrical  form, 
rounded  behind,  with  a  conical  horny  point  on  the  upper 
part  of  the  hinder  extremity,  and  when  mature  is  about  an 
inch  and  a  half  long.  It  bores  deeply  into  the  interior  of  the 
wood.  Besides  the  pear,  it  is  injurious  to  the  button  wood, 
elm,  and  maple. 

From  its  secluded  habits,  this  insect  is  a  difficult  one  to 
cope  with  ;  fortunately,  it  is  seldom  present  in  sufficient  num- 
bers to  be  very  injurious.  It  is  said  to  be  destroyed  by 
Ichneumon  flies,  species  of  Pimpla,  furnished  with  very  long 
ovipositors,  with  which  they  bore  into  the  trunks  of  trees 
inhabited  by  these  Tremex  larvae,  and  deposit  their  eggs  in 
them :  these  hatch  into  grubs,  which  consume  their  substance 
and  cause  their  death. 


FIG.  149. 


ATTACKING-  THE  BEANOHES, 

No.  67. — The  Twig-girdler. 

Oncideres  cingulatus  (Say). 

This   beetle   nearly  amputates   pear   twigs 
during  the  latter  half  of  August  and  the  early 
Q  part  of  September.     The  female  makes  per- 
B  forations  (Fig.  149,  6)  in  the  smaller  branches 
of  the  tree  upon  which  she  lives,  and  in  these 
deposits  her  eggs,  one  of  which  is  shown  of  the 
natural  size  at  e.     She  then  proceeds  to  gnaw 
a  groove  about  one-tenth  of  an  inch  wide  and 
about  a  similar  depth  all  around  the  branch, 
as  shown  in  the  figure,  when  the  exterior  por- 
tion dies,  and  the  larva,  when  hatched,  feeds 
upon  the  dead  wood.   The  girdled  twigs  sooner 
or  later  fall  to  the  ground,  and  in  them  the  insect  completes 


ATTACKING   THE  BRANCHES.  143 

its  transformations,  and  finally  escapes  as  a  perfect  beetle. 
This  insect  is  about  eleven-twentieths  of  an  inch  in  length, 
with  a  robust  body  of  a  brownish-gray  color  with  dull  red- 
dish-yellow dots,  and  having  a  broad  gray  band  across  the 
middle  of  the  wing-cases.  The  antenna  are  longer  than  the 
body.  The  beetle  is  more  common  on  the  hickory  than  on 
the  pear. 

To  subdue  the  insect,  the  dead  and  fallen  twigs  should  be 
gathered  and  burnt. 

No.  66.— The  Pear-blight  Bee 

Xyleborus  pyri  (Peck). 

During  the  heat  of  midsummer,  twigs  of  the  pear-tree  some- 
times become  suddenly  blighted,  the  leaves  and  fruit  wither, 
and  a  discoloration  of  the  bark  takes  place,  followed  by  the 
speedy  death  of  the  part  affected.  Most  frequently  these  effects 
are  the  result  of  fire-blight,  a  disease  produced  by  a  species 
of  micrococcus,  but  occasionally  they  are  due  to  the  agency 
of  the  pear-blight  beetle.  In  these  latter  instances  there  will 
be  found,  on  examination,  small  perforations  like  pin-holes  at 
the  base  of  some  of  the  buds,  and  from  these  issue  small  cylin- 
drical beetles,  shown  magnified  in  Fig.  150,  about  one-tenth 
of  an  inch  long,  of  a  deep  brown  or  black  color,  with 
antenna  and  legs  of  a  rusty  red.  The  thorax  is  FIG.  150. 
short,  very  convex,  rounded  and  roughened ;  the 
wing-covers  are  thickly  but  minutely  punctated,  the 
dots  being  arranged  in  rows ;  the  hinder  part  of  the 
body  terminates  in  an  abrupt  and  sudden  slope. 

The  beetle  deposits  its  eggs  at  the  base  of  the  bud, 
and  when  hatched  the  young  larva  follows  the  course 
of  the  eye  of  the  bud  towards  the  pith,  around  which  it  passes, 
consuming  the  tissues  in  its  course,  thus  interfering  with  the 
circulation  and  causing  the  twig  to  wither.  The  larva  changes 
to  a  pupa,  and  subsequently  to  a  beetle,  in  the  bottom  of  its 
burrow,  and  makes  its  escape  from  the  tree  in  the  latter  part 
of  June  or  the  beginning  of  July,  depositing  its  eggs  before 


144  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  PEAR. 

August  has  passed.  The  hole  made  by  the  beetle  when  it  is 
escaping  is  a  little  more  than  one-twentieth  of  an  inch  in 
diameter. 

It  was  formerly  supposed  that  these  insects  infested  only 
such  trees  as  were  unhealthy  or  were  already  dying,  but  it  has 
been  stated  that  sound  and  healthy  trees  are  attacked  and 
severely  injured  by  them.  Neither  are  they  limited  in  their 
operations  to  the  twigs,  but  sometimes  attack  the  trunk  also. 
II  is  said  that  there  are  two  broods  each  year,  the  early  one 
nurtured  in  the  trunk,  and  when  these  reach  maturity,  the 
newly-grown  twigs,  offering  a  more  dainty  repast,  are  subse- 
quently invaded  and  destroyed. 

The  injuries  inflicted  by  this  insect  are  not  confined  wholly 
to  the  pear;  occasionally  it  is  found  on  the  apple,  apricot, 
and  plum.  The  only  remedy  which  has  been  suggested  is  to 
cut  off  the  blighted  limbs  below  the  injured  part  and  burn 
them  before  the  beetle  has  escaped. 

The  damage  caused  by  this  insect  must  not  be  confounded 
with  the  well-known  fire-blight  on  the  pear,  since  that,  as 
already  remarked,  is  a  disease  of  a  totally  different  character, 
and  is  entirely  independent  of  insect  agency. 

No.  69.— The  Pear-tree  Bark-louse. 

Lecanium pyri  (Schrank). 

This  insect  is  found  on  the  under  side  of  the  limbs  of  young 
and  thrifty  pear-trees,  adhering  closely  to  the  bark.  It  ap- 
pears in  the  form  of  a  hemispherical  scale  about  one-fifth  of 
an  inch  in  diameter,  of  a  chestnut-brown  color,  sometimes 
marked  with  faint  blackish  streaks,  arid  having  on  its  surface 
some  shallow  indentations.  The  outer  margin  is  wrinkled. 
These  scales,  when  mature,  are  the  dead  bodies  of  the  females 
covering  and  protecting  their  young ;  some  are  darker  in  color 
than  others,  and  there  are  some  smaller  ones  which  are  of  a 
dull-yellow  hue. 

Under  the  scales  the  young  lice  are  interspersed  through  a 
mass  of  white  cotton-like  matter,  which  subsequently  increases 


ATTACKING    THE  BRANCHES.  145 

in  volume  and  protrudes  from  under  the  scale.  Early  in  the 
season  they  crawl  out  and  distribute  themselves  over  the 
smooth  bark,  appearing  as  minute  whitish  specks.  When 
magnified,  they  are  found  to  be  of  an  oval  form,  somewhat 
flattened,  about  one-hundredth  of  an  inch  long,  of  a  dull- 
white  color,  with  six  legs  and  short  antennas.  The  young 
lice  attach  themselves  to  the  bark,  which  they  puncture  with 
their  beaks,  living  on  the  sap,  and  during  the  season  mate- 
rially increase  in  size.  They  pass  the  winter  in  a  torpid  state, 
and  in  the  spring  the  males  enter  the  pupal  condition,  and 
subsequently  appear  as  minute  two-winged  flies,  while  the 
females  gradually  grow  to  the  size  and  form  of  the  scales 
referred  to,  and  after  depositing  their  eggs  die,  when  their 
dried  bodies  remain  to  serve  as  a  shelter  for  their  offspring. 
This  is  believed  to  be  identical  with  the  bark  louse  which 
occurs  upon  the  pear-tree  in  Europe. 

Remedies. — Fortunately,  these  insects  are  of  such  a  size  that 
they  are  easily  seen.  They  should  be  looked  for  during  the 
latter  part  of  June,  at  which  time  the  females  will  have 
attained  their  full  size,  and,  when  discovered,  should  be 
promptly  removed.  The  under  side  of  the  limbs  should 
also  be  well  scrubbed  with  a  brush  dipped  in  some  alkaline 
solution. 

A  small,  four-winged  parasite  lives  in  the  bodies  of  the 
females,  feeds  upon  their  substance  and  destroys  them,  and 
forms  a  chrysalis  under  the  scale.  When  this  fly  matures,  it 
gnaws  a  round  hole  through  the  scale  and  escapes. 

No.  70.— The  Pear-tree  Psylla. 

Psyllapyri  Schmidb. 

During  the  middle  of  May,  when  growth  is  rapid,  the  smaller 
limbs  and  twigs  of  pear-trees  are  sometimes  observed  to  droop ; 
a  close  examination  reveals  a  copious  exudation  of  sap  from 
about  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  so  abundant  that  it  drops  upon 
the  foliage  below,  and  sometimes  runs  down  the  branches  to 
the  ground.  Flies  and  ants  gather  around  in  crowds  to  sip 

10 


146 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  PEAR. 


FIG.  161. 


the  sweets,  and  by  their  busy  bustle  draw  attention  to  the 
mischief  progressing.  With  a  magnifying  lens  the  authors 
of  the  injury  may  be  observed  immersed  in  the  sap  about  the 
axils  of  the  leaves. 

This  insect  is  known  as  the  Pear-tree  Psylla,  a  small,  yellow, 
jumping  creature,  flattened  in  form,  and  provided  with  short 
legs,  a  broad' head,  and  sharp  beak.  With  the  beak  are  made 
the  punctures  from  which  the  sap  exudes.  In  rare  instances 

they  occur  in  immense 
numbers,  when  almost 
every  leaf  on  a  tree  will 
seem  to  be  affected ;  all 
growth  is  at  once  arrested, 
and  frequently  the  tree  loses 
a  considerable  portion  of 
its  leaves.  When  in  the 
pupa  state  with  the  wings 
developing,  they  present  the  appearance  shown  in  Fig.  151 ; 
a  represents  the  under  side,  b  the  upper  side ;  the  perfect 
winged  insect  is  shown  in  Fig.  152,  all  highly  magnified. 

The  color  of  the  pupa  is 
- 152-  deep  orange-red,  the  thorax 

striped  with  black,  and  the 
abdomen  blackish  brown. 
Towards  the  end  of  the 
summer  they  attain  matu- 
rity, when  they  are  fur- 
nished with  transparent 
wings ;  the  head  is  deeply 
notched  in  front;  color  orange-yellow,  with  the  abdomen 
greenish.  Length  one-tenth  of  an  inch. 

Remedies. — Paint  the  twigs  with  a  strong  solution  of  soft- 
soap,  as  recommended  for  No.  2,  or  syringe  the  trees  with 
strong  soapsuds. 


ATTACKING    THE  BUDS.  147 

ATTACKING  THE  BUDS. 

No.  71. — The  Tarnished  Plant-bug. 

Lygus  lineolaris  (P.  Beauv.)- 

This  insect,  which  is  represented  magnified  in  Fig.  153,  is 
about  one-fifth  of  an  inch  long,  and  varies  in  color  from 
dull  dark  brown  to  a  greenish  or  dirty 
yellowish  brown,  the  males  being  gener- 
ally darker  than  the  females.     The  head 
is   yellowish,  with   three  narrow,  reddish 
stripes ;  the  beak  or  sucker  is  about  one- 
third  the  length  of  the  body,  and  when 
not  in  use  is  folded  upon  the  breast.     The 
thorax  has  a  yellow  margin  and  several 
yellowish  lines  running  lengthwise ;  behind 
the  thorax  is  a  yellow  V-like  mark,  some- 
times more  or  less  indistinct.     The  wings  are  dusky  brown, 
and  the  legs  dull  yellow. 

It  passes  the  winter  in  the  perfect  state,  taking  shelter 
among  rubbish,  or  in  other  convenient  hiding-places,  and 
early  in  May,  as  soon  as  vegetation  starts,  it  begins  its  dep- 
redations. Concealing  itself  within  the  young  leaves  of  the 
expanding  buds  of  the  pear,  it  punctures  them  about  their 
base  and  along  their  edges,  extracting  their  juices  with  its 
beak.  The  puncture  of  the  insect  seems  to  have  a  poisonous 
effect,  and  the  result  is  to  disfigure  and  sometimes  entirely 
destroy  the  young  leaves,  causing  them  to  blacken  and  wither. 
These  insects  are  also  partial  to  the  unopened  buds,  piercing 
them  from  the  outside,  and  sucking  them  nearly  dry,  when 
they  also  become  withered  and  blackened.  Sometimes  a 
whole  branch  will  be  thus  affected,  being  first  stunted,  then 
withering,  and  finally  dying.  Early  in  the  morning  these 
plant-bugs  are  in  a  sluggish  condition,  and  may  be  found 
buried  in  the  expanding  leaves,  but  as  the  day  advances 
and  the  temperature  rises  they  become  active,  and  when  ap- 


148  INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO   THE   PEAR. 

preached  dodge  quickly  about  from  place  to  place,  drop  to 
the  ground,  or  else  take  wing  and  fly  away.  In  common 
with  most  true  bugs,  they  have  when  handled  a  disagreeable 
odor.  In  the  course  of  two  or  three  weeks  they  disappear, 
or  cease  to  be  sufficiently  injurious  to  attract  attention. 

It  is  stated  that  they  deposit  their  eggs  on  the  leaves,  and 
that  later  in  the  season  the  young  and  old  bugs  may  be  found 
together.  The  young  bugs  are  green,  but  in  other  respects 
do  not  differ  from  their  parents,  except  in  lacking  wings. 
While  they  seem  particularly  partial  to  the  pear,  they  attack 
also  the  young  leaves  of  the  quince,  apple,  plum,  cherry,  and 
strawberry,  as  well  as  those  of  many  herbaceous  plants. 

Remedies. — First  of  all,  clean  culture,  so  as  to  leave  no 
shelter  for  the  bug  in  which  to  winter  over.  When  they 
appear  in  spring,  shake  them  from  the  trees  very  early  in  the 
morning,  while  they  are  in  a  torpid  state,  and  destroy  them. 

No.  72. — The  Oak  Platycerus. 

Platycerus  quercus  (Weber). 

This  is  an  insect  belonging  to  the  family  of  stag  beetles, 
which  has  occasionally  been  found  injurious  to  pear-trees  in 
Illinois  by  devouring  the  buds.     In  the  larval  state  it  feeds 
on  decaying  wood  in  old  oak  logs  and  stumps.     It  matures 
and  appears  as  a  beetle  about  the  time  that  the  buds 
of  the  pear  are  bursting,  and  continues  feeding  for 
many  days,  completely  eating  out  the  swelling  buds 
and  the  ends  of  the  new  shoots. 

It  is  a  blackish  beetle,  of  a  greenish  cast,  with 
ribbed   wing-covers,  and   nearly  half   an    inch    in 
length.     It  is  represented  in  Fig.  154.     As  this  has  hitherto 
been  comparatively  a  rare  beetle,  it  is  scarcely  likely  ever  to 
prove  generally  troublesome  to  pear-growers. 


ATTACKING   THE  FLOWERS.  149 

ATTACKING  THE  PLOWEBS, 

Ho.  73. — The  Pear-tree  Blister-beetle. 

Pomphopcea  aenea  (Say). 

This  is  a  greenish-blue  or  brassy-looking  beetle,  rather 
more  than  half  an  inch  long  (see  Fig.  155),  with  head  and 
thorax  punctated  and  somewhat  hairy,  the  wing- 
cases  roughened  and  with  two  slightly-elevated    FlG-  155- 
lines. 

These  beetles  have  been  found  injurious  to  pear- 
blossoms  both  in  Michigan  and  in  Pennsylvania. 
They  begin  their  work  by  devouring  the  corolla, 
then  the  pistil  and  calyx,  and  a  portion  of  the 
forming  fruit,  but  are  said  to  avoid  the  stamens. 
They  will  occasionally  eat  small  portions  of  the  tender  foliage, 
and  are  usually  most  abundant  on  the  tops  of  the  trees  and 
about  the  extremities  of  the  limbs.  They  also  attack  the 
blossoms  of  the  cherry,  plum,  and  quince,  but  have  not  been 
observed  on  the  apple  or  peach. 

This  pest  is  easily  controlled.'  On  jarring  the  trees  they 
drop  at  once  to  the  ground,  and  if  taken  in  the  cool  of  the 
morning  are  very  sluggish  in  their  movements.  Later  in 
the  day,  in  the  heat  of  the  sun,  they  become  much  more 
active,  and  fly  readily. 


ATTACKING  THE  LEAVES, 
No.  74. — The  Pear-tree  Leaf-miner. 

Lithocolletis  geminatella  Packard. 

The  larva  of  this  insect  mines  the  leaves  of  the  pear,  and 
also  those  of  the  apple.  It  is  very  small,  of  a  pale-reddish 
color,  with  a  black  head  and  a  black  patch  on  the  upper  part 
of  the  next  segment.  In  Fig.  156  it  is  shown  magnified.  It 


150 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS    TO    THE  PEAR. 


FIG.  158. 


usually  draws  two  leaves  together  and  fastens  them  with 
silken  fibres,  or  else  folds  one  up  and  eats  the  surface,  making 

unsightly  blotches,  which 

FIG.  156.  FIG.  157.  disfigure  and  injure  the 

leaves.  About  the  mid- 
dle of  August,  the  larva 
changes  to  a  long,  slender  chrysalis  within  this  mine  (Fig. 
157,  also  magnified).  The  moths  appear  a  few  days  after- 
wards. 

When  its  wings  are  expanded,  the  moth  (Fig.  158,  en- 
larged) measures  about  one-third  of  an  inch  across.  The 
fore  wings  are  dark  gray,  with  a  round 
blackish  spot  on  the  middle  of  the  inner 
edge  of  the  wing,  which  is  not  shown 
in  the  figure,  also  an  eye-like  spot  on 
the  outer  edge,  with  a  black  pupil. 

As  the  season  advances,  these  insects 
sometimes  become  very  abundant,  and 
towards  the  end  of  autumn  a  large  pro- 
portion of  the  leaves  of  the  pear  and  apple  trees  become 
blotched  and  disfigured  from  their  work.  Since  they  pass  the 
winter  in  the  larval  or  chrysalis  condition  in  their  leafy  en- 
closures, their  numbers  may  be  materially  reduced  by  gathering 
all  the  fallen  leaves  in  the  autumn  and  burning  them. 

No.  75. — The  Pear-tree  Slug. 
Selandria  cerasi  Peck. 

In  the  year  1790,  Prof.  Peck,  of  Massachusetts,  wrote  a 
pamphlet  entitled  "  Natural  History  of  the  Slug-worm," 
which  was  printed  in  Boston  the  same  year  by  order  of  the 
Massachusetts  Agricultural  Society  and  was  awarded  the  So- 
ciety's premium  of  fifty  dollars  and  a  gold  medal.  Although 
more  than  ninety  years  have  passed  since  that  pamphlet 
was  written,  not  much  has  been  added  in  the  interval  to  our 
knowledge  of  the  history  and  habits  of  this  insect.  In  the 
mean  time,  however,  it  has  spread  over  the  greater  portion  of 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES.  \§\ 

the  United  States  and  Canada,  injuring  more  or  less  seriously 
the  foliage  of  our  pear,  cherry,  quince,  and  plum  trees  every 
year. 

This  insect   passes  the  winter  in   the   pupa   state   under 
IT  round ;  the  flies,  the  progenitors  of  the  mischievous  brood 
of  slugs,  appearing  on  the  wing  in  the  Northern  States  and 
Canada  from  about  the  third  week  in  May  until  the  middle 
of  June.      The  fly  (Fig.  159)  is  of  a  glossy  black  color, 
with  four  transparent   ,/ings,  the  front  pair 
being  crossed   by  a  dusky  cloud ;  the  veins       Fl°-  159. 
are  brownish,  and  the  legs  dull  yellow,  with 
black  thighs,  except  the  hind  pair,  which  are 
black  at  both  extremities,  and  dull  yellow  in 
the  middle.     The   female  fly  is   more  than 
one-fifth  of  an  inch  long ;    the  male  is  somewhat  smaller. 
When  the  trees  on  which  these  flies  are  at  work  are  jarred 
or  shaken,  or  if  the  flies  are  otherwise  disturbed,  they  fall  to 
the  ground,  where,  folding  their  antennae  under  their  bodies 
and  bending  the  head  forward  and  under,  they  remain  for  a 
time  motionless. 

The  saw-flies  have  been  so  called  from  the  fact  that  in  most 
of  the  species  the  females  are  provided  with  a  saw-like  ap- 
pendage at  the  end  of  the  body,  by  which  slits  are  cut  in  the 
leaves  of  the  trees,  shrubs,  or  plants  on  which  the  larvae  feed, 
in  which  slits  the  eggs  are  deposited.  The  female  of  this 
species  begins  to  deposit  her  eggs  early  in  June;  they  are 
placed  singly  within  little  semicircular  incisions  through  the 
skin  of  the  leaf,  sometimes  on  the  under  side  and  sometimes 
on  the  upper.  In  about  a  fortnight  these  eggs  hatch. 

The  newly-hatched  slug  is  at  first  white,  but  soon  a  slimy 
matter  oozes  out  of  the  skin  and  covers  the  upper  part  of  the 
body  with  an  olive-colored  sticky  coating.  After  changing 
its  skin  four  times,  it  attains  the  length  of  half  an  inch  or  more 
(see  Fig.  160,  a),  and  is  then  nearly  full  grown.  It  is  a  dis- 
gusting-looking creature,  a  slimy,  blackish,  or  olive-brown 
slug,  with  the  anterior  part  of  its  body  so  swollen  as  to  re- 


152  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  PEAR. 

semble  somewhat  a  tadpole  in  form,  and  having  a  disagreeable 
and  sickening  odor.  The  head  is  small,  of  a  reddish  color,  and 
is  almost  entirely  concealed  under  the  front  segments.  It  is 

of  a  dull-yellowish  color  beneath,  with  twenty 
FIG.  160.  1/1  •  u 

very  short  legs,  one  pair  under  each  segment 

except  the  fourth  and  the  last.  After  the  last 
moult  it  loses  its  slimy  appearance  and  dark 
color,  and  appears  in  a  clean  yellow  skin  en- 
tirely free  from  slime ;  its  form  is  also  changed, 
being  proportionately  longer.  In  a  few  hours 
after  this  change  it  leaves  the  tree  and  crawls 
or  falls  to  the  ground,  where  it  buries  itself  to 
a  depth  of  from  one  to  three  or  four  inches. 
By  repeated  movements  of  the  body  the  earth 
is  pressed  firmly  on  all  sides,  and  an  oblong- 
oval  chamber  is  formed,  which  is  afterwards 
lined  with  a  sticky,  glossy  substance,  which 
makes  it  retain  its  shape.  Within  this  little 
earthen  cell  the  insect  changes  to  a  chrysalis,  and  in  about  a 
fortnight  finishes  its  transformations,  breaks  open  the  en- 
closure, crawls  to  the  surface  of  the  ground,  and  appears  in 
the  winged  form. 

About  the  third  week  in  July  the  flies  are  actively  engaged 
in  depositing  eggs  for  a  second  brood,  the  young  slugs  appear- 
ing early  in  August.  They  reach  maturity  in  about  four 
weeks,  then  retire  under  ground,  change  to  pupa?,  and  remain 
in  that  condition  until  the  following  spring. 

Pear  and  cherry  growers  should  be  on  the  lookout  for  this 
destructive  pest  about  the  middle  of  June,  and  again  early  in 
August,  and  if  the  young  larvae  are  then  abundant  they  should 
be  promptly  attended  to,  since  if  neglected  they  soon  play  sad 
havoc  with  the  foliage,  feeding  upon  the  upper  side  of  the 
leaves  and  consuming  the  tissues,  leaving  only  the  veins  and 
under  skin.  The  foliage,  deprived  of  its  substance,  withers 
and  becomes  dark-colored,  as  if  scorched  by  fire,  and  soon  after- 
wards it  drops  from  the  trees.  In  a  badly-infested  pear  orchard, 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES.  153 

whole  rows  of  trees  may  sometimes  be  seen  as  bare  of  foliage 
during  the  early  days  of  July  as  they  are  in  midwinter.  In 
such  instances  the  trees  are  obliged  to  throw  out  new  leaves ; 
and  this  extra  eifort  so  exhausts  their  vigor  as  to  interfere 
seriously  with  their  fruit-producing  power  the  following 
year.  Although  very  abundant  in  a  given  locality  one 
season,  these  slugs  may  be  very  scarce  the  next,  as  they  are 
liable  to  be  destroyed  in  the  interval  by  enemies  and  by 
unfavorable  climatic  influences. 

Remedies. — Hellebore  in  powder,  mixed  with  water  in  the 
proportion  of  an  ounce  to  two  gallons,  and  applied  to  the 
foliage  with  a  syringe  or  a  watering-pot,  promptly  destroys 
this  slug;  and  Paris-green,  applied  in  the  same  manner,  in 
the  proportion  of  a  teaspoonful  to  the  same  quantity  of  water, 
would  doubtless  serve  a  similar  purpose.  Fresh  air-slaked 
lime  dusted  on  the  foliage  is  said  to  be  an  efficient  remedy. 
It  has  been  recommended  to  dust  the  foliage  with  sand,  ashes, 
and  road  dust,  but  these  are  unsatisfactory  measures,  and  of 
little  value.  A  very  minute  Ichneumon  fly  is  said  to  lay 
its  eggs  within  the  eggs  of  this  saw-fly,  and  from  its  tiny  egg 
a  little  maggot  is  hatched,  which  lives  within  the  egg  of  the 
saw-fly  and  consumes  it. 

Mo.  76. — The  Green  Pear-tree  Slug. 

Another  species  of  saw-fly,  as  yet  undetermined,  also  attacks 
the  leaves  of  the  pear.  The  larvae  appear  from  about  the 
first  to  the  middle  of  June,  and  eat  holes  in  the  leaves  or  semi- 
circular portions  from  the  edge.  They  are  about  half  an  inch 
in  length,  nearly  cylindrical  in  form,  tapering  slightly  towards 
the  hinder  segments.  The  head  is  rather  small,  pale  green 
with  a  yellowish  tinge,  and  has  a  dark-brown  dot  on  each  side ; 
the  jaws  are  tipped  with  brown.  The  body  above  is  semi- 
transparent,  of  a  grass-green  color  faintly  tinged  with  yellow, 
the  yellow  most  apparent  on  the  posterior  segments ;  there  is 
a  line  down  the  back  of  a  slightly  deeper  shade  of  green,  and 
one  along  each  side,  close  to  the  under  surface,  of  a  paler  hue. 


154  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   PEAR. 

The  under  side  is  similar  to  the  upper ;  feet  whitish  green, 
semi-transparent. 

About  the  middle  of  June  this  larva  seeks  some  suitable 
hiding-place,  such  as  a  crevice  in  the  bark  of  the  tree,  or 
other  shelter,  and  there  makes  and  fastens  firmly  a  small, 
brownish,  papery-looking  cocoon,  in  which  it  undergoes  its 
transformations  and  remains  until  the  following  spring,  when 
the  perfect  fly  appears. 

The  fly  bears  a  general  resemblance  to  that  of  the  pear-tree 
slug,  but  is  smaller. 

The  remedies  applicable  to  the  pear-tree  slug  would  serve 
equally  well  in  this  instance;  but  these  insects  are  seldom 
found  in  sufficient  abundance  to  require  a  remedy. 

No,  77. — The  Goldsmith-beetle. 

Cotalpa  lanigera  (Linn.). 

This  is,  without  doubt,  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  all  our 

leaf-eating  beetles.     It  is  nearly  an  inch  in  length  (see  Fig. 

161),  of  a  broad,  oval  form,  with  the  wing-cases  of  a  rich 

yellow  color  and  pale  metallic  lustre,  while  the 

T7i_  _     -I  />i  •/  Jr  f 

top  of  the  head  and  the  thorax  gleam  with 
burnished  gold  of  a  brilliant  reddish  cast.  The 
under  surface  has  a  polished  coppery  hue,  and 
is  thickly  covered  with  whitish,  woolly  hairs : 
this  latter  characteristic  has  suggested  its  spe 
cific  name,  lanigera,  or  wool-bearer. 

This  insect  appears  late  in  May  and  during 
the  month  of  June,  and  is  distributed  over  a 
very  wide  area,  being  found  in  most  of  the  Northern  United 
States  and  in  Canada ;  and,  although  seldom  very  abundant, 
rarely  does  a  season  pass  without  some  of  them  being  seen. 
During  the  day  they  are  inactive,  and  may  be  found  clinging 
to  the  under  side  of  the  leaves  of  trees,  often  drawing  together 
two  or  three  leaves  and  holding  them  with  their  sharp  claws 
for  the  purpose  of  concealing  themselves.  At  dusk  they  issue 
from  their  hiding-places  and  fly  about  with  a  buzzing  sound 


ATTACKING   THE  LEAVES.  155 

among  the  branches  of  trees,  the  tender  leaves  of  which  they 
devour.  The  pear,  oak,  poplar,  hickory,  silver  abele,  and 
sweet-gum  all  suffer  more  or  less  from  their  attacks.  Like 
the  common  May-bug,  this  beautiful  creature  is  attracted  by 
light,  and  often  flies  into  lighted  rooms  on  summer  even- 
ings, dashing  against  everything  it  meets  with,  to  the  great 
alarm  of  nervous  inmates.  In  some  seasons  they  are  com- 
paratively common,  and  may  then  be  readily  captured  by 
shaking  the  trees  on  which  they  are  lodged,  in  the  daytime, 
when  they  do  not  attempt  to  fly,  but  fall  at  once  to  the 
ground. 

The  beetle  is  short-lived.  The  female  deposits  her  eggs 
in  the  ground  at  varying  depths  during  the  latter  part  of 
June,  and,  having  thus  provided  for  the  continuance  of  her 
species,  dies.  The  lives  of  the  males  are  of  still  shorter 
duration.  The  eggs  are  laid  during  the  night,  the  whole 
number  probably  not  exceeding  twenty;  they  are  very  large 
for  the  size  of  the  beetle,  being  nearly  one-tenth  of  an  inch 
in  length,  of  a  long,  ovoid  form,  and  a  white,  translucent 
appearance. 

In  about  three  weeks  the  young  larva  is  hatched  ;  it  is  of  a 
dull-white  color,  with  a  polished,  horny  head  of  a  yellowish 
brown,  feet  of  the  same  hue,  and  the  extremity 
of  the  abdomen  lead-color.  The  mature  larva  FlG;  162- 
(Fig.  162)  is  a  thick,  whitish,  fleshy  grub,  very 
similar  in  appearance  to  that  of  the  May-bug, 
which  is  familiarly  known  as  "  the  white  grub." 
It  lives  in  the  ground  and  feeds  on  the  roots  \ 
of  plants,  and  is  tlws  sometimes  very  destruc- 
tive to  strawberry-plants.  It  is  said  that  the 
larva  is  three  years  in  reaching  its  full  growth ;  finally,  it 
matures  in  the  autumn,  and  late  the  same  season  or  early  in 
the  following  spring  changes  to  a  beetle. 


156  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   PEAR. 

No.  78. — The  Iridescent  Serica. 

Serica  iricolor  Say. 

This  beetle  is  said  to  have  proved  very  injurious  to  pear- 
trees  in  New  Jersey  by  devouring  the  leaves.  It  is  of  an 
oval  form,  about  one-fifth  of  an  inch  long,  of  a  dull  bluish- 
black  color,  and  clothed  with  long,  fine,  silky  hairs,  especially 
on  the  thorax ;  it  is  represented  in  Fig.  163. 
^is  msect  nas  the  same  habit  of  dropping  to  the 
ground  when  the  trees  are  jarred  or  shaken  as  the 
goldsmith-beetle  (No.  77),  and  if  it  proves  at  any 
time  troublesome  it  may  be  collected  in  this  way  and 
destroyed.  It  is  not  known  how  or  where  the  larva  of  this 
species  lives,  but  it  probably  dwells  under  ground  and  feeds 
on  the  roots  of  plants. 

No.  79. — The  Pear-tree  Aphis. 

An  undetermined  species  of  aphis  sometimes  attacks  the 
leaves  of  the  pear-tree  early  in  June,  causing  them  to  twist 
and  curl  up  very  much.  In  the  pupa  state  these  insects  are 
active,  with  the  wings  partly  developed.  They  are  then 
green,  with  a  row  of  brownish  dots  along  the  back,  which 
are.  smaller  on  the  anterior  segments  and  larger  on  the  middle 
ones  ;  there  are  also  some  streaks  of  the  same  color  along 
each  side.  The  wings  are  enclosed  in  cases  on  Jhe  sides 
about  half  the  length  of  the  body  ;  body  plump  ;  honey-tubes 
pale  whitish,  tipped  with  black ;  feet  pale  whitish.  All  the 
specimens  seen  at  this  time  have  partly *or  fully  developed 
wings. 

In  the  perfect  winged  specimens  the  head  is  black ;  thorax 
black  above,  greenish  below ;  body  brownish  black  above, 
green  on  the  sides  and  beneath,  with  a  few  blackish  dots ; 
antennae  brownish  black.  When  the  insect  escapes  from  the 
pupa  state,  the  empty  pupa  skin  is  left  Attached  to  the  under 
surface  of  the  curled  leaves. 


ATTACKING   THE  LEAVES.  157 

The  remedies  recommended  for  the  apple-tree  aphis  (No. 
57)  will  be  serviceable  for  this  insect  also. 

No,  80. — Grasshoppers,  or  Locusts. 

In  addition  to  the  insects  already  treated  of,  several  species 
of  grasshoppers,  or,  more  correctly,  locusts,  attack  the  leaves 
of  the  pear,  and,  when  abundant,  will  often  entirely  strip 
young  trees  of  their  foliage.  In  Fig.  164  we  have  a  repre- 
sentation of  the  red-legged  locust,  Caloptenus  femur-rubrum 
(De  Geer),  one  of  our  commonest  species,  which  is  abundant 
everywhere,  from  Maine  to  Minnesota,  throughout  the  greater 
portion  of  Canada,  and  from  Pennsylvania  to  Kansas.  In 
Fig.  165  is  shown  the  noted  Rocky  Mountain  locust,  Galop- 

FIG.  164.      v  FIG.  165. 


tenus  spretus  Thomas,  which  has  proved  so  terribly  destructive 
in  the  West  and  Northwest.  Although  much  resembling  the 
red-legged  locust  in  size  and  general  appearance,  the  wings 
are  longer,  and  there  are  other  points  of  difference  which 
enable  the  entomologist  readily  to  separate  the  species.  Those, 
however,  need  not  be  enumerated  here.  In  Fig.  166  the 
females  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  locust  are  depicted  at  a,  a,  a, 
in  the  act  of  depositing  their  eggs.  These  eggs  are  laid  in 
the  ground  in  masses,  in  which  the  eggs  are  carefully  arranged, 
and  the  whole  coated  with  a  gummy  covering.  I^the  lower 
part  of  the  figure  one  of  the  egg-masses  is  shown  with  one 
end  open,  others  in  position  at  d  and  e,  and  the  eggs  separated 
at  c;  /shows  where  an  egg-mass  has  been  deposited  and  the 
aperture  closed. 

In  Fig.  167  another  common  species  is  represented, — at  a 
in  the  immature  or  larval  state,  at  6  in  the  mature  or  perfect 
condition.  This  insect  is  known  under  the  name  of  the  green- 


158 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  PEAR. 


faced  locust,  Tragocephala  viridifasMa  (De  Geer).     There 
are   many  other  species   which  might  be  referred   to,   but 


FIG.  166. 


these  will  suffice  to  illustrate  the  family,  all  the  members  of 
which  are  destructive,  especially  during  the  latter  part  of  the 
summer. 

When  young  trees  are  deprived  of  their  leaves  in  the  midst 
of  their  growth,  they  fail  to  ripen  their  wood  properly,  and 
their  vitality  is  weakened  so  that  they  are  more  liable  to 

FIG.  167. 


injury  from  winter,  and  also  more  prone  to  disease.  Grass- 
hoppers do  not  confine  their  attacks  to  the  pear,  but  devour 
also  the  leaves  of  young  apple,  plum,  and  other  trees. 

To  destroy  these  pests,  the  trees,  when  not  fruiting,  may 
be  syringed  with  Paris-green  and  water  in  the  proportion  of 
two  teaspoonfuls  of  the  poison  to  two  gallons  of  water. 


ATTACKING   THE  FRUIT.  159 

ATTACKING  THE  PRTJIT, 
No.  81. — The  Indian  Cetonia. 

Euphoria  Inda  (Linn.). 

This  is  one  of  the  earliest  insect  visitors  in  spring,  appear- 
ing towards  the  end  of  April  or  in  the  beginning  of  May, 
when  it  flies  about  in  dry  fields  on  the  borders  of  woods  on 
sunny  days,  making  a  loud  buzzing  sound  like  a  bee.  It  is 
little  more  than  half  an  inch  in  length  (see  Fig.  168),  and 
has  a  broad  body,  obtuse  behind.  The  head  and 
thorax  are  of  a  blackish  copper-brown,  thickly  - 
covered  with  short,  greenish-yellow  hairs.  The 
wing-cases  are  light  yellowish  brown,  with  a  num- 
ber of  irregular  black  spots.  The  under  side  of  the 
body  is  black  and  very  hairy;  the  legs  are  dull 
red.  A  variety  of  this  species  is  occasionally  met 
with  entirely  black. 

The  early  brood  are  fond  of  sucking  the  sweet  sap  which 
exudes  from  wounded  trees  or  freshly-cut  stumps ;  in  Septem- 
ber a  second  brood  appear,  and  these  injure  fruits,  burrowing 
into  ripe  pears  almost  to  their  middle,  revelling  on  their 
sweets,  and  inducing  rapid  decay.  They  also  attack  peaches 
and  grapes. 

Nothing  has  yet  been  recorded  in  reference  to  the  larval 
history  of  this  species.  It  is  probable  that  the  late  brood  of 
beetles  hibernate,  passing  the  winter  in  a  torpid  state,  hidden 
in  sheltered  places,  and  awakening  with  the  return  of  spring, 
when  they  issue  from  their  retreats,  after  which,  having 
deposited  eggs  for  another  brood,  they  die. 

The  only  remedy  suggested  for  these  insects  is  to  catch  and 
destroy  them.  They  are  seldom  very  abundant. 


160  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  PEAR 

No.  82. — The  Melancholy  Cetonia. 

Euphoria  melancholica  (Gory). 

This  insect  belongs  to  the  same  genus  as  the  Indian  Cetonia 
(No.  81),  and  is  very  similar  to  it  in  appearance  and  habits, 

but  is  somewhat  smaller.     (See  Fig.  169.) 
IG.  169.        rp^jg  keetie  nag  a]go  |3een  foun(j  eating  into  ripe 

pears,  and  occasionally  apples.  It  is  found  in  the 
South  in  cotton-bolls,  in  the  holes  left  by  the  boll- 
worm.  It  appears  to  frequent  the  bolls  for  the 
purpose  of  consuming  the  exuding  sap. 


SUPPLEMENTARY   LIST  OF  INJURIOUS  INSECTS  WHICH 
AFFECT  THE  PEAE, 

ATTACKING   THE   ROOT. 

The  broad-necked  Prionus,  No.  122,  is  occasionally  very 
destructive  to  the  roots  of  the  pear. 

ATTACKING   THE   TRUNK. 

The  round-headed  apple-tree-borer,  No.  2,  and  the  flat- 
headed  apple-tree  borer,  No.  3,  both  injure  the  pear,  and  are 
often  found  under  the  bark,  especially  about  the  base  of  the 
trunk. 

ATTACKING   THE    BRANCHES. 

The  apple-twig  borer,  No.  13  ;  the  oyster-shell  bark-louse, 
No.  16;  the  scurfy  bark-louse,  No.  17  ;  and  the  New  York 
weevil,  No.  100,  all  affect  the  branches  of  the  pear-tree. 

ATTACKING   THE   LEAVES. 

Many  of  the  insects  which  devour  the  leaves  of  other 
fruit-trees  feed  also  on  those  of  the  pear,  such  as  the  white- 
marked  tussock-moth,  No.  22;  the  red-humped  apple-tree 


SUPPLEMENTARY  LIST. 


caterpillar,  No.  24  ;  the  fall  web-  worm,  No.  27  ;  the  Cecropia 
emperor-moth,  No.  28;  the  oblique-banded  leaf-roller,  No. 
35;  the  eye-spotted  bud-moth,  No.  38;  the  blue-spangled 
peach-tree  caterpillar,  No.  102;  and  the  basket-worm,  or 
bag-worm,  No.  120. 


ATTACKING  THE  FRUIT. 


The  codling  moth,  No.  58,  so  destructive  to  the  fruit  of  the 
apple,  is  almost  equally  injurious  to  that  of  the  pear.  The 
plum  curculio,  No.  94,  and  the  quince  curculio,  No.  121,  also 
affect  this  fruit. 


11 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  PLUM. 

ATTACKING^  THE  LEAVES, 
No.  83. — The  Plum-tree  Sphinx. 

Sphinx  drupiferarum  (Sm.  &  Abb.). 

The  moths  belonging  to  the  family  known  as  Sphinx  moths 
are  peculiar  in  their  form  and  habits.  Their  bodies  are  robust, 
and  their  wings  are  usually  long  and  narrow  and  possess  great 
strength  and  capacity  for  rapid  flight.  On  the  wing  they 
much  resemble  humming-birds,  and  hence  are  frequently  called 

FIG.  170. 


humming-bird  moths.  Most  of  the  species  remain  torpid 
during  the  day,  but  become  active  about  dusk,  when  they 
may  be  seen  poising  in  the  air  over  some  flower,  with  their 
wings  rapidly  vibrating,  and  producing  a  humming  sound. 

The  plum  sphinx  is  a  handsome  insect,  and  is  well  repre- 
sented in  Fig.  170.     It  appears  as  a  moth  during  the  month 
of  June ;  its  body  is  about  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  and  its 
162 


ATTACKING   THE  LEAVES.  163 

wings  expand  from  three  and  a  half  to  four  inches.  The 
wings  are  of  a  purplish-brown  color,  the  anterior  pair  having 
a  stripe  of  white  on  their  front  edge,  and  one  of  a  fawn  color 
on  their  outer  edge ;  there  are  also  three  or  four  oblique  black 
streaks,  and  a  black  dot  on  the  white  stripe.  The  hind  wings 
have  two  whitish,  wavy  stripes,  with  a  fawn-colored  stripe 
also  on  their  outer  edge.  The  head  and  thorax  are  blackish 
brown,  with  a  whitish-fawn  color  at  the  sides ;  the  eyes  are 
very  prominent,  and  the  snout-like  projection  in  front  consists 
of  the  two  palpi  or  feelers,  within  which  lies  the  proboscis  or 
tongue,  snugly  coiled  up  between  then*  like  the  mainspring 
of  a  watch ;  in  the  figure  this  proboscis  is  shown  partly  ex- 
tended. When  stretched  to  its  full  length,  it  is  as  long  as  the 
body,  and  is  used  by  the  insect  in  extracting  honey  from 
flowers.  The  body  is  brown,  with  a  central  line  and  a  baud 
on  either  side  of  black,  the  latter  containing  four  or  five  dingy- 
white  spots. 

The  moth  deposits  her  eggs  singly  on  the  leaves  of  the 
plum.  The  egg  is  about  one-fifteenth  of  an  inch  long,  slightly 
oval,  with  a  smooth  surface,  and  of  a  pale  yellowish-green 
color.  It  hatches  in  from  six  to  eight  days,  when  the  young 
larva  eats  its  way  out  through  the  side  of  the  egg;  its  first 
meal  is  usually  made  from  the  egg-shell,  which  it  partly  or 
wholly  devours. 

The  newly-hatched  larva  is  one-fourth  of  an  inch  long,  of  a 
pale  yellowish-green  color,  with  a  few  slightly-elevated  whitish 
tubercles  on  every  segment,  from  each  of  which  arises  a  single 
fine  short  hair;  the  caudal  horn  is  black.  The  full-grown 
caterpillar  is  about  three  and  a  half  inches  long  (see  Fig.  171), 
of  a  beautiful  apple-green  color,  with  a  lateral  dark-brown  or 
blackish  stripe.  On  each  side  of  the  body  there  are  seven 
broad  oblique  white  bands,  bordered  in  front  with  light 
purple  or  mauve;  the  stigmata  or  breathing-pores,  which  are 
ranged  along  each  side  of  the  body,  are  of  a  bright  orange- 
yellow.  The  caudal  horn  is  long,  dark  brown,  with  a  yel- 
lowish tint  about  the  base  at  the  sides.  After  satisfying  its 


164 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   PLUM. 


rapacious  appetite,  this  larva  often  assumes  for  a  time  the 
peculiar  rigid  appearance  shown  in  the  cut.  Though  pre- 
senting a  formidable  aspect,  it  is  perfectly  harmless,  and  may 


FIG.  171. 


FIG.  172. 


be  handled  with  impunity;  it  may  be  found  on  the  trees  from 
the  middle  of  July  to  the  end  of  August. 

When  mature,  the  caterpillar  descends  to  the  ground,  and, 
having  buried  itself  under  the  surface  to  the  depth  of  several 
inches,  prepares  a  convenient  chamber,  which  it  lines  with  a 
gummy,  water-proof  cement,  and  there  changes  to  a  chrysalis, 
as  shown  in  Fig.  172,  which  is  about  an  inch  and  a  half  long, 

of  a  dark  reddish -brown 
color,  with  a  short,  thick, 
projecting  tongue-case.  The 
insect  remains  in  the  ground 
in  this  condition  until  the 
following  June ;  indeed,  oc- 
casionally specimens  have  been  known  to  remain  in  this  torpid 
state  until  the  spring  of  the  second  year  following. 

The  ravages  of  the  plum-tree  sphinx  are  never  very  ex- 
tensive, yet  it  appears  at  times  in  some  localities  in  sufficient 
numbers  to  cause  annoyance.  The  denuded  twigs  promptly 
attract  the  attention  of  the  vigilant  fruit-grower,  who  will 
soon  search  out  and  exterminate  the  destroyer. 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES.  165 

No.  84. — The  Gray  Dagger-moth. 

Apatela  occidentalis  (G.  &  R.). 

This  is  a  pretty,  pale,  silvery-gray  moth,  the  first  brood  of 
which  appear  on  the  wing  late  in  May  or  early  in  June.     It 
is  shown  in  Fig.  173.     The  fore  wings  are  pale  gray,  with 
various  black  lines  or  markings, 
the    principal   one   being   in    the 
form  of  an  irregular  cross,  bearing 
a  resemblance  to  the  Greek  letter 
'F  placed  sideways;   this  is  situ- 
ated about  the  middle  of  the  fore 
wing,  towards  the  outer  edge.     A 

second  smaller  mark  of  the  same  character  is  found  between 
this  and  the  tip  of  the  wing ;  a  black  line  proceeds  from  the 
base  of  the  wing  and  extends  to  near  the  middle.  The  hind 
wings  are  dark  glossy  gray ;  the  edges  of  both  pairs  have  a 
whitish  fringe,  with  an  inner  border  of  black  spots;  the  body 
is  gray.  The  wings,  when  expanded,  measure  from  an  inch 
and  a  half  to  two  inches  across. 

The  moths  deposit  their  eggs  singly  on  the  leaves  of  plum, 
cherry,  and  apple  trees,  and  the  caterpillar  becomes  full 
grown  during  the  first  or  second  week  in  July.  It  is  then 
about  an  inch  and  a  half  long.  Its  head  is  rather  large, 
flat  in  front,  black,  with  yellowish  dofe  at  the  sides.  The 
body  is  bluish  gray  above,  with  a  wide  slate-colored  band 
down  the  back,  in  which  is  a  central  pale-orange  line  from 
the  second  to  the  fifth  segment.  From  the  fifth  to  the 
eleventh,  inclusive,  each  segment  is  ornamented  with  a  beau- 
tiful group  of  spots,  placed  in  the  dorsal  band,  two  of  them 
bright  orange,  one  in  front  and  one  behind,  and  one  of  a 
greenish  metallic  hue  on  each  side,  each  group  being  set  in  a 
nearly  circular  patch  of  velvety  black.  There  are  two  cream- 
colored  stripes  on  the  sides,  which  become  indistinct  towards 
each  extremity,  and  into  which  there  extends  from  each  of  the 
black  dorsal  patches  a  short,  black,  curved  line,  having  behind 


166  INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO    THE  PLUM. 

its  base  a  yellowish  dot ;  the  sides  are  marked  with  dull  ochrey 
spots,  and  on  the  top  of  the  twelfth  segment  there  is  a  promi- 
nent black  hump.  The  body  is  sparingly  covered  with  whitish 
hairs,  which  are  distributed  chiefly  along  the  sides.  The  under 
surface  is  of  a  dull-greenish  color ;  the  feet  are  black. 

When  full  grown,  this  larva  spins  a  slight  cocoon  in  some 
sheltered  spot,  and  there  changes  to  a  chrysalis,  about  seven- 
tenths  of  an  inch  long,  of  a  reddish-brown  color,  with  a  pol- 
ished surface.  From  these  the  second  brood  of  moths  appear 
late  in  July,  and  shortly  after  eggs  are  again  deposited,  from 
which  the  later  brood  of  larvae  mature  about  the  middle  of 
September,  which  then  become  chrysalids,  and  produce  moths 
the  following  spring. 

This  insect  seldom  occurs  in  sufficient  numbers  to  prove 
very  destructive;  should  it  ever  do  so,  it  may  be  readily 
destroyed  by  syringing  the  trees  with  powdered  hellebore  or 
Paris-green  mixed  with  water,  as  recommended  for  the  pear- 
tree  slug  (No.  75).  The  larvae  are  often  captured  under  the 
bands  set  as  traps  for  the  Iarva3  of  the  codling  moth. 

No.  85.— The  Mottled  Plum-tree  Moth. 

Apatela  super ans  (Guen.). 

The  caterpillar  of  this  moth  also  feeds  on  the  leaves  of  the 
plum,  and,  like  that  last  described,  is  solitary  in  its  habits.  It 
appears  about  the  middle  of  June.  It  is  a  green  caterpillar, 
about  an  inch  long,  with  its  body  seeming  as  if  laterally  com- 
pressed, making  it  appear  higher  than  it  is  wide.  There  is  a 

broad  chestnut-colored  stripe  along  the  back, 
FIG.  174.  •     j     vo.      11      •  i 

margined  with  yellowish,  and  on  every  seg- 
ment there  are  several  shining  tubercles,  each 
giving  rise  to  one  or  more  blackish  hairs; 
there  are  also  a  few  whitish  hairs  along  the 

sides  of  the  body.    Fig.  1 74  represents  a  partly-grown  specimen 

of  this  or  a  very  closely  allied  species. 

About  the  middle  of  July  the  moth  (Fig.  175)  escapes 

from  the  cocoon.     The  thorax  and  abdomen  are  gray,  dotted 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


167 


FIQ.  175. 


with  black  points;  fore  wings  gray,  with  black  or  brownish- 
black  markings;  hind  wings  brownish  gray.  When  ex- 
panded, the  wings  measure 
about  an  inch  and  a  half 
across. 

This  species  is  double- 
brooded.  The  moths  that 
appear  in  July  deposit  eggs 
from  which  hatch  larvae  which 

w 

reach  maturity  in  September, 

enter  the  chrysalis  state,  and  remain  in  this  condition  until 
the  following  spring.  An  Ichneumon  fly  attacks  this  species 
and  destroys  many  of  them.  They  are  seldom  numerous, 
and  never  likely  to  prove  very  troublesome. 


Fio.  176. 


Xo.  86, — The  Horned  Span-worm. 

Nematocampa  filamentaria  Guen. 

This  singular-looking  caterpillar  is  frequently  found  on 
plum-trees,  devouring  the  leaves ;  it  is  also  found  on  maple, 
oak,  and  probably  other  trees,  and  on  strawberry- vines.  It 
is  about  seven-tenths  of  an  inch  long  (see  Fig.  176),  of  a 
grayish  color,  with  dusky  and  blackish 
streaks.  On  the  hinder  part  of  the  fifth 
segment  are  two  long,  curved,  fleshy  horns 
extending  forward,  and  on  the  sixth  segment 
there  is  a  similar  pair  curving  backwards. 
The  head  is  spotted  with  brown.  There  are 
two  short  brown  tubercles  on  the  posterior 
part  of  the  fourth  segment,  and  two  small 
gray  warts  on  each  of  the  segments  behind,  those  on  the 
eleventh  being  most  prominent.  It  may  be  found  during  the 
first  half  of  June,  and  sometimes  later.  During  the  latter 
part  of  the  month  it  constructs  a  slight  cocoon  composed 
of  pieces  of  leaves  fastened  together  with  silken  threads,  and 
within  this  enclosure  changes  to  a  reddish-gray  or  pale-brown 


168 


INSECTS   INJURIOUS   TO    THE   PLUM. 


FIG.  177. 


chrysalis,  in  which  state  it  continues  about  ten  days,  when  the 
perfect  insect  escapes. 

This  is  a  small  moth  (Fig.  177),  which  measures,  when  its 
wings  are  spread,  from  three-quarters  of  an  inch  to  an  inch 
across.     It  is  of  a  pale  ochreous  color,  with 
reddish-brown  lines  and  dots,  a  ring  on  the 
discal  space,  and  just  beyond  it  a  dark,  lead- 
colored  band,  which  becomes  an  almost  square 
patch   on  the  inner  angle  and  is  continuous 
with  a  broad  band  of  the  same  color  on  the 
The  moths  are  on  the  wing  in  July  and  early 
This    is   never    likely    to   become   a    very    in- 
jurious insect,  but,  from  its  unique  appearance,  it  will  always 
attract  attention. 


hind  wings, 
in  August. 


No.  87, — The  Disippus  Butterfly. 

Limenitis  disippus  Godt. 

This  is  one  of  our  common  butterflies,  the  larva  of  which 
is  occasionally  found  feeding  on  the  leaves  of  plum-trees. 


FIG.  178. 


The  wings  of  the  butterfly  are  of  a  warm  orange-red  color, 
with  heavy  black  veins,  and  a  black  border  with  white  spots. 
In  Fig.  178  the  left  wings  represent  the  upper  surface,  while 
those  of  the  right,  which  are  slightly  detached  from  the  body, 
show  the  under  side.  It  appears  on  the  wing  during  the 


ATTACKING  THE  LEAVES. 


169 


latter  half  of  June  and  in  July,  and  deposits  its  eggs,  some- 
times on  the  plum,  but  more  frequently  on  the  willow  and 
poplar. 

The  egg  is  less  than  one-twenty-fifth  of  an  inch  in  length, 
globular  in  form,  and  beautifully  reticulated,  as  shown  in  Fig. 

FIG.  179. 


179,  where  a  represents  the  egg  highly  magnified.  It  is  cov- 
ered with  short,  transparent,  hair-like  spines.  One  of  the 
hexagonal  indentations,  with  its  projecting  filaments,  is  shown, 
much  enlarged,  at  d.  At  first  it  is  pale  yellow,  but  as  the 


Fia.  180. 


larva  within  develops  it  becomes  pale  gray ;  the  egg  is  gen- 
erally laid  on  the  under  side  of  a  leaf,  near  the  tip,  as  seen 
at  c  in  the  figure.  In  a  few  days  it  hatches,  and  in  about  a 
month  the  larva  attains  its  full  growth,  when  it  presents  the 
appearance  shown  in  Fig.  180,  at  a. 

It  is  about  an  inch  and  a  half  in  length ;  the  head  is  pale 


170  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  PLUM. 

green,  with  two  dull-white  lines  down  the  front,  roughened 
with  a  number  of  small  green  and  greenish-white  tubercles, 
and  tipped  with  two  of  a  green  color.  The  body  above  is 
a  rich  dark  green,  with  patches  and  streaks  of  creamy  white ; 
the  second  segment  is  smaller  than  the  head,  and  its  surface 
covered  with  many  whitish  tubercles ;  the  third,  dull  whitish 
green,  raised  considerably  above  the  second,  with  a  flat  ridge, 
having  a  long,  brownish  horn  on  each  side,  which  is  thickly 
covered  with  very  short  spines.  The  fourth  segment  is  similar 
in  size  to  the  third,  with  the  same  sort  of  ridge  above,  and  a 
small  tubercle  on  each  side,  tipped  with  a  cluster  of  short, 
whitish  spines.  On  each  segment  behind  these  there  are  two 
tubercles  emitting  clusters  of  whitish  spines,  those  on  the  sixth 
and  twelfth  being  much  larger  than  the  others,  while  on  each 
segment  behind  the  fourth,  except  the  ninth,  there  are  sev- 
eral smaller  tubercles  of  a  blue  color.  There  are  two  large 
patches  of  white  on  the  upper  part  of  the  body,  and  a  band 
of  the  same  color  along  each  side. 

When  about  to  change  to  a  chrysalis,  the  caterpillar  suspends 
itself,  head  downwards,  and,  shedding  its  skin,  appears  as  at  6, 
Fig.  180,  and  in  about  ten  or  twelve  days  the  butterfly  escapes. 
There  are  two  broods  of  this  insect  during  the  year.  The 
larvae  from  the  eggs  deposited  by  the  second  brood  of  butter- 
flies hibernate  when  less  than  half  grown,  and  complete  their 
growth  the  following  spring.  They  construct  from  part  of 

the  leaf  a  curious  little  case, 
FlG-  18Lv  shown  at  c,  in  Fig.  180,  which, 

I*  j  being  firmly  fastened  to  the 
*  branch  by  silken  threads, 
serves  during  the  winter 
mouths  as  a  shelter  and  a 
hiding-place.  There  are  sev- 
eral parasites  which  reduce 
the  numbers  of  this  insect; 
one  is  a  tiny,  four-winged  fly,  which  infests  the  eggs  (Tri- 
chogramma  minuta  Riley  Fig.  181,  where  a  represents  the  fly; 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


171 


5,  c,  its  fringed  wings;  d,  one  of  its  legs,  and  e,  one  of  its 
antennae).  Another  parasite  is  a  small,  black,  four-winged 
fly,  and  a  third  a  larger  two  winged-fly ;  the  two  latter  attack 
the  insect  in  its  caterpillar  state. 

No.  88.— The  Polyphemus  Moth. 

Telea polyphemus  (Linn.). 

The  caterpillar  of  this  insect,  which  is  often  found  feeding 
on  the  leaves  of  plum-trees,  is  also  known  as  the  American 
silk- worm,  in  consequence  of  its  having  been  extensively 
reared  for  the  sake  of  its  silk.  When  full  grown,  the  larva 
presents  the  appearance  shown  in  Fig.  182,  and  is  over  three 


FIG.  182. 


inches  in  length,  with  a  very  thick  body.  It  is  of  a  handsome 
light  yellowish-green  color,  with  seven  oblique  pale-yellow- 
ish lines  on  each  side  of  the  body ;  the  segments,  which  have 
the  spaces  between  them  deeply  indented,  are  each  adorned 
with  six  tubercles,  which  are  sometimes  tinted  with  orange, 
have  a  small  silvery  spot  on  the  middle,  and  a  few  hairs 
arising  from  each.  The  head  and  anterior  feet  are  pale 
brown,  the  spiracles  pale  orange,  and  the  terminal  segment 
bordered  by  an  angular  band  resembling  the  letter  V,  of  a 
purplish-brown  color. 


172 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE   PLUM. 


FIG.  184. 


When  mature,  the  caterpillar  proceeds  to  spin  its  cocoon 

within     an     enclosure 
.  183.  usually     formed      by 

drawing  together  some 
of  the  leaves  of  the 
tree  it  has  fed  upon, 
some  of  which  are 
firmly  fastened  to  the 
exterior  of  the  struc- 
ture. The  cocoon  (Fig. 
183)  is  a  tough,  pod-like  enclosure,  nearly  oval  in  form,  and 
of  a  brownish-white  color,  and  within  it  the  larva  changes  to 

an  oval  chrysalis,  of  a  chestnut- 
brown  color,  represented  in  Fig. 
184.  Usually,  the  cocoons  drop 
to  the  ground  with  the  fall  of  the 
leaves,  remaining  there  during 
the  winter. 

Late  in  May  or  early  in  June 
the  prisoner  escapes  from  its  cell 

as  a  large  and  most  beautiful  moth,  the  male  of  which  is 
shown  in  Fig.  185,  the  female  in  Fig.  186.  The  antenna  are 
feathered  in  both  sexes,  but  more  widely  so  in  the  male  than 
in  the  female.  The  wings,  which  measure,  when  expanded, 
from  five  to  six  inches  across,  are  of  a  rich  buff  or  ochre- 
yellow  color,  sometimes  inclining  to  a  pale-gray  or  cream 
color,  and  sometimes  assuming  a  deeper,  almost  brown  shade. 
Towards  the  base  of  the  wings  they  are  crossed  by  an  ir- 
regular pale-white  band,  margined  with  red ;  near  the  outer 
margin  is  a  stripe  of  pale  purplish  white,  bordered  within  by 
one  of  deep,  rich  brown,  and  about  the  middle  of  each  wing 
is  a  transparent  eye-like  spot,  with  a  slender  line  across  its 
centre;  those  on  the  front  wings  are  largest,  nearly  round, 
margined  with  yellow,  and  edged  outside  with  black.  On 
the  hinder  wings  the  spots  are  more  eye-like  in  shape,  are 
bordered  with  yellow,  with  a  line  of  black  edged  with  blue 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


173 


above,  and  the  whole  set  in  a  large  oval  patch  of  rich  brown- 
ish black,  the  widest  portion  of  it  being  above  the  eye-spot, 


where  it  is  sprinkled  also  with  bluish  atoms.    The  front  edge 
of  the  fore  wings  is  gray.     This  lovely  creature  flies  only  at 


174 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE  PLUM. 


night,  and,  when  on  the  wing,  is  of  such  a  size  that  it  is  often 
mistaken  for  a  bat.     Within  a  few  days  the  female  deposits 


her  eggs,  gluing  them  singly  to  the  under  side  of  the  leaves, 
usually  only  one  on  a  leaf,  but  occasionally  two  or  even  three 
may  be  found  on  the  same  leaf. 


ATTACKING   THE  LEAVES.  175 

The  egg  is  about  one-tenth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  slightly 
convex  above  and  below,  the  convex  portions  whitish,  and  the 
nearly  cylindrical  sides  brown.  Each  female  will  lay  from 
two  to  three  hundred  eggs,  which  hatch  in  ten  or  twelve 
days. 

Remedies. — This  insect  is  subject  to  the  attack  of  many  foes, 
particularly  while  in  the  larval  state.  A  large  number  fall  a 
prey  to  insectivorous  birds,  and  they  also  have  insect  enemies. 
An  Ichneumon  fly,  Ophion  macrurum,  the  same  as  that 
which  preys  on  the  Cecropia  emperor  moth,  No.  28  (see  Fig. 
73),  is  a  special  and  dangerous  foe.  This  active  creature 
may  often  be  seen  in  summer  on  the  wing,  searching  among 
the  leaves  of  shrubs  and  trees  for  her  prey.  When  found, 
she  watches  her  opportunity,  and  places  quickly  upon  the 
skin  of  her  victim  a  small  oval  white  egg,  securely  fastened 
by  a  small  quantity  of  a  glutinous  substance  attached  to  it. 
This  is  repeated  until  several  eggs  are  placed,  which  in  a  few 
days  hatch,  when  the  tiny  worms  attach  themselves  to  the 
skin  of  the  caterpillar  and  feed  on  the  juices  of  their  vic- 
tim. The  polyphemus  caterpillar  continues  to  feed  and 
grow,  and  usually  lives  long  enough  to  make  its  cocoon, 
when,  consumed  by  the  parasites,  it  dies ;  in  the  mean  time 
the  Ichneumons,  having  completed  their  growth,  change 
to  pupae  within  the  cocoon,  and  in  the  following  summer, 
in  place  of  the  handsome  moth,  there  issues  a  crop  of  Ich- 
neumon flies.  The  polyphemus  caterpillar  is  also  subject  to 
the  attacks  of  another  parasite,  a  Tachina  fly.  Should  the 
insect  ever  appear  in  sufficient  numbers  to  prove  troublesome, 
it  can  be  readily  subdued  by  hand-picking.  Besides  the 
plum,  the  larva  feeds  on  a  variety  of  trees  and  shrubs,  such 
as  oak,  hickory,  elm,  basswood,  walnut,  maple,  butternut, 
hazel,  rose,  etc. 


176  INSECTS   INJURIOUS   TO    THE  PLUM. 

No.  89.— The  Waved  Lagoa. 

Lagoa  crispata  Packard. 

The  larva  of  this  species  is  nearly  oval,  about  three-fourths 
of  an  inch  long,  covered  above  with  brownish,  evenly-shorn 
hairs,  which  are  raised  to  a  ridge  along  the  middle  of  the 
back,  and  sloped  off  on  each  side  like  the  roof  of  a  house. 

It  reaches  maturity  during  September,  when  it  makes  a 
tough,  oval  cocoon,  fastened  to  the  side  of  a  twig  of  the  plum- 
tree  on  which  it  has  been  feeding,  and  within  this  changes  to 
a  brown  chrysalis.  The  following  July  the  top  of  the  case 
is  opened  by  the  lifting  of  a  flat,  circular  lid,  and  from  it 
escapes  a  pretty  moth. 

The  moth  is  of  a  straw-yellow  or  yellowish-cream  color, 
the  fore  wings  more  or  less  dusky  on  the  outer  margin,  and 
covered  with  fine,  flattened,  curled  hairs,  arranged  in  regular 
waves,  running  from  near  the  base  to  the  tip.  The  wings, 
when  expanded,  measure  about  one  and  three-quarter  inches 
across.  The  body  and  legs  are  thick  and  woolly,  and  at  the 
tip  of  the  abdomen  there  is  a  tuft  of  long,  soft  hairs,  forming 
a  bushy  tail.  It  is  common  in  the  South  and  West,  but  is 
not  often  found  in  the  North ;  being  a  comparatively  rare  in- 
sect, it  is  never  likely  to  give  much  trouble  to  the  fruit-grower. 
It  is  found  also  feeding  on  the  leaves  of  the  apple  and  black- 
berry. 

Xo.  90. — The  Streaked  Thecla. 

Theda  strigosa  Harris. 

This  is  a  very  rare  insect,  a  small  butterfly  which  has  never 
been  known  to  inflict  any  material  damage,  but,  since  its  larva 
has  been  found  feeding  on  the  leaves  of  the  plum-tree,  it  is 
deserving  of  mention. 

The  caterpillar,  when  full  grown,  is  half  an  inch  or  more 
in  length,  of  a  rich  velvety  green  color,  with  a  tinge  of  yellow ; 
there  is  a  stripe  of  a  darker  shade  down  the  back,  with  a  faint, 
broken,  yellowish  line  along  the  middle.  The  upper  part  of 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


Ill 


the  body  is  flattened,  the  sides  abruptly  inclined,  and  striped 
with  faint,  oblique,  yellowish  lines. 

When   mature,  it  forms  a  short,  blunt,  brown   chrysalis, 
which  in  ten  or  twelve  days  produces 
the  butterfly.  FlG-  187- 

This  measures,  when  its  wings  are 
expanded,  an  inch  or  more  across  (see 
Fig.  187).  It  is  of  a  plain,  dark- 
brown  color  above,  but  beneath  the 
wings  are  prettily  ornamented  with 
wavy  white  streaks.  There  is  also  a 
row  of  orange-colored,  crescent-shaped 
spots  on  the  hinder  portion  of  the  pos- 
terior wings,  and  a  large  blue  spot  near 
their  hind  angle.  Each  of  the  hind 
wings  has  two  thread-like  tails,  one  longer  than  the  other. 

No.  91. — The  Plum-tree  Catocala. 
Catocala  ultronia  Hubn. 

About  the  middle  of  June,  when  jarring  the  plum-trees  for 
curculios,  a  very  curious-looking,  leech-like  caterpillar  often 
drops  on  the  sheet  spread  beneath.  It  is  flattened,  with  its 
body  thick  in  the  middle  and  tapering  towards  each  end,  and 
of  a  grayish-brown  color.  When  full  grown,  it  closely  resem- 
bles Fig.  188  ;  it  is  a  little  more  than  an  inch  and  a  half  long, 

FIG.  188. 


dull  grayish  brown  above,  with  two  or  four  small  reddish 
tubercles  on  each  segment  of  the  body,  all  encircled  by  a  slight 
ring  of  black  at  their  base.  On  the  upper  part  of  the  ninth 
segment  there  is  a  stout,  fleshy  horn,  about  one-twelfth  of  an 
inch  long,  pointed,  and  similar  in  color  to  the  body,  but  with 

12 


178  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE  PLUM. 

an  irregular  grayish  patch  on  each  side.  On  the  twelfth 
segment  there  is  a  low,  fleshy  ridge,  tinted  behind  with  deep 
reddish  brown ;  there  is  also  an  oblique  stripe  on  this  segment 
of  the  same  color,  extending  forward.  Along  the  sides  of  the 
body,  and  close  to  the  under  surface,  there  is  a  thick  fringe 
of  short,  fleshy-looking  hairs  of  a  delicate  pink  color.  The 
under  side  is  also  pink,  deeper  in  color  along  the  middle,  with 
a  central  row  of  nearly  round  black  spots,  which  are  largest 
from  the  seventh  to  the  eleventh  segment  inclusive.  The 
anterior  segments  are  greenish  white,  tinted  with  rosy  pink 
along  the  middle. 

About  the  third  week  in  June  this  larva  becomes  full 
grown,  when,  fastening  together  a  few  leaves  with  some 
silken  fibres,  it  changes  within  this  enclosure  to  a  brown 
chrysalis,  from  which  the  perfect  insect  escapes  in  about  three 
weeks. 

The  moth  (Fig.  189)  has  the  fore  wings  of  a  rich  umber 

FIG.  189. 


color,  darkest  on  the  hind  margin,  with  a  broad,  diffused  ash- 
colored  band  along  the  middle,  not  extending  to  the  apex, 
which  is  brown.  There  are  also  several  zigzag  lines  of  brown 
and  white  crossing  these  wings.  The  hind  wings  are  deep 
red,  with  a  wide  black  band  along  the  outer  margin,  and  a 
narrower  band  of  the  same  color  across  the  middle.  The  moth 
is  on  the  wing  during  the  greater  part  of  July  and  August, 
during  which  period  the  eggs  are  deposited  for  the  succeeding 
brood. 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


179 


FIG.  190. 


Two  other  moths  have  been  observed  devouring  plum 
leaves,  but  not  in  sufficient  numbers  to  attract  much  attention. 
The  first  is  Lithacodes  fasciola  Boisd.,  the  larva  of  which  is 
small,  of  a  uniform  green  color,  and  spins  a 
small,  oval,  brown  cocoon  between  the  leaves. 
The  moth  is  shown  in  Fig.  190.  The  other 
is  a  tufted  caterpillar,  the  larva  of  Parorgyia 
parallela  G.  &  R. ;  it  is  densely  covered  with 
light-brown  hairs,  and  has  two  black  pencils  of  long  hairs 
projecting  in  front  of  the  head,  and  a  single  tuft  of  a  similar 
character  on  the  hinder  portion  of  the  body. 

ffo.  92. — The  Leaf-cutting  Bee. 

Megachile  brevis  Say. 

This  is  a  four-winged  fly  belonging  to  the  Hymenoptera,  a 
species  of  bee,  which  curls  up  the  leaves  of  the  plum-tree, 

FIG.  191. 


and  further  disfigures  it  by  cutting  circular  pieces  out  of 
other  leaves  to  line  the  coils  and  form  chambers  within 
them,  in  which  its  eggs  are  deposited,  and  where  the  larvae 


180  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  PLUM. 

remain  until  they  reach  maturity.  The  larvae  do  not  feed 
on  the  leaves,  but  on  pollen,  or  bee-bread,  stored  up  in  their 
cells  by  the  parent  insects.  This  bee  is  not  very  abundant, 
and  is  never  likely  to  prove  very  injurious.  It  is  represented 
in  Fig.  191,  with  examples  of  the  injury  it  does. 

No.  93. — The  Plum-tree  Aphis. 

Aphis  prunifolii  Fitch. 

This  aphis  resembles  in  its  appearance  and  habits  the  apple- 
tree  aphis,  No.  57 ;  it  is,  however,  much  less  common.  It 
infests  the  under  side  of  the  plum  leaves,  puncturing  them 
and  sucking  their  juices,  causing  them  to  become  wrinkled 
and  twisted.  When  first  hatched,  these  insects  are  of  a 
whitish  color  tinged  with  green,  but  as  they  increase  in  size 
they  become  of  a  deeper  green,  and  when  mature  some  of 
them  are  black,  with  pale-green  abdomens  and  dusky  wings. 
The  remedies  given  under  the  apple-tree  aphis  (No.  57)  are 
equally  applicable  to  this  species. 


ATTACKING  THE  FRUIT, 
No.  94. — The  Plum  Curculio. 

Conotrachelus  nenuphar  (Herbst). 

This  insect  is  without  doubt  the  greatest  enemy  the  plum- 
grower  has  to  contend  with,  for  when  allowed  to  pursue  its 
course  unchecked  it  often  destroys  the  entire  crop.  The  per- 
fect insect  is  a  beetle  belonging  to  a  family  known  under  the 
several  names  of  curculios,  weevils,  and  snout-beetles.  It  is  a 
small,  rough,  grayish  or  blackish  beetle,  about  one-fifth  of  an 
inch  long  (shown,  magnified,  at  c  in  Fig.  192),  with  a  black, 
shining  hump  on  the  middle  of  each  wing-case,  and  behind 
this  a  more  or  less  distinct  band  of  a  dull  ochre-yellow  color, 
with  some  whitish  marks  about  the  middle;  the  snout  is  rather 
short.  The  female  lays  her  eggs  in  the  young  green  fruit 


ATTACKING    THE  FRUIT. 


181 


FIG.  192. 


shortly  after  ft  is  formed,  proceeding  in  the  following  manner. 
Alighting  on  a  plum,  she  makes  with  her  jaws,  which  are  at 
the  end  of  her  snout,  a  small 
cut  through  the  skin  of  the  fruit, 
then  runs  the  snout  obliquely 
under  the  skin  to  the  depth 
of  about  one-sixteenth  of  an 
inch,  and  moves  it  backward 
and  forward  until  the  cavity  is 
smooth  and  large  enough  to  re- 
ceive the  egg  to  be  placed  in  it. 
She  then  turns  round,  and,  drop- 
ping an  egg  into  it,  again  turns 
and  pushes  it  with  her  snout  to 

the  end  of  the  passage.  Subsequently  she  cuts  a  crescent-shaped 
slit  in  front  of  the  hole,  as  shown  at  df,  so  as  to  undermine  the 
egg  and  leave  it  in  a  sort  of  flap,  her  object,  apparently, 
being  to  wilt  the  piece  around  the  egg  and  thus  prevent  the 
growing  fruit  from  crushing  it.  The  whole  operation  occupies 
about  five  minutes.  The  stock  of  eggs  at  the  disposal  of  a 
single  female  has  been  variously  estimated  at  from  fifty  to 
one  hundred,  of  which  she  deposits  from  five  to  ten  a  day, 
her  activity  varying  with  the  temperature. 

The  egg  is  of  an  oblong-oval  form,  of  a  pearly-white  color, 
and  large  enough  to  be  distinctly  seen  with  the  naked  eye. 
By  lifting  the  flap  with  the  finger-nail  or  with  the  point  of  a 
knife  it  can  be  readily  found.  In  warm  and  genial  weather 
it  will  hatch  in  three  or  four  days,  but  in  cold  and  chilly 
weather  it  will  remain  a  week  or  even  longer  before  hatching. 

The  young  larva  is  a  tiny,  soft,  footless  grub,  with  a  horny 
head.  It  immediately  begins  to  feed  on  the  green  flesh  of 
the  fruit,  boring  a  tortuous  channel  as  it  proceeds,  until  it 
reaches  the  centre,  where  it  feeds  around  the  stone.  It  attains 
its  full  growth  in  from  three  to  five  weeks,  when  it  is  about 
two-fifths  of  an  inch  long,  of  a  glassy  yellowish-white  color, 
with  a  light-brown  head,  a  pale  line  along  each  side  of  the 


182  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   PLUM. 

body,  a  row  of  minute  black  bristles  below  the  lines,  a 
second  row,  less  distinct,  above,  and  a  few  pale  hairs  towards 
the  hinder  extremity.  At  a,  Fig.  192,  it  is  shown  magnified. 
The  skin  of  the  larva  being  semi-transparent,  the  color  of  the 
internal  organs  shows  through,  imparting  to  the  central  por- 
tions of  the  body  a  reddish  hue.  The  irritation  arising  from 
the  wound  and  the  gnawing  of  the  grub  causes  the  fruit  to 
become  diseased  and  gummy,  and  it  falls  prematurely  to  the 
ground,  generally  before  the  larva  is  quite  full  grown.  Within 
the  fallen  plum  the  growth  of  the  larva  is  completed,  when, 
forsaking  the  fruit  it  has  destroyed,  it  enters  the  ground,  bury- 
ing itself  from  four  to  six  inches  deep,  where,  turning  round 
and  round,  it  compresses  the  earth  on  all  sides,  until  a  smooth 
oval  cavity  is  formed,  within  which,  in  a  few  days,  the  larva 
changes  to  a  pupa,  shown,  enlarged,  at  6,  Fig.  192,  and  in 
from  three  to  six  weeks  is  transformed  to  a  beetle,  which 
is  at  first  soft  and  of  a  reddish  color,  but  soon  hardens,  and, 
assuming  its  natural  hue,  makes  its  way  through  the  soil  to 
the  surface  and  escapes. 

The  insect  is  single-brooded,  the  beetle  hibernating  in 
secluded  spots,  under  the  loose  bark  of  trees  and  in  other 
suitable  places.  About  the  time  the  plum-trees  blossom 
the  curculios  are  on  the  alert,  and  as  soon  as  the  fruit  is 
formed  the  work  of  destruction  begins.  Both  males  and 
females  puncture  the  fruit  to  feed  on  it,  but  only  the  females 
make  the  peculiar  crescent-shaped  marks  described.  They 
are  much  more  numerous  during  the  early  part  of  the  season 
than  later  on,  and  when  the  weather  is  warm  they  are  active 
at  night,  and  deposit  eggs  then  as  well  as  in  the  daytime. 
During  the  middle  of  the  day,  and  also  on  warm  nights,  the 
beetle  readily  takes  wing;  it  is  less  active  during  the  morning 
and  evening.  Besides  the  plum,  the  peach,  nectarine,  and 
apricot  also  suffer  much  from  its  attacks,  and  it  is  very  in- 
jurious to  the  cherry.  In  this  latter  case  the  infested  fruit 
remains  hanging  on  the  tree,  and  the  presence  of  the  enemy 
is  often  unnoticed.  The  beetle  also  occasionally  deposits  its 


ATTACKING  THE  FRUIT.  183 

eggs  in  the  pear  and  apple,  but  in  these  fruits  it  seldom  ma- 
tures :  either  the  egg  fails  to  hatch,  or  the  young  larva  perishes 
soon  after  hatching.  This  insect  is  native  to  this  country,  and 
has  in  the  past  fed  on  the  wild  plums,  on  which  it  may  still 
be  found  in  considerable  numbers. 

Remedies. — When  the  plum  curculio  is  alarmed,  it  suddenly 
folds  its  legs  close  to  its  body,  turns  its  snout  under  its  breast, 
and  falls  to  the  ground,  where  it  remains  motionless,  feigning 
death.  Advantage  is  taken  of  this  peculiarity  to  catch  and 
destroy  the  insect :  a  sheet  is  spread  under  the  tree,  and  the 
tree  and  its  branches  are  suddenly  jarred,  when  the  beetles  fall 
on  the  sheet,  where  they  may  be  gathered  up  and  destroyed. 
A  convenient  form  of  sheet  may  be  made  with  two  or  four 
widths  of  cotton  (depending  on  the  size  of  the  tree),  and  of 
the  requisite  length,  stitched  only  half-way  up  the  middle,  to 
allow  the  trunk  of  the  tree  to  pass  to  the  centre,  and  having 
each  of  the  sides  tacked  to  a  long  strip  of  wood,  about  an  inch 
square,  so  that  the  sheet  may  be  conveniently  handled  and 
spread.  Small  trees  may  be  jarred  with  the  hand ;  larger 
ones  should  have  a  branch  cut  off,  leaving  a  stump  several 
inches  long,  which  may  be  struck  with  a  mallet,  or  a  hole 
may  be  bored  in  the  trunk  and  a  broad-headed  iron  spike  in- 
serted, which  is  to  be  struck  with  a  hammer,  avoiding  as  far  as 
practicable  any  bruising  of  the  bark.  As  it  is  important  to 
catch  as  many  of  the  beetles  as  possible  before  any  mischief  is 
done,  jarring  should  be  begun  while  the  trees  are  in  blossom, 
and  continued  daily,  morning  and  evening,  if  the  insects  are 
abundant,  for  three  or  four  weeks,  or  until  they  become  very 
scarce.  A  form  of  curculio-catcher,  known  as  Dr.  Hull's,  is 
an  excellent  contrivance  where  a  large  orchard  has  to  be 
cared  for.  It  consists  of  a  wheelbarrow  on  which  is  mounted 
a  large  inverted  umbrella,  split  in  front  to  receive  the  trunk 
of  the  tree,  against  which  the  machine,  which  is  provided 
with  a  padded  bumper,  is  driven  with  force  sufficient  to  jar 
the  curculios  down  into  the  umbrella,  where  they  are  collected 
and  destroyed.  It  is  very  inportant  that  the  fallen  plums 


184  INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  PLUM. 

should  be  promptly  gathered  and  burnt  or  scalded,  so  as  to 
destroy  the  larva  before  it  has  time  to  escape. 

Another  remedy,  which  is  less  laborious  and  has  been  found 
very  effectual,  is  to  syringe  or  spray  the  plum-trees  as  soon  as 
the  young  fruit  has  formed  with  a  mixture  of  Paris  green  and 
water,  in  the  proportion  of  a  teaspoonful  of  the  poison  to  two 
gallons  of  water,  and  repeating  the  application  after  a  week  or 
ten  days.  If  the  weather  is  very  showery,  a  third  spraying 
may  be  necessary.  This  remedy  either  poisons  the  curculios 
or  is  obnoxious  to  them,  so  as  to  deter  them  from  working  on 
trees  so  protected.  When  alternate  trees  in  a  plum-orchard 
where  the  curculio  is  common  are  so  treated,  the  protecting 
influence  of  the  Paris  green  is  very  marked. 

Many  other  remedies  have  been  suggested,  but  they  are  all 
of  little  value  compared  with  those  already  given.  One  of 
these  is  to  place  hogs  in  plum  and  peach  orchards  to  devour 
the  fallen  fruit ;  and  it  is  said  to  have  proved  in  some  in- 
stances a  very  successful  and  inexpensive  way  of  disposing 
of  a  large  portion  of  the  curculios.  Hens  with  their  broods 
of  chickens  enclosed  within  the  plum-orchard  will  devour 
a  large  number  of  the  larvae  of  the  curculio.  Hanging  bot- 
tles of  sweetened  water  on  the  trees  to  attract  the  beetles,  scat- 
tering air-slaked  lime  through  the  foliage, 
and  smoking  it  by  burning  tar  occasionally 
under  the  trees,  have  also  been  advised. 
Plum-orchards  should  not  be  planted  near 
a  wood,  as  the  curculios  find  shelter  there, 
and  are  likely  to  be  more  numerous  than 
in  more  open  ground ;  also  avoid  giving 
shelter,  by  removing  and  burning  all  rubbish 
that  may  accumulate  about  the  trees. 

There  are  many  insects  which  devour  the 
curculio  larva  as  it  escapes  from  the  fruit,  while  some 
eat  into  the  fruit  as  it  lies  upon  the  ground,  seize  the 
culprits,  drag  them  out,  and  eat  them.  Foremost  among 
these  beneficial  insects  are  two  or  three  species  of  common 


ATTACKING    THE  FRUIT. 


185 


ground-beetles  belonging  to  the  Carabidde ;  of  these  the 
Pennsylvania  ground-beetle,  HarpaLus  Pensylvanicus  (De 
Geer),  is  by  far  the  most  common,  and  may  be  met  with  at  all 


FIG.  194 


FIG.  195. 


times  during  the  season.  Fig.  193  shows  it  somewhat  mag- 
nified, and  Fig.  194  represents  the  larva  of  the  same  insect, 
of  the  natural  size,  in  the  act  of  devouring  a  curculio  larva ; 
at  b  its  formidable  jaws  are  shown,  mag- 
nified. Fig.  195  shows  a  larva  of  one  of 
the  larger  species  of  this  useful  family, 
magnified. 

The  larva  of  the  soldier-beetle,  Chau- 
liognathus  Americanus  (Forst.),  is  also  a 
useful  agent  in  destroying  the  curculio.  It 
is  shown  at  a,  Fig.  196,  and  a  magnified 


FIG.  1%. 


FIG.  197. 


view  of  its  head  and  jaws  at  6.  This  little  friend  often 
works  its  way  into  the  fruit  in  search  of  its  prey,  sometimes 
entering  it  while  still  on  the  tree.  The  perfect  beetle  (Fig. 
197)  may  be  found  during  the  summer  on  the  flowers  of  the 
golden-rod,  Solidago.  The  larvae  of  the  lace- wing  flies,  of  the 
genus  Chrysopdj  one  of  which  is  shown  in  Fig.  132,  also 
devour  them  ;  and  ants  have  been  known  to  destroy  the  grubs 


186 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THK   PLUM. 


as  they  leave  the   fruit  to   enter   the   ground.     A    minute 
yellow  Thrips,  scarcely  one- twentieth  of  an  inch   long,   is 


Fia.  198. 


said  to  seek  out  and  devour  large  quantities  of  the  eggs  of  the 
curculio. 

FIG.  199.  Two  species  of  parasites 

are  known  to  attack  the 
larva  of  this  pest.  One, 
known  as  the  Sigalphus 
curculio  parasite,  Sigalphus 
curculionis  Fitch,  is  a  small? 
black,  four-winged  fly,  rep- 
resented in  Fig.  198,  where  a  shows  the  male,  and  b  the 
female.  With  her  sharp  ovipositor  the  female  punctures  the 

skin  of  the  curculio  larva, 
and  deposits  an  egg  under- 
neath, which  in  due  time 
produces  a  larva,  as  shown 
at  a,  Fig.  199.  When  the 
curculio  larva  is  destroyed 
by  the  parasite,  the  latter 
encloses  itself  in  a  small, 
tough  cocoon  of  yellowish 
silk,  6,  and  then  gradually 
assumes  the  pupa  state,  as  shown  at  c  /  all  these  figures  are 
magnified.  The  other  species,  known  as  the  Porizon  curculio 


FIG.  200. 


ATTACKING   THE  FRUIT.  187 

parasite,  Porizon  conotrachdi  Riley,  is  also  an  Ichneumon  fly, 
with  similar  habits  and  of  about  the  same  size  as  the  species 
just  referred  to.  In  Fig.  200,  a  represents  the  female,  and 
6  the  male,  both  magnified.  Neither  of  these  parasites  has 
yet  appeared  in  sufficient  numbers  to-act  as  an  efficient  check 
on  the  increase  of  the  plum  curculio. 

No.  95. — The  Plum-gouger. 

Coccotorus  scutellaris  (Lee.). 

While  this  insect  has  some  points  of  resemblance  to  the 
plum  curculio,  it  is  in  other  respects  so  different  as  to  be  easily 
distinguished.     The  beetle,  which  is  shown  magnified  in  Fig. 
201,  is  about  five-sixteenths  of  an  inch  long,  with  the  thorax 
and  legs  of  an  ochre-yellow  color,  while  the 
head  and  wing-cases  are  brown,  with  a  leaden-         FIG.  201. 
gray  tint,  the  latter  with  whitish  and  black 
spots  scattered  irregularly  over  their  surface. 
The  wing-cases  are  without  humps ;  the  snout 
is  somewhat  longer  than   the  thorax,  and 
projects  forward  or  downward,  but  cannot 
be  folded  under  the  breast  as  in  the  case  of 
the  plum  curculio.     It   appears   in  spring 
about  the  same  time  as  the  plum  curculio,  but,. instead  of 
making  a  crescent-shaped  slit  in  the  plum,  it  bores  a  round 
hole  like  the  puncture  of  a  pin. 

The  eggs  are  deposited  in  the  following  manner.  With  the 
minute  but  powerful  jaws  at  the  tip  of  the  snout  of  the  female, 
a  hole  is  made  about  four-fifths  as  deep  as  the  snout  is  long, 
which  is  enlarged  at  the  end  and  gouged  out  somewhat  in  the 
form  of  a  gourd.  The  egg  is  placed  in  the  excavation,  and 
pushed  down  with  the  snout  until  it  reaches  the  receptacle 
prepared  for  it.  After  being  deposited,  it  swells  from  absorp- 
tion of  the  surrounding  moisture,  and  within  a  few  days  the 
young  larva  escapes. 

On  escaping  from  the  egg,  it  makes  an  almost  straight  course 
for  the  kernel  of  the  plum,  through  the  soft  shell  of  which 


188  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE  PLUM. 

it  makes  its  way,  and  feeds  upon  the  contents  until  full 
grown.  When  nearly  mature,  the  larva,  by  a  wise  instinct, 
prepares  a  way  for  the  escape  of  the  future  beetle  by  cutting 
a  round  hole  through  the  now  hard  stone.  The  larva  is  of  a 
milk-white  color,  with  a  large,  horny,  yellowish-white  head, 
and  jaws  tipped  with  brown.  It  enters  the  chrysalis  state 
within  the  plum-stone,  and,  when  mature,  the  beetle  passes 
through  the  hole  bored  by  the  larva,  makes  its  way  through 
the  flesh,  and  escapes. 

While  the  normal  habit  of  the  plum  curculio  is  to  feed  on 
the  flesh  outside  the  plum-stone,  which  latter  it  only  occasion- 
ally penetrates,  the  plum-gouger  lives  and  matures  within. 
Both  sexes  of  the  plum-gouger  bore  cylindrical  holes  in  the 
fruit  for  food  ;  and  where  the  insect  abounds,  the  growing  fruit 
will  be  found  covered  with  these  punctures,  from  which  more 
or  less  gum  exudes,  and  the  fruit  becomes  knotty  and  worth- 
less, but  does  not  readily  drop,  as  do  those  which  have  been 
injured  by  the  plum  curculio.  The  insect  is  single-brooded, 
and  requires  a  longer  time  to  mature  than  the  plum  curculio ; 
eggs  deposited  in  June  do  not  produce  beetles  until  the  end 
of  August  or  early  in  September.  It  appears  to  be  unknown 
in  the  Eastern  States,  but  is  very  generally  distributed  through- 
out the  valley  of  the  Mississippi.  It  is  much  less  common, 
and  does  far  less  injury,  than  the  plum  curculio,  although 
occasionally  it  is  found  in  almost  equal  abundance.  It  is 
said  to  pass  the  winter  in  the  beetle  state. 

Remedies. — This  beetle  may  be  collected  by  jarring  the 
trees  in  the  manner  described  for  the  plum  curculio,  although 
it  does  not  drop  quite  so  readily ;  it  also  takes  wing  quickly, 
and  hence  is  not  so  easily  secured. 

No,  96.— The  Saddled  Leaf-hopper. 

Byihoscopus  clitellarius  Say. 

This  insect  is  occasionally  injurious  to  the  plum,  by  punc- 
turing the  stems  of  the  fruit  and  sucking  the  fluids  which 


SUPPLEMENTARY  LIST.  189 

should  go  to  nourish  and  mature  it.    It  is  a  small  leaf-hopper 
(shown  in  Fig.  202),  about  one-fifth  of  an  inch  long, 
of  a  dark-brown  or  black  color,  with  a   sulphur-  FlQ-  202- 
yellow  spot  like  a  saddle  upon  the  middle  of  its  back,      JW 
and  in  front  of  this  a  baud  of  pale  yellow, — the  head      jm, 
and  under  side  being  of  the  same  color.     It  is  un- 
likely that  this  insect  will  ever  occur  in  sufficient  numbers  to 
cause  much  injury. 


SUPPLEMENTARY  LIST  OP  INJURIOUS  INSECTS  WEIGH 
APPEOT  THE  PLUM, 

ATTACKING   THE   ROOTS. 

The  peach-tree  borer,  No.  97,  sometimes  invades  the  plum- 
tree,  and  burrows  about  the  collar  and  into  the  larger  roots 
adjacent  without  causing  an  exudation  of  gum,  as  in  the 
peach.  Young  trees  are  most  liable  to  injury. 

ATTACKING   THE   TRUNK. 

The  flat-headed  apple-tree  borer,  No.  3,  frequently  attacks 
the  plum  and  materially  injures  the  tree. 

ATTACKING   THE   LIMBS   AND   BRANCHES. 

The  parallel  Elaphidion,  No.  12;  the  pear-blight  beetle, 
No.  68 ;  the  New  York  weevil,  No.  100 ;  and  the  tree- 
cricket,  No.  178. 

ATTACKING  THE   LEAVES. 

The  apple-tree  tent-caterpillar,  No.  20;  the  forest  tent- 
caterpillar,  No.  21  ;  the  white-marked  tussock-moth,  No.  22; 
the  canker-worms,  Nos.  25  and  26 ;  the  fall  web-worm,  No. 
27;  the  Cecropia  emperor  moth,  No.  28;  the  unicorn  promi- 
nent, No.  29 ;  the  blind-eyed  sphinx,  No.  31 ;  the  oblique- 
banded  leaf-roller,  No.  35 ;  the  leaf-crumpler,  No.  37 ;  the 
eye-spotted  bud- moth,  No.  38 ;  the  tarnished  plant-bug,  No. 


190  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE  PLUM. 

71 ;  the  pear-tree  slug,  No.  75;  the  May-beetle,  No.  113 ;  the 
Ursula  butterfly,  No.  116 ;  the  basket-worm,  or  bag-worm, 
No.  120 ;  the  pyramidal  grape-vine  caterpillar,  No.  147  ;  the 
grape-vine  flea-beetle,  No.  150;  the  rose-beetle,  No.  151; 
and  the  currant  Amphidasys,  No.  211,  all  devour  the  leaves, 
while  the  pear-tree  blister-beetle,  No.  73,  eats  both  leaves  and 
blossoms. 

ATTACKING  THE   FRUIT. 

The  codling  moth,  No.  58,  occasionally  injures  the  fruit; 
so,  also,  do  bees  and  wasps,  when  it  is  fully  ripe. 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  PEACH. 

ATTACKING  THE  TRUNK, 

No,  97, — The  Peach-tree  Borer, 

Mgeria  exitwsa  Say. 

This  Dotorious  pest,  so  destructive  to  peach-orchards,  is 
very  widely  disseminated.  The  parent  insect  belongs  to  a 
family  of  moths  known  as  .ZEgerians,  which,  having  trans- 
parent wings  and  slender  bodies,  strongly  resemble  certain 
wasps  and  hornets,  and,  as  they  fly  in  the  daytime  only,  and 
are  then  very  active  on  the  wing,  the  resemblance  becomes  still 
more  striking.  The  moth  appears  in  the  Northern  States  and 
Canada  from  about  the  middle  of  July  to  the  end  of  August ; 
in  the  South  it  appears  much  earlier, — in  some  localities  as 
early  as  the  latter  part  of  May.  The  sexes  differ  very  much 
in  appearance.  In  Fig.  203,  a  represents  the  female,  and  b 
the  male.  The  female 

is    much    the    larger,  FIG.  206. 

and  has  a  broad,  heavy 
abdomen.  The  body 
is  of  a  glossy  steel-blue 
color  with  a  purplish 
reflection,  and  a  broad 
band  of  orange-yellow 
across  the  abdomen.  The  fore  wings  are  opaque,  and  similar 
in  color  to  the  body,  their  tips  and  fringes  having  a  purplish 
tint  both  above  and  beneath.  The  hind  wings  are  transparent 
and  broadly  margined  with  steel-blue;  when  the  wings  are  ex- 
panded, the  moth  measures  about  an  inch  and  a  half  across. 
The  male  is  smaller,  its  wings  seldom  measuring  more  than 
an  inch ;  its  body,  which  is  also  of  steel-blue  color,  with  golden- 
yellow  markings  and  a  glossy,  satin-like  lustre,  is  much  more 

191 


192  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  PEACH. 

slender  than  that  of  the  female.  The  antennae  are  black 
and  densely  fringed  on  the  inner  side  with  numerous  fine, 
short  hairs,  the  latter  a  feature  absent  in  the  female.  The 
head  and  thorax  are  marked  with  yellow,  and  the  abdomen 
has  two  slender  yellow  bands  above,  and  a  white  line  on  each 
side  of  the  tuft  of  hairs  at  its  tip.  The  wings  are  transparent, 
the  veins,  margins,  and  fringe  steel-blue,  and  a  steel-blue  band 
extends  nearly  across  beyond  the  middle.  The  feet  and  legs 
are  marked  with  yellow  and  white. 

The  female  deposits  her  eggs  on  the  bark  of  the  tree  at 
the  surface  of  the  ground.  They  are  about  one-fiftieth  of  an 
inch  long,  with  a  sculptured  surface,  oval  in  form,  slightly 
flattened,  and  of  a  dull-yellowish  color.  They  are  deposited 
singly,  are  fastened  to  the  surface  of  the  bark  by  a  gummy 
secretion,  and  sometimes  have  a  few  of  the  dark-blue  scales 
from  the  tip  of  the  abdomen  of  the  female  attached  to  them. 
As  soon  as  the  larva  is  hatched,  it  works  downwards  in  the 
bark  of  the  root,  forming  a  small  winding  channel,  which 
soon  becomes  filled  with  gum.  As  it  increases  in  size,  it 
devours  the  bark  and  sap-wood,  and  causes  a  copious  exuda- 
tion of  gum,  which  eventually  forms  a  thick  mass  around  the 
base  of  the  tree,  intermingled  with  the  castings  of  the  worm. 
When  full  grown  (see  Fig.  204),  the  larva  measures  over  half 
an  inch  in  length,  and  nearly  a  quar- 
ter of  an  inch  in  diameter.  It  is  a 
naked,  soft,  cylindrical  grub,  of  a  pale 
whitish-yellow  color,  with  a  reddish, 
horny-looking  head  and  black  jaws  ; 
the  tipper  part  of  the  next  segment  is  similar  in  appearance 
to  the  head,  but  of  a  paler  shade.  The  under  surface  resem- 
bles the  upper  in  color;  the  three  anterior  pairs  of  claw-like 
feet  are  tipped  with  brown ;  the  five  hinder  pairs  of  thick, 
fleshy  prolegs  are  yellow,  each  of  the  latter  margined  with  a 
fringe  of  very  minute  reddish-brown  hooks.  There  are  a  few 
scattered  hairs  over  the  surface  of  the  body,  each  arising  from 
a  pale-reddish,  wart-like  dot.  The  larvae  may  be  found  of 


ATTACKING   THE   TRUNK.  193 

different  sizes  all  through  the  fall  and  winter  months,  some 
quite  young  associated  with  others  nearly  full  grown.    During 
the  winter  the  larger  ones  rest,  with  their  heads  upwards,  in 
smooth,  longitudinal  grooves  which  they  have  excavated,  the 
back  part  being  covered  with  castings  mingled  with  gum  and 
silken  threads,  forming  a  kind  of  cell,  the  cavity  of  which  is 
considerably  larger  than  the  worm  inhabiting  it ;  the  smaller 
ones  usually  lie  in  the  gum,  or  between  it  and  the  wood  of  the 
trunk  or  root.     In  badly-infested  trees  the  whole  of  the  bark 
at  the  base  or  collar  is  sometimes  consumed  for  an  inch  or  two 
below  the  surface.  jTNor  does  the  insect  always  confine  itself  I 
to  the  base  of  the  tree ;  occasionally  it  attacks  the  trunk  farther  V 
up,  and  sometimes  the  forks  of  the  limbs ;  but  the  exuding   1 
gum  invariably  points  out  the  spot  where  the  foe  is  at  work.  \  1 1 

When  about  to  become  a  pupa,  the  larva  crawls  upwards 
to  the  surface  of  the  ground,  and  constructs  a  pod-like  case, 
of  a  leathery  structure,  made  from  its  castings  mixed  with 
gum  and  threads  of  silk.  It  is  about  three-quarters  of  an 
inch  long,  of  a  brown  color,  oval  in  form,  with  its  ends 
rounded  ;  its  inner  surface  is  smooth,  and  it  is  fastened  against 
the  side  of  the  root,  often  sunk  in  a  groove  gnawed  for  that 
purpose,  with  its  upper  end  protruding  slightly  above  the 
surface  of  the  ground.  If  the  earth  has  recently  been  dis- 
turbed about  the  surface  of  the  tree,  so  as  to  make  it  lie  loose, 
the  larva  will  often  form  its  cocoon  an  inch  or  more  below 
the  surface.  The  enclosed  pupa  is  at  first  white,  but  soon 
becomes  of  a  pale  tawny-yellow  color,  with  a  darker  ring  at 
each  of  the  sutures  of  the  body ;  the  pupa  state  lasts  some 
three  weeks  or  more. 

This  is  an  American  insect,  unknown  on  the  peach-trees  of 
other  countries.  Its  operations  are  not  confined  to  the  peach ; 
it  works  also  on  the  plum,  although  in  this  instance  no  gum 
exudes  from  the  tree,  and  it  is  quite  probable  that  before  the 
introduction  of  the  peach  into  this  country  the  larva  lived  in 
the  roots  of  the  wild  plum,  which  it  has  now  almost  entirely 
forsaken. 

13 


194  INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO   THE   PEACH. 

• 

Remedies. — Several  remedies  have  been  proposed  to  meet 
this  evil.  Where  the  larvae  are  present,  they  are  readily  de- 
tegted  in  consequence  of  the  exudation  of  gum ;  hence  early 
in  spring  the  trees  should  be  carefully  examined,  a  little  of  the 
earth  removed  from  about  the  base,  and,  if  masses  of  gum 
are  found,  the  larvae  searched  for  and  destroyed.  Hot  water 
is  said  to  be  very  effectual  in  killing  them ;  it  should  be 
used  very  hot,  and  after  the  earth  has  been  removed,  so  as  to 
insure  its  reaching  the  culprits  before  it  cools.  Among  the 
preventive  measures,  much  has  been  written  in  favor  of 
mounding  the  trees,  banking  the  earth  up  around  the  trunk 
to  the  height  of  a  foot  or  more,  and  pressing  it  firmly  about 
the  tree.  Some  allow  the  mounds  to  remain  permanently, 
but  the  better  plan  seems  to  be  to  mound  up  late  in  the 
spring  or  towards  midsummer,  and  level  off  the  ground  again 
in  September,  after  egg-laying  has  ceased  and  the  moths  have 
disappeared.  This  treatment  is  said  to  make  the  bark  very 
tender  and  liable  to  injury  during  the  winter,  and  it  is  recom- 
mended by  some  to  defer  its  application  until  the  fourth  year, 
by  which  time  the  bark  will  have  become  sufficiently  thickened 
and  hardy  to  endure  the  treatment  without  injury.  Placing 
around  the  roots  a  bed  of  cinders,  ashes,  or  lime,  plastering 
the  base  of  the  trunk  with  mortar  or  clay  and  covering  it 
with  stout  paper,  coating  the  tree  with  an  application  of  soap 
or  tobacco- water,  have  all  had  their  advocates;  but  the  weight 
of  testimony  is  in  favor  of  the  removal  of  the  larvae  with 
the  knife  late  in  the  autumn  or  early  in  the  spring,  and 
subsequently  mounding  the  trees  in  the  manner  already 
described. 

Another  remedy  proposed  is  to  cover  the  trunk  with  straw 
in  the  following  manner.  Scrape  the  earth  away  from  the 
collar,  place  a  handful  of  straight  straw  erect  around  the 
trunk,  fastening  it  with  twine,  then  return  the  soil,  which 
will  keep  the  ends  of  the  straw  in  their  place.  The  straw 
should  entirely  cover  the  bark,  and  the  twine  be  loosened  as 
the  trunk  increases  in  size.  Trees  so  protected  are  said  to 


ATTACKING   THE  BRANCHES.  195 

have  remained  uninjured  while  all  around  them  have  suffered 
from  the  borer. 

No.  98. — The  Elm-bark  Beetle. 

Phlceotribtts  liminaris  (Harris). 

This  insect  is  very  common  on  elm-trees ;  it  also  occasion- 
ally attacks  the  peach-tree,  especially  when  from  any  cause  it 
has  become  diseased.  In  August  or  September  there  appear 
small  perforations  like  pin-holes  in  the  bark,  from  which  issue 
minute  cylindrical  beetles  about  one-tenth  of  an  inch  long,  of 
a  dark-brown  color,  with  the  wing-cases  deeply  impressed  with 
punctated  furrows,  and  covered  with  short  hairs ;  the  thorax 
is  also  punctated.  This  species  has  never  occurred  on  the 
peach  in  sufficient  numbers  to  attract  general  attention,  or  to 
require  the  adoption  of  any  special  remedies. 


ATTACKING  THE  BBANOHES. 

No.  99. — The  Peach-tree  Bark-louse. 

Lecanium  persiccB  (Fabr.). 

This  is  an  insect  very  similar  in  appearance  and  habits  to 
the  pear-tree  bark-louse,  No.  69.  It  is  found  attached  to  the 
smooth  bark  of  the  peach  twigs,  frequently  beside  a  bud  or 
at  the  base  of  a  twig,  appearing  as  a  black  hemispherical  shell 
about  the  size  and  shape  of  a  split  pea ;  its  surface  is  uneven, 
shining,  commonly  showing  a  pale  margin,  and  a  stripe  upon 
the  middle.  It  feeds  upon  the  sap,  piercing  the  bark  with 
its  proboscis,  and  imbibing  the  juices.  When  mature,  the 
removal  of  the  scale  discloses  a  multitude  of  eggs,  which  in 
due  time  hatch,  and  the  young  larva?  scatter  over  the  twigs, 
and,  fastening  themselves  to  the  bark,  become  permanently 
located,  and  live  the  full  term  of  their  lives  without  changing 
their  position. 


196 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO   THE  PEACH. 


FIG.  205. 


No.  100.— The  New  York  Weevil. 

Ithycerus  noveboracensis  (Forster). 

This  is  a  snout-beetle  or  curculio,  the  largest  species  we 
have  in  this  country.  It  appears  in  May  or  June,  and  injures 
fruit-trees  by  eating  the  buds  and  gnawing  into  the  twigs  at 
their  base,  often  causing  them  to  break  and  fall ;  it  also  gnaws 
off  the  tender  bark  early  in  the  season  before  the  buds  have 
expanded,  and  later  eats  the  leaves  off  just  at  their  base,  and 
devours  the  tender  shoots.  It  is  from  four  to  six  tenths  of 
an  inch  in  length  (see  c,  Fig.  205),  of  an  ash-gray  color  marked 
with  black ;  on  each  of  its  wing-cases 
there  are  four  whitish  lines  interrupted 
by  black  dots,  and  three  smaller  ones  on 
the  thorax.  The  scutel,  which  is  at  the 
point  of  junction  of  the  wing-cases  with 
the  thorax,  is  yellowish.  The  beetle  is 
said  to  be  more  active  at  night  than  in 
the  day,  and  seems  to  show  a  preference 
ou  for  the  tender,  succulent  shoots  of  the 
apple,  although  it  makes  quite  free  with 
those  of  the  peach,  pear,  plum,  and 
cherry.  Sometimes  it  occurs  in  swarms 
in  nurseries,  when  it  seriously  injures  the 
young  trees.  In  the  East  it  is  seldom 
present  in  sufficient  numbers  to  prove 
injurious,  but  it  is  very  common  in  the  valley  of  the  Missis- 
sippi. The  larva  is  found  in  the  twigs  and  tender  branches 
of  the  bur-oak,  and  probably  also  in  those  of  the  pig-nut 
hickory. 

When  the  female  is  about  to  deposit  an  egg,  she  makes  a 
longitudinal  excavation  with  her  jaws,  as  shown  at  a  in  Fig. 
205,  eating  upwards  under  the  bark,  and  afterwards  turns 
round  and  places  an  egg  in  the  opening. 

The  larva  (b  in  the  figure)  is  a  soft,  footless  grub,  of  a 
pale-yellow  color,  with  a  tawny  head ;  it  is  not  known  whether 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES.  197 

it  undergoes  its  transformations  within  the  twig,  or  enters  the 
ground  to  pass  the  pupa  state. 

Remedies. — There  seems  to  be  none  other  than  to  catch  and 
kill  this  mischief-maker.  In  common  with  almost  all  other 
curculios,  this  beetle  has  the  habit  of  falling  to  the  ground 
when  alarmed,  and  hence  may  be  captured  by  jarring  the 
trees  in  the  manner  directed  for  the  plum  curculio,  No.  94. 


ATTACKING  THE  LEAVES, 

No.  101. — The  Peach-tree  Leaf-roller. 

Ptycholoma  persicana  (Fi tch ) . 

Early  in  spring,  when  the  young  leaves  are  expanding,  a 
small  worm  sometimes  attacks  them,  and,  drawing  them  to- 
gether with  fine  silken  threads,  secretes  itself  within,  and 
feeds  upon  them.  This  larva  is  rather  slender,  of  a  pale- 
green  color,  with  a  pale,  dull-yellowish  head,  and  a  whitish 
streak  along  each  side  of  its  back.  When  full  grown,  it 
changes  to  a  chrysalis  within  its  nest,  where  it  remains  about 
two  weeks,  and  then  escapes  as  a  moth. 

The  fore  wings  of  the  moth  are  of  a  reddish-yellow  color, 
varied  with  black ;  at  the  base  they  are  paler ;  there  is  a  large, 
white,  triangular  spot  on  the  middle  of  the  outer  margin,  and 
a  transverse  streak  of  the  same  hue  within  the  hind  margin. 
This  latter  is  divided  by  the  veins  crossing  it  into  about  four 
spots,  and  is  bordered  on  its  anterior  side  by  a  curved  black 
band.  When  its  wings  are  spread,  this  moth  measures  nearly 
three-quarters  of  an  inch  across.  It  has  never  yet  been  re- 
ported as  very  destructive  anywhere,  and  is  scarcely  likely  to 
require  the  application  of  any  special  remedy. 

No.  102.— The  Bine-spangled  Peach-tree  Caterpillar. 

Callimorpha  Lecontei  Boisd.,  var.  fulvicosta  Clem. 
Very  early  in  spring  there  may  sometimes  be  found  shel- 
tered under  the  loose  bark  of  peach-trees,  and  sometimes  also 


198 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE  PEACH. 


on  apple-trees,  small  black  caterpillars  covered  with  short 
stiff  hairs  and  studded  with  minute  blue  spots.  As  soon  as 
the  leaves  begin  to  expand,  these  larvaB  issue  from  their  hiding- 
places  and  feed  upon  them.  They  grow  rapidly,  and  soon 
attain  their  full  size,  when  they  are  nearly  an  inch  long,  and 
appear  as  shown  at  a,  Fig.  206 ;  c  shows  an  enlarged  side 

FIG.  206. 


view  of  one  of  the  segments  of  the  body,  and  d  a  back  view 
of  the  same.  The  full-grown  caterpillar  is  of  a  velvety 
black  color  above,  and  pale  bluish,  speckled  with  black,  below. 
There  is  a  deep  orange  line  along  the  back,  and  a  more  distinct 
wavy  and  broken  line  along  each  side.  The  warts  from  which 
the  bristly  hairs  issue  are  of  a  steel-blue  color,  with  a  polished 
surface,  which  reflects  the  light  so  as  to  make  them  appear 
quite  brilliant. 

The  larva  selects  some  sheltered  spot  and  there  spins  a  slight 
cocoon  of  white  silk,  within  which  it  changes  to  a  chrysalis 
of  a  purplish-brown  color,  finely  punctated,  and  terminating  in 
a  flattened  plate  tipped  with  yellowish-brown,  curled  bristles. 

The  moth  issues  during  the  early  part  of  June  in  the 
Northern  and  Middle  States;  it  is  of  a  milk-white  or  cream 
color,  with  the  head,  collar,  and  base  and  tip  of  the  abdomen 
orange-yellow.  On  the  under  side  the  anterior  margins  of 
the  wings,  the  legs,  and  the  body  partake  of  the  same  hue. 
When  spread,  the  wings  measure  about  one  and  three-quarter 
inches  across. 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES.  199 

Remedies. — When  these  larvae  are  numerous  they  sometimes 
do  considerable  damage  to  the  young  foliage  of  the  peach-tree. 
They  may  be  subdued  by  hand-picking,  or  by  shaking  them 
from  the  trees  and  crushing  them  under  foot,  or  by  syringing 
the  leaves  of  the  trees  with  Paris-green  and  water  in  the 
proportion  of  a  teaspoonful  to  two  gallons  of  water. 

No.  103. — The  Peach-tree  Aphis. 

Myzus  persiccR  Sulzer. 

This  aphis  begins  to  work  upon  the  young  leaves  of  the 
peach-trees  almost  as  soon  as  they  burst  from  the  bud,  and 
continues  throughout  the  greater  part  of  the  season,  unless 
swept  off,  as  sometimes  happens  with  surprising  rapidity,  by 
insect  enemies.  These  lice  live  together  in  crowds  under 
the  leaves,  and  suck  their  juices,  causing  them  to  become 
thickened  and  curled,  forming  hollows  with  corresponding 
reddish  swellings  above;  frequently  the  curled  leaves  fall 
prematurely  to  the  ground.  The  perfect  winged  females  are 
about  one-eighth  of  an  inch  long,  black,  with  the  under  side 
of  the  abdomen  dull  green,  the  wingless  females  rusty  red, 
with  the  antenna,  legs,  and  honey-tubes  greenish.  The 
winged  males  are  bright  yellow,  streaked  with  brown,  with 
black  honey-tubes. 

The  insects  which  prey  on  the  apple-tree  aphis,  No.  57, 
feed  on  this  species  also,  and  the  remedies  recommended  for 
that  insect  are  equally  applicable  to  this  one. 


SUPPLEMENTABY  LIST  OF  INJURIOUS  INSECTS  WHICH 
AITEOT  THE  PEACH. 

ATTACKING   THE   TRUNK. 

The  flat-headed  apple-tree  borer,  No.  3,  and  the  divaricated 
Buprestis,  No.  104,  both  injure  the  trunk  of  the  peach-tree. 


200       INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  APRICOT,  ETC. 
ATTACKING   THE   BRANCHES. 

The  buffalo  tree-hopper,  No.  18 ;  the  red-shouldered  Sin- 
oxylon,  No.  130;  the  tree-cricket,  No.  178;  and  the  straw- 
berry root-borer,  No.  190,  all  attack  the  branches.  The 
stalk-borer,  No.  201,  sometimes  bores  into  the  buds  and 
young  branches. 

ATTACKING  THE   LEAVES. 

The  oblique-banded  leaf-roller,  No.  35 ;  the  leaf-crumpler, 
No.  37  ;  the  many-dotted  apple- worm,  No.  43 ;  the  saddled 
leaf-hopper,  No.  96 ;  the  basket- worm,  or  bag- worm,  No.  120; 
the  rose-beetle,  No.  151 ;  and  the  smeared  dagger,  No.  194, 
devour  the  leaves. 

ATTACKING  THE   FRUIT. 

The  codling  moth,  No.  58 ;  the  ash-gray  pinion,  No.  64 ; 
the  Indian  Cetonia,  No.  81 ;  and  the  plum  curculio,  No.  94, 
all  affect  the  fruit,  the  last-named  insect  being  especially 
injurious. 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  APRICOT  AND  THE 
NECTARINE. 

The  nectarine  and  apricot,  being  closely  related  to  the 
peach,  are  liable  to  be  injured  by  the  same  insects ;  besides 
those  enumerated  as  affecting  the  peach,  the  apricot  occasion- 
ally suffers  in  its  branches  from  the  attacks  of  the  pear- blight 
beetle,  No.  68. 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  CHERRY. 

ATTACKING  THE  TRUNK, 

Ho.  104. — The  Divaricated  Buprestis. 

Dicerca  divaricata  (Say). 

This  is  a  beetle  belonging  to  the  family  Buprestidse,  most 
of  the  members  of  which  are  readily  distinguished  by  their 
coppery  or  bronzed  appearance.  This  species  (see  Fig.  207) 
is  from  seven  to  nine  tenths  of  an  inch  in  length, 
copper-colored,  and  sometimes  brassy,  and  thickly  • 
covered  with  little  indentations.  The  thorax  is 
furrowed  in  the  middle,  and  the  wing-covers  are 
marked  with  numerous  irregular  impressed  lines 
and  small,  elevated,  blackish  spots.  The  wing- 
cases  taper  much  behind,  and  their  long  and  narrow 
tips  are  blunt-pointed,  and  spread  apart  a  little, 
the  latter  peculiarity  having  given  to  the  insect  its  specific 
name,  divaricata.  The  beetles  may  be  found  sunning  them- 
selves upon  the  limbs  of  cherry  and  peach  trees  during  June, 
July,  and  August ;  they  are  active  creatures,  running  briskly 
up  and  down  the  trunks  of  the  trees  in  the  sunshine. 

The  female  deposits  her  eggs  on  the  cultivated  and  wild 
cherry-trees,  probably  in  crevices  in  the  bark,  and  also  on  the 
peach,  and,  when  hatched,  the  young  larva  bores  through  the 
bark  and  lives  in  and  destroys  the  sap-wood  underneath.  It  is  a 
flattened  larva,  with  its  anterior  segments  very  much  enlarged, 
and  closely  resembles  that  of  the  flat-headed  apple-tree  borer, 
No.  3,  Fig.  4,  but  is  larger.  This  insect  is  seldom  very 
troublesome ;  should  it  require  attention,  the  remedies  recom- 
mended for  No.  3  will  be  equally  applicable  to  this  species. 

201 


202 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE   CHERRY. 


FIG.  208. 


the 


No.  105. — The  Spotted  Horn-beetle. 

Dynastes  tityus  (Linn.). 

This  is  an  enormous  beetle,  some  two  inches  in  length, 
exclusive  of  its  horns.  It  is  of  a  pale-olive  color,  with  the 
wing-covers  spotted  and  dotted  with  black.  In  the  males 
the  middle  of  the  thorax  is  extended  forward  in  the  form  of 
a  long  black  horn,  which  is  hairy  along  its  under  side,  and 

usually  notched  at 
its  tip,  as  if  formed 
to  receive  the  sharp 
point  of  another 
similar  horn,  which 
curves  upwards  from 
crown  of  the 
There  are 
two  other  horns  be- 
tween these,  short 
and  sharp-pointed. 
The  female  is 
smaller  than  the 
male,  and  unarmed, 
except  with  a  small 
tubercle  on  the 
head.  Fig.  208 
represents  the  male. 
The  beetle  occasionally  varies  in  color:  specimens  have 
been  found  with  chestnut-brown  wing-covers,  others  with  the 
thorax  black ;  and  in  one  instance  a  male  was  taken  with  one 
of  the  wing-covers  black,  while  the  other  was  of  the  normal 
character. 

The  larva  of  this  insect  bores  in  old,  decaying  cherry-trees. 
It  somewhat  resembles  that  of  the  rough  Osmoderma,  No.  8, 
but  is  much  larger.  The  beetle  is  frequently  met  with  in  the 
South,  and  is  sometimes  found  as  far  north  as  Pennsylvania, 
but  the  damage  it  inflicts  is  very  slight. 


ATTACKING    THE  BRANCHES. 


203 


FIG.  209. 


ATTACKING  THE  BBANOHES, 

No.  106.— The  Dog-day  Cicada. 

Cicada  tibicen  Linn. 

In  appearance  this  insect  very  much  resembles  the  seven- 
teen-year locust,  No.  15,  but  differs  from  it  by  occurring  in 
more  or  less  abundance  every  year  during  the  months  of 
August  and  September,  when  it  sometimes  wounds  the  small 
limbs  of  the  cherry  and  deposits  its  eggs  therein.  The  body 
is  black  on  the  upper  side,  the  head  and  thorax  being  spotted 
and  marked  with  olive-green.  The  wings  are  large,  trans- 
parent, and  strongly  veined,  the  principal  veins  having  a 
greenish  tint.  The  under  side  of  the 
body  is  coated  with  a  whitish  powder, 
legs  greenish.  This  cicada,  which  is 
shown  in  Fig.  209,  is  very  generally 
distributed  throughout  the  Northern 
United  States  and  the  province  of 
Ontario,  and  the  shrill  notes  of  the 
males  may  be  heard  almost  everywhere 
during  warm  days  in  August,  from  ten 
o'clock  in  the  morning  until  two  in 
the  afternoon.  The  males  only  are 
musical,  and  their  drums  are  situated 
in  cavities  in  the  sides  of  the  anterior 
segments  of  their  robust  bodies. 

The  larva  is  unknown,  but  doubtless  closely  resembles  that 
of  the  seventeen-year  locust ;  the  pupa  also  is  very  similar,  and 
has  been  found  beneath  cherry,  maple,  and  elm  trees.  The 
ravages  of  this  insect  have  never  been  sufficiently  important 
to  attract  much  attention. 

No.  107.— The  Cherry-tree  Bark-louse. 

Lecanium  cerasifex  Fitch. 

This  is  a  bark-louse  very  much  resembling  that  of  the 
pear-tree,  Lecanium  pyri,  No.  69.  It  may  be  found  in 


204  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE   CHERRY. 

spring  adhering  to  the  under  side  of  the  limbs  of  cherry- 
trees  and  sucking  their  juices.  The  shell  is  hemispherical  in 
form,  black,  more  or  less  mottled  with  pale  dull-yellow  dots. 
On  lifting  this  shell,  a  mass  of  minute  eggs  is  found,  which 
shortly  hatch,  whereupon  the  insects  spread  over  the  bark  of 
the  succulent  twigs,  and,  piercing  it,  subsist  upon  the  juices, 
passing  through  the  various  stages  of  their  growth  before  the 
winter  approaches.  The  remedies  recommended  for  L.  pyri 
will  be  equally  applicable  in  this  case. 

No.  108. — The  Cherry-tree  Scale-insect. 

Aspldiotus  cerasi  Fitch. 

On  examining  the  limbs  of  the  choke-cherry  in  winter, 
there  will  sometimes  be  found  on  the  bark  a  small,  roundish 
scale,  like  a  tiny  blister,  which,  when  raised,  discloses  a  cluster 
of  very  minute  dull -reddish  eggs,  the  product  of  the  cherry 
scale-insect,  which  is  believed  to  be  identical  with  the  scurfy 
bark-louse,  No.  17,  and  to  which  the  same  remedies  may  be 
applied. 


ATTACKING  THE  LEAVES, 
No.  109. — The  Violaceous  Plea-beetle. 

Crepidodera  Helxines  (Linn.). 

From  about  the  middle  of  May  until  August  there  may 
often  be  found  on  the  leaves  of  cherry-trees  small  flea-beetles, 
about  one-tenth  of  an  inch  long,  and  of  a  brilliant  coppery, 
violet,  or  greenish-black  color,  with  the  antennae  of  a  pale 
yellow,  the  under  side  black,  and  the  legs,  except  the  hinder 
thighs,  dull  pale  yellow.  Though  small,  this  is  a  very  active 
insect.  It  gnaws  round  pieces  out  of  the  under  side  of  the 
leaf,  leaving  the  upper  skin  unbroken,  and  sometimes  eats 
entirely  through,  making  numerous  small  holes  in  the  young 
leaves, at  the  ends  of  the  limbs.  It  has  not  yet  proved 
sufficiently  troublesome  to  require  any  special  remedy. 


ATTACKING   THE  LEAVES.  205 

No.  110. — The  Promethea  Emperor-moth. 

Callosamia  Promethea,  (Drury). 

During  the  winter  there  may  frequently  be  seen  on  cherry- 
trees,  particularly  the  wild  species,  a  twisted  leaf  hanging  here 

and  there   after  all   the  others  have 

.  ,  •  FIG.  210. 

lallen.     A  closer  examination  snows 

each  of  these  to  contain  a  long,  oval, 
silken  cocoon  (see  Fig.  210),  the  stem 
of  the  leaf  being  secured  to  the  twig 
on  which  it  grew  with  silken  threads. 
The  silk  is  wound  round  the  twig  for 
about  half  an  inch  on  each  side,  then 
carried  down  around  the  leaf-stalk  to 
the  cocoon,  the  whole  being  so  firmly 
fastened  that  the  leaf  with  the  cocoon 
cannot  be  detached  without  much 
force.  This  is  the  cocoon  of  the 
Promethea  emperor-moth.  Besides 
the  cherry,  it  is  found  on  the  sassa- 
fras, lilac,  button-bush,  and  occa- 
sionally on  other  trees  and  shrubs. 

The  moth  escapes  late  in  June  or 
early  in  July.  It  is  a  handsome  in- 
sect, and  measures,  when  its  wings  are  expanded,  from  three 
and  a  half  to  nearly  four  and  a  half  inches  across.  The 
sexes  differ  very  much  in  appearance :  the  wings  of  the  male 
(Fig.  211)  are  brownish  black,  those  of  the  female  (Fig.  212) 
light  reddish  brown.  In  both,  the  wings  are  crossed  by  a 
wavy  whitish  line  near  the  middle,  and  a  clay-colored  border 
along  the  hind  edges.  Both  also  have  an  eye-like  black  spot, 
with  a  pale-bluish  crescent  within,  near  the  tip  of  the  fore 
wings.  Near  the  middle  of  each  of  the  wings  of  the  female 
there  is  an  angular  reddish- white  spot,  edged  with  black ;  the 
same  is  visible  on  the  under  side  of  the  wings  of  the  male, 
but  is  seldom  seen  on  the  upper  side. 


206 


INSECTS   INJURIOUS   TO    THE   CHERRY. 


The  female  lays  her  eggs  in  small  clusters  of  five  or  six  or 
more  together ;  they  are  of  a  creamy-white  color,  about  one- 


FIG.  211. 


sixteenth  of  an  inch   in  diameter,  with   an  ochreous-yellow 
spot  on  the  upper  side.     They  hatch  towards  the  end  of  July. 


FIG.  212. 


The  newly-hatched  larva  is  about  one-third  of  an  inch  long, 
pale  green,  with  yellow  bands  and  faint  rows  of  black  tuber- 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


207 


FIG.  213. 


cles.  After  it  has  passed  the  second  moult  it  appears  as  seen 
at  a.  From  the  end  of  August  until  late  in  September  it  may- 
be found  full  grown,  when  it  measures  two  inches  or  more  in 
length  and  about  half  an  inch,  in  diameter,  and  presents  the 
appearance  shown  at  6  in  Fig.  213.  It  is  of  a  bluish-green  or 
sometimes  of  a  greenish-yellow 
color,  with  the  head,  feet,  and 
hinder  segments  yellow.  There 
are  about  eight  small  warts  or 
short  horns  of  a  deep-blue  color 
on  each  segment,  except  the 
two  uppermost  on  the  top  of 
the  third  and  fourth  segments, 
which  are  of  a  rich  coral-red 
color,  and  a  long  one  on  the 
top  of  the  twelfth  ring,  which 
is  yellow. 

The  caterpillar  is  found  feed- 
ing on  the  cherry,  ash,  sassafras, 
poplar,  azalea,  cephalanthus,  or 
button-bush,  and  other  shrubs 
and  trees.  Although  the  ash 
is  a  very  common  food-plant 
for  the  larva,  it  is  rarely,  if 
ever,  that  a  cocoon  is  found 
upon  it;  the  leaf-stalks  being 
so  very  long,  it  is  probably  too  laborious  a  task  for  the  cater- 
pillars to  fasten  them  to  the  twigs,  and  hence  they  wander  off 
in  search  of  leaves  with  shorter  stalks  and  of  a  thicker,  more 
leathery  structure,  such  as  the  cherry  or  the  lilac,  which  form 
a  substantial  covering  for  the  cocoon. 

The  cocoons  are  often  perforated  by  birds  during  the  winter 
and  their  contents  devoured.  The  insect  is  also  subject  to 
the  attacks  of  a  small  four-winged  parasite,  a  species  of  Ich- 
neumon. 


208  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE   CHERRY. 

No.  111. — The  Purblind  Sphinx. 

Smerinthus  my  ops  (Sm.  &  Abb.). 

There  are  sometimes  found  on  cherry-trees,  devouring  the 
leaves,  in  the  month  of  August,  large,  cylindrical,  green  larvae, 
about  two  inches  long,  with  a  curved  horn  at  the  end  of  the 
body.  The  head  is  bluish  green,  with  a  bright-yellow  line  on 
the  sides;  the  body  is  green,  with  a  row  of  reddish-brown  spots 
on  each  side  of  the  back,  and  another  similar  row  lower  down 
near  the  breathing-pores.  Along  each  side  there  are  six  oblique 
bright-yellow  bands,  and  two  short  yellow  lines  on  the  anterior 
segments.  The  horn  is  green,  tinted  with  yellow  at  the  sides. 
This  is  the  larva  of  the  purblind  sphinx. 

When  full  grown,  it  buries  itself  under  the  ground,  where 
it  changes  to  a  dark-brown  chrysalis,  and  in  this  condition 
remains  until  the  following  June  or  July,  when  the  perfect 
insect  escapes. 

The  moth  is  a  very  handsome  one  (see  Fig.  214),  and  meas- 
ures, when  its  wings  are  expanded,  about  two  and  a  half  inches 

FIG.  214. 


across.  The  head  and  thorax  are  chocolate-brown  with  a 
purplish  tinge,  the  thorax  having  a  tawny  yellow  stripe  down 
the  middle ;  the  abdomen  is  brown,  with  dull-yellowish  spots. 
The  fore  wings  are  chocolate-brown,  with  black  bauds  and 
patches,  and  are  angulated  and  excavated  on  the  hind  margin. 
The  hind  wings  are  dull  yellow,  with  the  outer  half  chocolate- 
brown,  and  have  an  eye-like  spot  towards  the  inner  margin, 
black,  with  a  large  pale-blue  centre. 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES.  209 

The  insect  is  a  rare  one,  and  not  likely  ever  to  occur  in 
sufficient  numbers  to  do  much  injury. 

No.  112. — The  lo  Emperor-moth. 

Hyperchiria  lo  (Linn.). 

This  very  beautiful  insect  appears  in  June  and  July.  It 
remains  inactive  during  the  day,  but  flies  about  after  dusk. 
The  sexes  differ  in  both  size  and  color,  the  male  (Fig.  215) 

FIG.  215. 


being  the  smaller.  It  is  of  a  deep-yellow  color,  with  purplish- 
brown  markings;  on  the  fore  wings  are  two  oblique  wavy 
lines  near  the  outer  margin,  a  zigzag  line  near  the  base,  and 
other  blackish  dots  and  markings.  The  hind  wings  are  of 
a  deeper  ochre-yellow,  and  are  shaded  with  purple  next  the 
body ;  within  the  hind  margin  is  a  curved  purplish  band, 
and  inside  this  a  smaller  one  of  a  dark-purplish  shade,  while 
about  the  middle  of  the  wing  there  is  a  large,  round,  blue 
spot  with  a  whitish  centre  and  enclosed  in  a  broad  ring  of 
brownish  black.  The  antennae  of  the  male  are  beautifully 
feathered,  and  the  wings  measure,  when  expanded,  about  two 
and  a  half  inches  across.  The  female  (Fig.  216)  measures 
from  three  to  three  and  a  half  inches.  The  antennae  are  but 
very  slightly  feathered;  the  fore  wings  are  purplish  brown 
mingled  with  gray,  the  wavy  lines  crossing  the  wings  being 
also  gray.  There  is  a  brown  spot  about  the  middle,  margined 

14 


210  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE   CHERRY. 

by  an  irregular  gray  line,  and  towards  the  base  the  wings  are 
densely  clothed  with  a  wool-like  covering.  The  hind  wings 
are  very  similar  to  those  of  the  male;  the  thorax  and  legs  are 
purplish  brown,  the  abdomen  ochre-yellow,  with  a  purplish- 
red  edging  on  each  ring. 

Shortly  after  pairing,  the  female  deposits  her  eggs  in  clus- 
ters, sometimes  as  many  as  twenty  or  thirty  in  one  group. 

FIG.  216. 


They  are  top-shaped,  compressed  on  both  sides,  and  flattened 
above,  about  one-sixteenth  of  an  inch  long,  and  one-twentieth 
of  an  inch  in  the  longest  diameter,  creamy  white  in  color, 
with  a  yellowish  spot  above,  which  gradually  becomes  darker 
as  it  approaches  maturity,  until  it  is  almost  black,  when  the 
yellow  larva  within  begins  to  show  through  the  translucent 
sides. 

The  young  larvae  are  darker  in  color  than  the  more  matured 
specimens ;  they  keep  together  in  little  swarms,  and  when 
moving  from  one  place  to  another  follow  each  other  in  regular 
processionary  order,  a  single  caterpillar  taking  the  lead,  closely 
followed  sometimes  by  one  or  two  in  single  file,  then  by  two, 
three,  four,  or  more,  in  regular  ranks.  When  about  half 
grown,  they  lose  this  habit,  and,  separating,  each  one  shifts 
for  itself.  The  larva  attains  maturity  during  August,  when 
it  measures  two  and  a  half  inches  or  more  in  length  and  is 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


211 


FIG.  217. 


of  a  corresponding  thickness.  (See  Fig.  217.)  It  is  of  a 
delicate  pale-green  color,  paler,  approaching  whitish,  along 
the  back,  with  a  broad 
dusky  -  white  stripe  on 
each  side,  margined  with 
reddish  lilac;  breathing- 
pores  yellow,  ringed  with 
brown.  The  body  is  cov- 
ered with  clusters  of  green 
branching  spines  tipped 
with  black,  arising  from 
small  warts,  of  which 
there  are  a  number  on 
each  segment.  These 
spines  are  very  sharp,  and 
when  the  insect  is  care- 
lessly handled  they  sting 
severely,  producing  on  the 
more  tender  portions  of 
the  skin  an  irritation,  accompanied  by  redness  and  raised 
white  blotches,  very  similar  to  that  of  the  stinging  nettle. 
Fig.  218  shows  some  of  these  branching 
spines  magnified,  b  being  stouter  and  more 
acute  than  the  others. 

When  full  grown,  the  larva  descends  to 
the  ground,  and,  drawing  together  portions 
of  dead  leaves  or  other  rubbish  to  form 
an  outer  covering,  constructs  within  this 
a  slight  cocoon  of  tough,  gummy,  brown  silk,  in  which  the 
change  to  a  chrysalis  takes  place.  The  chrysalis  is  rather 
short  and  thick,  of  a  pale-brown  color,  with  a  few  reddish 
bristles  on  the  abdominal  joints,  and  a  tuft  of  the  same  at 
the  end. 

While  common  on  the  cherry,  this  caterpillar  does  not  con- 
fine itself  to  one  kind  of  food,  but  is  also  found  feeding  on 
the  apple,  thorn,  willow,  elm,  dogwood,  balsam  poplar,  sas- 


FIQ.  218. 


212  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE  CHERRF. 

safras,  locust,  oak,  currant,  clover,  cotton,  and  other  plants, 
shrubs,  and  trees.  It  is  much  more  plentiful  in  some  seasons 
than  in  others,  but,  in  consequence  of  its  using  so  many  dif- 
ferent sorts  of  food,  it  is  seldom  noticed  as  very  injurious  to 
any  particular  kind  of  tree,  shrub,  or  plant.  Should  it  prove 
troublesome,  it  may  easily  be  subdued  by  hand-picking,  the 
operator  using  a  pair  of  gloves  while  engaged  in  the  work. 
The  larva  is  attacked  by  parasites,  particularly  by  a  small, 
undetermined,  four-winged  fly.  The  long-tailed  Ophion, 
Ophion  macrurum,  referred  to  under  No.  28  (see  Fig.  73), 
also  preys  upon  it. 

No.  113.— The  May-beetle. 

Lachnosterna  fusca  (Frohl.). 

Every  one  must  be  familiar  with  the  May-beetle, — or  May- 
bug,  as  it  is  commonly  called, — a  buzzing  beetle,  with  a  slow 
but  wild  and  erratic  flight,  which  comes  thumping  against 
the  windows  of  lighted  rooms  in  the  evenings  in  May  and 
early  in  June,  and,  where  the  windows  are  open,  dashes  in 
without  a  moment's  consideration,  bumping  against  walls, 
ceiling,  and  articles  of  furniture,  occasionally  dropping  to 
the  floor,  then  suddenly  rising  again.  It  sometimes  lands 
uninvited  on  one's  face  or  neck,  or,  worse  still,  on  one's  head, 
where  its  sharp  claws  become  entangled  in  the  hair  in  a  most 
unpleasant  manner.  It  is  a  thick-bodied,  chestnut-brown  or 
black  beetle  (see  Fig.  219,  3  and  4),  from  eight  to  nine  tenths 
of  an  inch  in  length.  Its  head  and  thorax  are  punctated  with 
small  indentations ;  the  wing-covers,  though  glossy  and  shining, 
are  roughened  with  shallow,  indented  points,  and  upon  each 
there  are  two  or  three  slightly  elevated  lines  running  length- 
wise. Its  legs  are  tawny  yellowish,  and  the  breast  is  covered 
with  pale-yellowish  hairs ;  the  under  surface  is  paler  than  the 
upper.  During  the  day  the  beetles  remain  in  repose,  but  are 
active  at  night,  when  they  congregate  upon  cherry,  plum,  and 
other  trees,  devouring  the  leaves, — occasionally,  when  very 
numerous,  entirely  stripping  the  trees  of  foliage.  Their 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


213 


strong  jaws  are  well  adapted  for  cutting  their  food,  and  their 
notched  or  double  claws  support  them  securely  on  the  foliage. 
The  female  is  said  to  deposit  her  eggs  between  the  roots  of 
grass,  enclosed  in  a  ball  of  earth ;  they  are  white,  translucent, 
and  spherical,  and  about  one-twelfth  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 
When  hatched,  the  small  white  grubs  begin  at  once  to  feed 
upon  the  rootlets  of  plants  ;  they  are  several  years  in  reaching 
maturity,  and  hence  larvse  of  different  sizes  are  usually  found 

FIG.  219. 


in  the  ground  at  the  same  time.  When  full  grown,  they  are 
almost  as  thick  as  a  man's  little  finger ;  they  are  soft  and  white, 
have  a  horny  head  of  a  brownish  color,  and  six  legs;  the 
hinder  part  of  the  body  is  usually  curved  under,  as  shown  at 
2,  Fig.  219.  This  larva  is  generally  known  as  "the  white 
grub/'  and  is  very  injurious  to  strawberries,  devouring  the 
roots  and  destroying  the  plants  ;  it  feeds  also  upon  the  roots 
of  grass  and  other  plants,  and  when  very  numerous  it  so  in- 
jures pasture-lands  and  lawns  that  large  portions  of  the  turf 
can  be  lifted  with  the  hand  and  rolled  over  like  a  piece 
of  carpet,  so  completely  are  the  roots  devoured.  When  cold 
weather  approaches,  the  grub  buries  itself  in  the  ground  deep 


214 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   CHERRY. 


enough  to  be  beyond  the  reach  of  frost,  and  there  remains 
until  the  following  spring. 

FIG.  220.  FIG.  221. 


When  ready  for  its  next  change,  the  larva 
forms  a  cavity  in  the  ground,  by  turning  itself 
round  and  round  and  pressing  the  earth  until 
it  moulds  a  cell  of  suitable  form  and  size, 
which  it  lines  with  a  glutinous  secretion,  so 
that  the  cell  may  better  retain  its  form,  and 
within  this  it  changes  at  first  to  a  pupa 
(shown  at  1  Fig.  219),  and  finally  produces 
the  perfect  beetle. 

Remedies. — It  is  very  difficult  to  reach  the 
larvsB  under  ground  with  any  remedy  other 
than  digging  for  them  and  destroying  them. 
Hogs  are  very  fond  of  them,  and,  when  turned 
into  places  where  the  grubs  are  abundant, 
will  root  up  the  ground  and  devour  them  in 
immense  quantities.  They  are  likewise  eaten 
by  domestic  fowls  and  insectivorous  birds; 
crows  especially  are  so  partial  to  them  that 
they  will  often  be  seen  following  the  plough, 
so  as  to  pick  out  these  choice  morsels  from 
the  freshly-turned  furrow.  An  insect  para- 
site, the  unadorned  Tiphia,  Tiphia  inornata 
Say,  is  also  actively  engaged  in  destroying  the 
white  grub.  Frequently,  when  digging  the 
ground,  a  pale-brown,  egg-shaped  cocoon  is 
turned  up  (see  c,  Fig.  220) ;  within  this,  when  fresh,  will  be 
found  a  whitish  grub,  represented  at  6,  which,  during  its 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES.  215 

growth,  has  fed  upon  the  larva  of  the  May-beetle.  Within 
this  snug  enclosure  it  soon  changes  to  a  pupa,  and  finally  as- 
sumes the  perfect  form,  as  shown  at  a  in  the  figure.  The 
fly  is  black,  with  sometimes  a  faint  bluish  tint,  with  dusky 
wings,  and  the  body  more  or  less  covered  with  pale-yellow 
hairs,  which  are  thickest  on  the  under  side. 

A  curious  whitish  fungus  sometimes  attacks  this  larva  and 
destroys  it,  growing  out  at  the  sides  of  the  head ;  the  pro- 
tuberance or  sprout  rapidly  increases  in  size,  often  attaining 
a  length  of  three  or  four  inches,  when  it  presents  the  appear- 
ance shown  in  Fig.  221.  A  very  large  number  frequently 
die  from  this  cause.  Trees  infested  with  the  beetles  should 
be  shaken  early  in  the  morning,  when  the  insects  will  fall,  and 
may  be  collected  on  sheets  and  killed  by  being  thrown  into 
scalding  water.  Besides  the  cherry  and  plum,  these  insects 
feed  on  the  Lombardy  poplar  and  the  oaks.  On  account  of 
the  length  of  time  the  larva  takes  to  mature,  the  beetles  are 
not  often  abundant  during  two  successive  seasons. 

No.  114. — The  Cherry-tree  Tortrix. 

Caccecia  cerasivorana  (Fitch). 

Early  in  July  there  may  often  be  found  on  the  choke- 
cherry,  and  sometimes  also  on  the  cultivated  cherry,  one  or 
more  branches  having  all  their  leaves  and  twigs  drawn 
together  with  a  web  of  silken  threads.  On  opening  one  of 
these  enclosures,  there  will  be  found  a  large  number  of  active 
yellow  larvae.  These  are  about  five-eighths  of  an  inch  long, 
nearly  cylindrical,  the  head  black,  body  above  yellow,  a  little 
paler  between  the  segments,  with  a  few  very  fine  yellowish 
hairs.  The  anterior  portion  of  the  second  segment  and  the 
hinder  portion  of  the  terminal  one  are  black;  there  is  also 
a  faint  dorsal  line  of  a  darker  shade.  The  under  side  is 
similar  to  the  upper  in  color,  and  the  six  anterior  claw-like 
feet  are  black. 

The  chrysalis  is  formed  within  the  nest  in  which  the  larva 
has  lived,  and  is  of  a  pale-brown  color.  The  moth,  when  at 


216  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   CHERRY. 

rest,  is  broad  and  flat,  the  outer  edge  of  the  fore  wings  being 
rounded  towards  the  base,  and  straight  from  the  middle  to 
the  tip,  and  when  its  wings  are  spread  (see  Fig.  222)  it  meas- 
ures from  three-quarters  of  an  inch  to  an 
FIG.  222.  .      -  * 

inch  across,     ine  tore  wings  are  crossed  by 

irregular  wavy  bands,  alternately  of  bright 
ochre-yellow  and  pale,  dull,  leaden  blue  ; 
the  yellow  bands  are  varied  with  darker 
spots,  the  most  -conspicuous  one  of  which  is  placed  on  the 
outer  margin  near  the  tip,  and  from  this  spot  a  broader  ochre- 
yellow  band  extends  towards  the  hind  margin,  and  curves 
thence  to  the  inner  angle ;  the  hind  wings  and  entire  under 
surface  are  pale  ochre-yellow. 

Where  this  insect  is  found  to  be  injurious,  the  webs  con- 
taining the  larva?  and  chrysalids  should  be  gathered  and 
destroyed  before  the  winged  moths  mature. 

No.  115. — The  Cherry-tree  Plant-louse. 

Myzus  cerasi  (Fabr.). 

This  black,  disgusting-looking  louse  begins  to  appear  on  the 
leaves  of  the  cultivated  cherry  almost  as  soon  as  they  are  ex- 
panded, being  hatched  from  eggs  deposited  on  the  branches 
the  previous  autumn,  and  they  multiply  so  fast  that  the  under 
side  of  the  young  foliage  is  soon  almost  entirely  covered  with 
them,  and  the  growth  of  the  tree  stunted  by  their  continual 
appropriation  of  its  juices.  They  crowd  together  in  dense 
masses,  often  two  deep,  standing  on  each  other's  backs,  with 
only  sufficient  space  between  to  enable  them  to  insert  their 
extended  beaks  into  the  leaves.  In  a  few  days  these  insects 
multiply  enormously,  their  black  bodies  covering  not  only  the 
under  side  of  the  leaves  but  also  the  leaf-stalks,  and  cluster- 
ing about  the  stems  and  green  heads  of  the  young  fruit,  while 
swarms  of  flies  and  other  insects,  attracted  by  the  sweet  exu- 
dations from  the  bodies  of  the  lice,  keep  up  a  constant  hum 
and  buzz  around  the  infested  trees. 

The  presence  of  these  aphides  in  such  numbers  has  the 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES.  217 

effect  of  attracting  to  the  tree  their  natural  enemies,  which 
also  multiply  with  great  rapidity  and  make  astonishing  havoc 
among  their  defenceless  victims.  The  lady-birds  and  their 
larvae,  also  the  larvae  of  Syrphus  flies  and  lace-wing  flies,  many 
of  which  are  referred  to  under  No.  57,  appear  in  abundance 
among  them,  tearing  and  devouring  them  with  the  greatest 
ferocity,  and  usually  within  two  or  three  weeks  the  armies 
of  lice  are  completely  annihilated,  and  the  leaves  of  the  trees 
appear  clean  again.  Later  in  the  season  the  lice  appear  a 
second  time,  but  occupy  only  the  tender  leaves  at  the  ends  of 
the  shoots,  some  of  them  usually  remaining  there  during  the 
rest  of  the  summer.  On  the  approach  of  cold  weather,  males 
are  produced,  and  subsequently  a  stock  of  eggs  is  placed  by 
the  females  about  the  base  of  the  buds  and  in  the  fissures  of 
the  bark  of  the  branches,  where  they  remain  unhatched  until 
the  following  spring. 

These  lice  may  be  killed  by  thoroughly  drenching  them 
with  weak  lye,  strong  soapsuds,  or  tobacco-water,  but  what- 
ever solution  may  be  used  it  must  come  in  contact  with  the 
lice  in  order  to  be  effectual ;  dipping  the  extremities  of  the 
limbs  in  such  solutions,  where  such  a  course  is  practicable,  will 
quickly  destroy  them.  The  easiest  remedy,  however,  is  to  aid 
nature  by  introducing  among  the  colonies  a  number  of  lady- 
birds and- other  enemies,  who  at  once  set  to  work  to  devour 
them  with  great  vigor.  A  very  minute  Ichneumon  fly,  a 
species  of  Aphidius  (Trioxys  cerasphis  Fitch),  is  parasitic  upon 
these  lice  and  destroys  large  numbers  of  them. 

No.  116.— The  Ursula  Butterfly. 
Lim-enitis  Ursula  Fabr. 

This  is  a  medium-sized  but  handsome  butterfly,  which  is 
seen  on  the  wing  during  the  months  of  June  and  July.  It  is 
represented  in  Fig.  223.  Its  wings  are  of  a  blackish-brown 
color  glossed  with  a  bluish  tint,  and  with  three  marginal  rows 
of  bluish  crescents  of  varying  size.  In  the  female  the  inner 
row  is  less  marked,  and  each  crescent  is  supported  behind  by 


218  INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO   THE   CHERRY. 

a  deep-orange  patch  or  point.  On  the  fore  wings  there  are 
several  white  spots  towards  the  tip.  The  margins  of  both 
wings  are  slightly  crenate,  the  hollows  being  edged  with 
white.  When  the  wings  are  spread,  they  measure  about  three 
inches  across. 

The  female  deposits  her  eggs  on  the  leaves  of  the  cherry, 
both  wild  and  cultivated,  and  occasionally  also  on  those  of 

FIG.  223 


the  apple  and  plum.  The  full-grown  larva  is  about  an  inch 
and  a  quarter  long,  of  an  olive-green  color  variegated  with 
russet,  white,  reddish  yellow,  and  ochreous,  with  two  long 
reddish  horns  behind  its  head,  and  two  tubercles  on  each  of 
the  other  segments,  all  green  except  those  on  the  fifth  seg- 
ment, which  are  reddish.  The  chrysalis  is  russety  marked 
with  white,  is  suspended  by  its  tail,  and  has  on  the  middle 
of  its  back  a  curious  and  prominent  projection  like  a  Roman 
nose.  Both  the  larva  and  the  chrysalis  resemble  that  of 
Ltmenitis  disippus,  Fig.  180.  This  insect  is  met  with  only 
occasionally,  and  has  never  been  reported  as  destructive  any- 
where. It  is  found  as  far  north  as  the  Province  of  Ontario 
in  Canada,  but  is  much  more  common  in  the  Middle  and 
Southern  States. 


ATTACKING   THE  LEAVES.  219 

No.  117. — The  Cherry-tree  Thecla. 
Thecla  titus  Fabr. 

This   is  a  very  pretty  little   butterfly,  better   known   as 
Thecla  mopsus.     (See  Fig.  224.)     It   is   of  a  dark-brown 
color  above,  with  a  row  of  seven  or 
eight  orange-colored  spots  near  the  Fl°-  224- 

margin  of  the  hind  wings,  which 
are  larger  and  more  conspicuous  on 
the  under  than  on  the  upper  side. 
The  wings  beneath  are  light  brown, 
with  a  row  of  deep  but  bright 
orange  spots  near  the  hind  margins 
of  both  pairs,  an  inner  and  more  irregular  row  of  small  black 
spots,  encircled  with  white,  and  on  the  middle  of  the  hind 
wings  two  similar  spots,  placed  close  together.  In  flight  it  is 
active,  but  its  movements  are  of  a  jerky  nature.  The  wings 
measure,  when  expanded,  an  inch  and  a  quarter  or  more 
across. 

The  caterpillar,  which  is  found  feeding  on  cherry  leaves 
during  the  month  of  May,  is  a  curious  flat  creature,  re- 
sembling a  wood-louse  in  outline,  of  a  dull-green  color,  per- 
vaded by  a  yellowish  tint.  There  is  a  patch  of  rose  color  on 
the  anterior  segments,  and  another  larger  one  on  the  hinder 
extremity. 

The  chrysalis  is  pale  brown  and  glossy,  with  many  small 
dark-brown  or  blackish  dots  distributed  over  the  whole 
surface,  and  thickly  covered  with  very  short  brown  hairs, 
scarcely  visible  without  a  magnifying-lens.  The  butterfly 
appears  about  the  middle  of  July,  and  is  very  partial  to  the 
flowers  of  the  "  butterfly- weed,"  Asdepias  tuberosa,  as  well  as 
to  those  of  the  common  milkweed,  Asdepias  cornuti. 

This  insect  is  never  found  in  sufficient  abundance  to  be 
injurious,  but  whenever  met  with  it  excites  the  curiosity  of  the 
observer. 


220 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE   CHERRY. 


ATTACKING  THE  PEUIT, 

No.  118.— The  Cherry  Bug. 

Metapodius  femoratus  (Fabr.). 


Fm.  225. 


This  insect,  which  belongs  to 
the  order  Hemiptera,  is  said  to 
injure  the  fruit  of  the  cherry 
in  the  Western  States  by  punc- 
turing it  with  its  beak  and 
sucking  the  juices.  It  is  rep- 
resented in  Fig.  225.  It  is 
said  to  attack  only  the  sweet 
varieties  of  cherry. 


SUPPLEMENTAET  LIST  OF  INJUEIOUS  INSECTS  WHICH 
AITEOT  THE  OHEEET, 

ATTACKING   THE   ROOTS. 

The  larva  of  the  stag-beetle,  No.  5,  also  that  of  the  rough 
Osmoderma,  No.  8,  occasionally  injure  the  roots  of  the  cherry, 
but  chiefly  affect  those  trees  which  are  old  and  decaying. 

ATTACKING   THE   BRANCHES. 

The  apple-twig  borer,  No.  13  ;  the  imbricated  snout-beetle,^ 
No.  14;  and  the  New  York  weevil,  No.  100. 

ATTACKING   THE    LEAVES. 

The  leaves  of  the  cherry-tree  suffer  from  all  the  following : 
the  apple-tree  tent-caterpillar,  No.  20 ;  tlie  forest  tent-cater- 
pillar, No.  21 ;  the  white-marked  tussock-moth,  No.  22  ;  the 
red-humped  apple-tree  caterpillar,  No.  24;  the  canker-worms, 
Nos.  25  and  26  ;  the  fall  web- worm,  No.  27 ;  the  Cecropia 
emperor-moth,  No.  28 ;  the  turnus  swallow-tail,  No.  30 ;  the 


SUPPLEMENTARY  LIST.  221 

American  lappet-moth,  No.  33 ;  the  oblique-banded  leaf- 
roller,  No.  35 ;  the  leaf-crumpler,  No.  37 ;  the  eye-spotted 
bud -moth,  No.  38  ;  the  many-dotted  apple- worm,  No.  43  ; 
the  palmer-worm,  No.  44 ;  the  hag-moth  caterpillar,  No. 
48 ;  the  saddle-back  caterpillar,  No.  49 ;  the  tarnished  plant- 
bug,  No.  71  ;  the  pear-tree  slug,  No.  75 ;  the  gray  dagger- 
moth,  No.  84 ;  the  Disippus  butterfly,  No.  87 ;  the  blue- 
spangled  peach-tree  caterpillar,  No.  102;  the  basket-worm, 
or  bag- worm,  No.  120;  and  the  rose-beetle,  No.  151.  The 
pear-tree  blister-beetle,  No.  73,  devours  the  blossoms  as  well 
as  the  young  leaves. 

ATTACKING  THE  FRUIT. 

The  plum  curculio,  No.  94,  affects  the  fruit  to  an  alarming 
extent  in  many  sections,  and,  since  the  cherries  do  not  drop 
from  the  trees  as  the  plums  do,  from  the  injuries  caused  by 
this  insect,  the  extent  of  its  depredations  is  not  easily  ascer- 
tained. It  is  not  unusual  to  find  a  considerable  proportion 
of  the  ripe  cherries  in  the  markets  containing  the  larva  of 
this  curculio,  nearly  full  grown. 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  QUINCE. 

ATTACKING  THE  TRUNK, 

No.  119,— The  Quince  Scale. 

Aspidiotus  cydonice  Comstock. 

This  scale  is  found  on  the  quince-tree  in  Florida.  It  is 
of  a  gray  color,  somewhat  transparent,  very  convex  in  form, 
and  about  six- hundred ths  of  an  inch  in  diameter.  Where  it 
is  found  injurious,  it  may  be  removed  from  the  trunk  and 
limbs  with  a  stiff  brush  dipped  in  a  strong  solution  of  soap. 


ATTACKING  THE  LEAVES, 

No.  120. — The  Basket-worm,  or  Bag-worm. 

Thyridopteryx  epJiemerceformis  (Haworth). 

During  the  winter  the  curious  weather-beaten  bags  of  this 
insect  may  be  seen  hanging  from  many  different  sorts  of 
trees,  both  evergreen  and  deciduous.  In  the  latter  class  they 
are  found  on  the  quince,  apple,  pear,  plum,  cherry,  peach,  elm, 
maple,  locust,  and  linden,  and  in  the  former  on  arbor-vitae, 
Norway  spruce,  and  red  cedar.  If  a  number  of  these  bags 
are  gathered  in  the  winter  and  cut  open,  many  of  them  will  be 
found  empty,  but  the  greater  portion  will  be  seen  to  present 
the  appearance  shown  at  e  in  Fig.  226,  being  in  fact  partly 
full  of  soft,  yellow  eggs.  Those  which  do  not  contain  eggs 
are  male  bags,  and  the  empty  chrysalis  skin  of  the  male  is 
generally  found  protruding  from  the  lower  end. 

The  eggs  are  soft,  opaque,  obovate  in  form,  about  one- 
twentieth  of  an  inch  long,  and  surrounded  by  more  or  less 
222 


ATTACKING   THE  LEAVES. 


223 


fawn-colored  silky  down ;  they  hatch  during  May  or  early 
in  June. 

The  young  larvae  are  of  a  brown  color ;  they  are  very 
active,  and  begin  at  once  to  make  for  themselves  coverings  of 
silk,  to  which  they  fasten  bits  of  the  leaves  of  the  tree  on 
which  they  are  feeding,  forming  small  cones,  as  shown  at  g 
in  the  figure.  As  the  Iarva3  grow,  they  increase  the  size  of 
their  enclosures  or  bags  from  the  bottom,  until  they  become 
so  large  and  heavy  that  they  hang  instead  of  remaining 

FIG.  226. 


upright,  as  at  first.  By  the  end  of  July  the  caterpillars 
become  full  grown,  when  they  appear  as  shown  at  /,  Fig. 
226,  where  the  larva  is  seen  with  its  head  and  a  portion  of 
its  anterior  segments  protruded  from  the  bag.  When  taken 
out  of  the  enclosure  at  this  stage,  it  presents  the  appearance 
shown  at  a  in  the  figure,  that  portion  of  the  body  which  has 
been  covered  by  the  bag  being  soft,  and  of  a  dull-brownish 
color,  inclining  to  red  at  the  sides,  while  the  three  anterior 
segments,  which  are  exposed  when  the  insect  is  feeding  or 
travelling,  are  horny  and  mottled  with  black  and  white. 
The  small,  fleshy  prolegs  on  the  middle  and  hinder  segments 
are  fringed  with  numerous  hooks,  by  which  the  larva  is 


224  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   QUINCE. 

enabled  to  cling  to  the  silken  lining  of  its  bag  and  drag  it 
along  wherever  it  goes.  The  outer  surface  of  the  bag  is 
rough  and  irregular  from  the  protruding  portions  of  the 
stems  and  leaves  which  are  woven  into  it.  During  their 
growth  these  caterpillars  are  slow  travellers,  seldom  leaving 
the  tree  on  which  they  were  hatched  ;  but  when  about  full 
grown  they  become  much  more  active,  and  often  lower  them- 
selves to  the  ground  by  silken  threads,  and  slowly  wander 
from  place  to  place. 

When  about  to  change  to  chrysalids,  they  fasten  their  bags 
securely  to  the  twigs  of  the  trees  on  which  they  happen  to  be, 
and  then  undergo  their  change.  The  male  chrysalis,  shown  at 
6,  Fig.  226,  is  much  smaller  than  the  female,  which  is  seen 
within  the  bag  at  e. 

The  female  moth  is  wingless,  and  never  leaves  the  bag,  but 
works  her  way  to  its  lower  orifice,  and  there  awaits  the  attend- 
ance of  the  male.  She  is  not  only  without  wings,  but  is  des- 
titute of  legs  also ;  in  short,  she  seems  to  be  nothing  more  than 
a  yellowish  bag  of  eggs  with  a  ring  of  soft,  pale-brown,  silky 
hair  near  the  tail.  She  is  represented  at  c  in  the  figure.  The 
male  (d,  Fig.  226)  has  transparent  wings  and  a  black  body,  and 
is  very  active  on  the  wing  during  the  warmer  portions  of  the 
day.  After  pairing,  the  female  deposits  her  eggs,  intermingled 
with  fawn-colored  down,  within  the  empty  pupa-case,  and 
when  this  task  is  completed  she  works  her  way  out  of  the 
case,  drops  exhausted  to  the  ground,  and  dies. 

The  bag-worm  is  a  Southern  rather  than  a  Northern  insect, 
although  it  is  found  as  far  north  as  New  Jersey  and  New 
York,  and  occasionally  in  Massachusetts ;  it  is  extremely  local 
in  its  character,  often  abounding  in  one  particular  neighbor- 
hood and  totally  unknown  a  few  miles  away.  Where  they 
occur  in  abundance  they  often  almost  entirely  defoliate  the 
trees  they  attack;  this,  however,  may  be  easily  prevented 
by  gathering  the  cases  which  contain  the  eggs  for  the  next 
brood  during*  the  winter  and  destroying  them.  There  are 
two  species  of  Ichneumon  which  attack  the  bag-worm  :  one  of 


ATTACKING    THE  FRUIT. 


225 


them,  Cryptus  inquisitor  (Say)  (Fig.  227),  is  about  two-  fifths  of 
an  inch  long,  the  other,  Hemiteles  thyridopteryx  Riley,  is  about 
one-third  of  an  inch  long;  the  male  is  shown  in  Fig.  228, 
the  female  in  Fig.  229,  both  magnified.  Five  or  six  of  this 


FIG.  227. 


FIG.  228. 


FIG.  229. 


FIG.  230. 


latter  species  will  sometimes  occupy  the  body  of  a  single 
caterpillar.  After  destroying  their  victim  they  spin  for  them- 
selves tough,  white,  silken  cocoons  within  the  bag,  a  section 
of  which  is  shown  in  Fig.  230. 


FIG.  231. 


ATTACKING  THE  FRUIT. 

No.  121. — The  Quince  Cnrcnlio. 

Conotrachelus  cratcegi  Walsh. 

This  is  a  broad-shouldered  snout-beetle,  larger  than  the 
plum  curculio,  No.  94,  and  has  a  longer  snout ;  in  Fig.  231,  a 
shows  a  side  view  of  the  insect,  b  a  back  view.  It  is  of  an 
ash-gray  color,  mottled  with  ochre-yel- 
low and  whitish,  with  a  dusky  almost 
triangular  spot  at  the  base  of  the 
thorax  above,  and  seven  narrow  longi- 
tudinal elevations  on  the  wing-covers, 
with  two  rows  of  dots  between  each. 
It  is  an  indigenous  insect,  having  its 
home  in  the  wild  haws,  in  which  it  is 
frequently  found,  but  it  is  also  very 

injurious  to  the  quince.     It  appears  during  the  month  of 
June,  and  punctures  the  young  fruit,  making  a  cylindrical 

15 


226  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   QUINCE. 

hole  a  little  larger  than  is  sufficient  to  admit  the  egg,  and 
enlarged  at  the  base.  Within  this  receptacle  the  egg  is 
placed,  and  hatches  there  in  a  few  days.  The  larva  does 
not  penetrate  to  the  core,  but  burrows  in  the  fruit  near  the 
surface;  it  resembles  the  larva  of  the  plum  curculio  in  ap- 
pearance, but  is  somewhat  larger,  and  has  a  narrow  dusky 
line  down  the  back.  In  about  a  month  it  becomes  full 
grown,  when  it  leaves  the  fruit  through  a  cylindrical  opening 
and  buries  itself  two  or  three  inches  in  the  ground,  where  it 
remains  during  the  autumn,  winter,  and  early  spring  months 
without  change.  It  becomes  a-  pupa  early  in  May,  and  as- 
sumes the  beetle  form  a  few  days  afterwards.  The  beetle 
also  feeds  on  the  quince,  burying  itself  completely  in  the 
substance  of  the  fruit ;  it  occasionally  attacks  the  pear. 

Where  these  beetles  prove  destructive  they  may  be  collected 
by  jarring,  as  recommended  for  the  plum  curculio;  and  care 
should  be  taken  to  destroy  all  the  fruit  which  falls  prema- 
turely to  the  ground. 


SUPPLEMENTARY  LIST  OP  INJURIOUS  INSECTS  WHICH 
AFFECT  THE  QUINCE, 

ATTACKING   THE  TRUNK. 

The  round-headed  apple-tree  borer,  No.  2. 

ATTACKING   THE   LEAVES. 

The  leaf-crumpler,  No.  37 ;  the  tarnished  plant-bug,  No. 
71 ;  and  the  pear-tree  slug,  No.  75.  The  pear-tree  blister- 
beetle,  No.  73,  eats  both  the  flowers  and  the  leaves. 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  GRAPE. 

ATTACKING  THE  BOOTS, 
No.  122. — The  Broad-necked  Prionus. 

Prionus  laticollis  (Drury). 

This  is  a  gigantic  borer  (Fig.  232),  from  two  and  a  half  to 
three  inches  in  length,  of  a  yellowish-white  color,  with  a 

FIG.  232. 


small,  horny,  reddish-brown  head,  and  a  bluish  line  down  the 
back,  which  cuts  for  itself  a  cylindrical  hole  through  the 
centre  of  the  root  of  the  vine,  a  little  below  the  surface ;  and 
when  the  root  is  barely  large  enough  to  contain  the  larva, 
nothing  but  a  thin  skin  of  bark  is  left,  but  this  is  always 
found  entire,  so  that  the  insect  cannot  be  easily  discovered. 
It  is  probable  that  it  lives  in  the  larval  state  about  three 
years,  and  that  it  changes  to  a  pupa  (Fig.  233)  within  the 
root  towards  the  end  of  June. 

The  beetle  appears  about  the  middle  of  July,  and  is  known 
as  the  Broad-necked  Prionus.  Fig.  234  represents  the  female, 
which  measures  from  an  inch  and  a  quarter  to  an  inch  and 
three-quarters  in  length,  and  is  of  a  brownish-black  color,  with 
strong,  thick  jaws;  the  antennae  are  rather  slender;  the  thorax 
is  short  and  wide  and  armed  at  the  sides  with  three  teeth.  The 
wing-covers  have  three  slightly-elevated  lines  on  each,  and 

227 


228 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   GRAPE. 


are  thickly  punctated.     In  the   male  the  body  is   shorter, 
while  the  antennae  are  longer,  stouter,  and  toothed. 

Little  or  nothing  can  be  done  in  the  way  of  extirpating 
these  under-ground  borers,  as  their  presence  is  seldom  suspected 


FIG.  233. 


FIG.  234. 


until  the  vine  becomes  sickly,  or  dies  from  the  injuries  they 
have  caused.  Where  grape-vines  die  suddenly  from  any 
unknown  cause,  the  roots  should  be  carefully  examined,  and 
if  evidences  of  the  presence  of  this  borer  are  discovered,  it 
should  be  searched  for  and  destroyed. 

No.  123. — The  Tile-horned  Prionus. 

Prionus  imbricornis  (Linn.). 

The  larva  of  this  beetle,  a  species  closely  allied  to  No.  122, 
has  also  been  found  devouring  the  roots  of  the  grape-vine. 
The  larvae  of  these  two  species  resemble  each  other  so  closely 
that  they  are  almost  indistinguishable.  When  full  grown, 
the  borer  collects  together  a  few  fibres  and  chips  of  the  roots, 
and  with  the  aid  of  these  constructs  a  loose  cocoon,  within 
which  it  changes  to  a  pupa  almost  identical  with  that  of 
No.  122.  (See  Fig.  233.) 

This  beetle,  which  is  represented  in  Fig.  235,  is  called  the 
Tile-horned  Prionus  because  the  joints  of  the  antennae  of  the 


ATTACKING    THE  ROOTS.  229 

male  overlap  one  another  like  tiles  on  a  roof.  It  is  very 
similar  in  appearance  to  the  broad-necked  prionus,  but  the 
two  species  may  be  distinguished  by  the  difference  in  the 


FIG.  235. 


number  of  the  joints  in  their  antenna :  in  imbrieornis  the 
male  has  about  nineteen  joints,  and  the  female  about  sixteen, 
while  in  laticottis  both  sexes  have  twelve-jointed  antennae. 
Any  remedial  measures  useful  for  one  species  will  be  equally 
applicable  to  the  other. 

No.  124. — The  Grape-vine  Root-borer. 

jEge>*ia polistiformis  Harris. 

This  larva  resembles  that  of  the  peach-tree  borer,  No.  97, 
in  appearance  and  habits,  but  is  a  little  larger  in  size.  The 
larvaB  of  the  Prionus  beetles  have  only  six  legs,  while  this 
Egerian  larva,  in  common  with  most  lepidopterous  insects, 
has  sixteen  legs, — six  horny  ones 
on  the  anterior  segments,  and  ten  FlG- 

fleshy  or  membranous  ones  on  the 
hinder  segments, — and  when  full 
grown  it  measures  from  an  inch  to 
an  inch  and  a  half  in  length.  (See  Fig.  236.)  It  lives  ex- 
clusively under  ground,  and  consumes  the  bark  and  sap-wood 
of  the  grape-roots,  eating  irregular  furrows  into  their  sub- 


230  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   GRAPE. 

stance ;  sometimes  it  eats  the  bark,  and  at  other  times  works 
its  way  under  the  surface. 

When  full  grown,  the  larva  forms  a  pod-like  cocoon  of 
a  gummy  sort  of  silk,  covered  with  little  bits  of  wood,  bark, 
and  earth,  and  situated  within  or  adjacent  to  the  injured  root. 
Within  this  it  changes  to  a  brown  chrysalis,  which,  when 
mature,  works  itself  out  of  the  cocoon  by  means  of  minute 

teeth,  with  which  the  segments 
FIG.  237.  are  armed,  and  thence  to  the 

surface  of  the  ground,  when  the 
perfect  insect  escapes.  Fig.  237 
shows  the  cocoon  with  the  chrys- 
alis partly  protruding  from  it 
and  the  newly-escaped  moth 
resting  on  it. 

The  moth  resembles  a  wasp  in  appearance,  and  in  the  noise 
it  makes  during  its  flight.  The  female  is  shown  in  Fig.  238. 
The  antennae  are  simple  and  black,  the  body  of  a  brownish- 
black  color,  marked  with  orange  or  tawny  yellow.  There 
is  a  bright-yellow  band  on  the  base  of  the  second  segment 
of  its  abdomen,  and  usually  a  second  one  on  the  fourth 
joint,  but  sometimes  this  latter  is  wanting ;  near  the  tip  of 
the  abdomen  below  there  is  a  short  pencil  of  tawny  orange 
hairs  on  each  side.  The  fore  wings  are  brownish  black,  with 
a  more  or  less  distinct  clear  patch  at  the  base ;  the  hind  wings 
transparent,  with  the  veins,  the  terminal  edge,  and  the  fringe 
brownish  black.  In  the  male  (Fig.  239)  the  antennae  are 
toothed,  except  for  a  short  distance  near  the  tip;  the  thorax 
and  abdomen  are  darker  in  color,  and  in  addition  to  the 
short  pencils  of  orange  hairs  on  the  abdomen  below,  there 
are  two  longer  ones  above.  The  wings,  when  expanded, 
measure  from  an  inch  to  an  inch  and  a  half  across.  The 
moth  appears  during  August. 

The  female  is  said  to  deposit  her  eggs  on  the  collar  of  the 
grape-vine,  close  to  the  earth,  and  the  young  larvae,  as  soon 
as  hatched,  descend  to  the  roots. 


ATTACKING   THE  ROOTS.  231 

This  insect  inhabits  the  Middle,  Western,  and  some  of  the 
Southern  States.  It  is  said  to  have  been  exceedingly  destructive 
in  North  Carolina  both  to  wild  and  cultivated  grapes,  and  is 
reported  as  injurious  also  in  Kentucky.  The  moth  is  found 
in  the  South  from  the  latter  part  of  June  until  September. 

It  is  stated  that  the  Scupperuoug  grape,  a  variety  of  the  fox- 
grape,  Vitis  vulpina,  is  never  attacked  by  this  borer ;  if  this 

FIG.  238.  FIG.  239. 


be  so,  its  ravages  may  be  prevented  by  grafting  other  vines  on 
roots  of  the  Scuppernong.  When  it  has  been  ascertained  that 
the  borers  are  at  work  on  a  vine,  the  earth  should  be  cleared 
away  from  above  the  roots  and  the  invaders  searched  for  and 
destroyed ;  hot  water  applied  about  the  roots  is  said  to  kill 
them.  As  a  preventive  measure,  mounding  the  vines,  as 
recommended  for  peach-trees,  under  the  head  of  the  peach- 
tree  borer,  No.  97,  would  probably  be  beneficial. 

No.  125. — The  Grape  Phylloxera. 

Phylloxera  vastatrix  Planchon. 

This  tiny  foe  to  the  grape-vine  has  attained  great  celebrity 
during  the  past  few  years,  and  much  attention  has  been  paid 
to  the  study  of  its  life-history  and  habits,  in  the  hope  of 
devising  some  practical  measures  for  its  extermination.  The 
destruction  it  has  occasioned  in  France  has  been  so  great  that 
it  has  become  a  national  calamity,  which  the  government  has 
appointed  special  agents  to  inquire  into;  large  sums  of  money 
have  also  been  offered  as  prizes  to  be  given  to  any  one  who 


232  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   GRAPE. 

shall  discover  an  efficient  remedy  for  this  insect  pest.  At  the 
same  time  it  has  made  alarming  progress  in  Portugal,  also 
in  Switzerland  and  in  some  parts  of  Germany,  and  among 
vines  under  glass  in  England.  It  is  a  native  of  America, 
whence  it  has  doubtless  been  carried  to  France ;  it  is  common 
throughout  the  greater  portion  of  the  United  States  and  in  one 
of  its  forms  in  Canada ;  but  our  native  grape-vines  seem  to 
endure  the  attacks  of  the  insect  much  better  than  do  those  of 
Europe.  Recently  it  has  appeared  on  the  Pacific  slope,  in  the 
fertile  vineyards  of  California,  where  the  European  varieties 
are  largely  cultivated,  and  hence  its  introduction  there  will 
probably  prove  disastrous  to  grape-culture. 

This  insect  is  found  in  two  different  forms :  in  one  instance 
on  the  leaf,  where  it  produces  greenish-red  or  yellow  galls  of 
various  shapes  and  sizes,  and  is  known  as  the  type  Galldecola, 
or  gall-inhabiting;  in  the  other  and  more  destructive  form,  on 
the  root,  known  as  the  type  Radidcola,  or  root-inhabiting, 
causing  at  first  swellings  on  the  young  rootlets,  followed  by 
decay,  which  gradually  extends  to  the  larger  roots  as  the 
insects  congregate  upon  them.  These  two  forms  will  for 
convenience  be  treated  together,  a  slight  departure  from  the 
general  plan  of  this  work. 

The  first  reference  made  to  the  gall-producing  form  was  by 
Dr.  Fitch  in  1854,  in  the  "  Transactions  of  the  New  York 
State  Agricultural  Society,"  where  he  described  it  under  the 
name  of  Pemphigus  vitifolise.  Early  in  June  there  appear 
upon  the  vine  leaves  small  globular  or  cup-shaped  galls  of 
varying  sizes.  A  section  of  one  of  these  is  shown  at  c?,  Fig. 
241 ;  they  are  of  a  greenish-red  or  yellow  color,  with  their  outer 
surface  somewhat  uneven  and  woolly.  Fig.  240  represents  a 
leaf  badly  infested  with  these  galls.  On  opening  one  of  the 
freshly-formed  galls,  it  will  be  found  to  contain  from  one  to 
four  orange-colored  lice,  many  very  minute,  shining,  oval, 
whitish  eggs,  and  usually  a  considerable  number  of  young 
lice,  not  much  larger  than  the  eggs,  and  of  the  same  color. 
Soon  the  gall  becomes  over- populated,  and  the  surplus  lice 


ATTACKING    THE  ROOTS.  233 

wander  off  through  its  partly-opened  mouth  on  the  upper 
side  of  the  leaf,  and  establish  themselves  either  on  the  same 
leaf  or  on  adjoining  young  leaves,  where  the  irritation  oc- 
casioned by  their  punctures  causes  the  formation  of  new  galls, 
within  which  the  lice  remain.  After  a  time  the  older  lice 
die,  and  the  galls  which  they  have  inhabited  open  out  and 
gradually  become  flattened  and  almost  obliterated ;  hence  it 
may  happen  that  the  galls  on  the  older  leaves  on  a  vine  will 

PIG.  240. 


be  empty,  while  those  on  the  younger  ones  are  swarming  with 
occupants. 

These  galls  are  very  common  on  the  Clinton  grape  and  other 
varieties  of  the  same  type,  and  are  also  found  to  a  greater  or 
less  extent  on  most  other  cultivated  sorts.  They  sometimes 
occur  in  such  abundance  as  to  cause  the  leaves  to  turn  brown 
and  drop  to  the  ground  ;  and  instances  are  recorded  where 
vines  have  been  defoliated  from  this  cause.  The  number 
of  eggs  in  a  single  gall  will  vary  from  fifty  to  four  or  five 
hundred,  according  to  its  size.  There  are  several  genera- 
tions of  the  lice  during  the  season,  and  they  continue  to 
extend  the  sphere  of  their  operations  throughout  the  greater 
part  of  the  summer.  Late  in  the  season,  as  the  leaves  become 


234 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE   GRAPE. 


less  succulent,  the  lice  seek  other  quarters,  and  many  of  them 
find  their  way  to  the  roots  of  the  vines  and  establish  them- 
selves on  the  smaller  rootlets.  By  the  end  of  September  the 
galls  are  usually  deserted.  In  Fig.  241  we  have  this  type 


FIG.  241. 


of  the  insect  illustrated  :  a  shows  a  front  view  of  the  young 
louse,  and  6  a  back  view  of  the  same,  c  the  egg,  d  a  section 
of  one  of  the  galls,  e  a  swollen  tendril,  /,  g,  A,  mature  egg- 
bearing  gall-lice,  lateral,  dorsal,  and  ventral  views,  i  antennae, 
andy  the  two-jointed  tarsus. 

When  on  the  roots,  the  lice  subsist  also  by  suction,  and  their 
punctures  result  in  abnormal  swellings  on  the  young  rootlets, 
as  shown  at  a  in  Fig.  242.  These  eventually  decay,  and  this 
decay  is  not  confined  to  the  swollen  portions,  but  involves  the 
adjacent  tissue,  and  thus  the  insects  are  induced  to  betake 
themselves  to  fresh  portions  of  the  living  roots,  until  at  last 
the  larger  ones  become  involved,  and  they,  too,  literally  waste 
away. 

In  Fig.  242  we  have  the  root-inhabiting  type,  Radidcola, 
illustrated:  a,  roots  of  Clinton  vine,  showing  swellings;  6, 
young  louse,  as  it  appears  when  hibernating ;  c,  d,  antennae 
and  leg  of  same ;  e,  f,  g,  represent  the  more  mature  lice. 


ATTACKING  THE  ROOTS. 


235 


It  is  also  further  illustrated  in  Fig.  243,  where  a  shows  a 
healthy  root,  b  one  on  which  the  lice  are  working,  c  a  root 
which  is  decaying  and  has  been  deserted  by  them  ;  d,  d,  d,  in- 
dicate how  the  lice  are  found  on  the  larger  roots;  e  represents 
the  female  pupa,  seen  from  above,  f  the  same  from  below,  g 
winged  female,  dorsal  view,  h  the  same,  ventral  view,,  i  the 
antennae  of  the  winged  insect,  and  j  the  wingless  female,  lay- 
ing eggs  on  the  roots ;  k  indicates  how  the  punctures  of  the 
lice  cause  the  larger  roots  to  rot.  Most  of  these  figures  are 

FIG.  242. 


highly  magnified,  the  short  lines  or  dots  at  the  side  showing 
the  natural  size. 

During  the  first  year  of  the  insect's  presence  the  outward 
manifestations  of  the  disease  are  very  slight,  although  the 
fibrous  roots  may  at  this  time  be  covered  with  the  little  swell- 
ings; but,  if  the  attack  is  severe,  the  second  year  the  leaves 
assume  a  sickly  yellowish  cast,  and  the  usual  vigorous  yearly 
growth  of  cane  is  much  reduced.  In  course  of  time  the  vine 
usually  dies;  but,  before  this  takes  place,  the  lice,  having  little 
or  no  healthy  tissue  to  work  on,  leave  the  dying  vine  and  seek 
for  food  elsewhere,  either  wandering  under  ground  among 
the  interlacing  roots  of  adjacent  vines,  or  crawling  over  the 


236 


1. X SECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE   GRAPE. 


surface  of  the  ground  in  search  of  more  congenial  quarters. 
During  the  winter  many  of  them  remain  torpid,  and  at  that 
season  they  assume  a  dull-brownish  color,  so  like  that  of  the 


FIG.  243. 


roots  to  which  they  are  attached  that  they  are  difficult  to 
discover.  They  have  then  the  appearance  shown  at  b  in  Fig. 
242.  With  the  renewal  of  growth  in  the  spring,  the  young 
lice  cast  their  coats,  rapidly  increase  in  size,  and  appear  as 
shown  at  e,  /,  g,  in  the  figure ;  soon  they  begin  to  deposit  eggs ; 


ATTACKING  THE  ROOTS.  237 

these  eggs  hatch,  and  the  young  ones  shortly  become  egg-laying 
mothers  like  the  first,  and,  like  them,  also  remain  wingless. 
After  several  generations  of  these  egg-bearing  lice  have  been 
produced,  a  number  of  individuals  about  the  middle  of  sum- 
mer acquire  wings.  These  also  are  all  females,  and  they 
issue  from  the  ground,  and,  rising  in  the  air,  fly,  or  are  carried 
with  the  wind,  to  neighboring  vineyards,  where  they  deposit 
eggs  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaves  among  their  downy 
hairs,  beneath  the  loosened  bark  of  the  branches  and  trunk, 
or  in  crevices  of  the  ground  about  the  base  of  the  vine. 
Occasionally  individual  root-lice  abandon  their  underground 
habits  and  form  galls  on  the  leaves. 

The  complete  life-history  of  this  insect  is  extremely  inter- 
esting and  curious,  and  those  desiring  further  information  as 
to  the  different  modifications  of  form  assumed  by  the  insect  in 
the  course  of  its  development  will  find  it  given  with  much 
minuteness  of  detail  in  the  fifth,  sixth,  seventh,  and  eighth 
"  Reports  on  the  Insects  of  Missouri/7  by  C.  V.  Hi  ley. 

Remedies. — This  is  an  extremely  difficult  insect  to  subdue, 
and  various  means  for  the  purpose  have  been  suggested,  none 
of  which  appear  to  be  entirely  satisfactory.  Flooding  the 
vineyards,  where  practicable,  seems  to  be  more  successful  than 
any  other  measure,  but  the  submergence  must  be  total  and 
prolonged  to  the  extent  of  from  twenty-five  to  thirty  days ; 
it  should  be  undertaken  in  September  or  October,  when  it  is 
said  that  the  root-lice  will  be  drowned  and  the  vines  come 
out  uninjured. 

Bisulphide  of  carbon  is  stated  by  some  to  be  an  efficient 
remedy ;  it  is  introduced  into  the  soil  by  means  of  an  auger 
with  a  hollow  shank,  into  which  this  liquid  is  poured  ;  several 
holes  are  made  about  each  vine,  and  two  or  three  ounces  are 
poured  into  each  hole.  Being  extremely  offensive  in  odor 
and  very  volatile,  its  vapor  permeates  the  soil  in  every  direc- 
tion, and  is  said  to  kill  the  lice  without  injuring  the  vines. 
This  substance  should  be  handled  with  caution,  as  its  vapor 
is  very  inflammable  and  explosive.  Alkaline  sulpho-carbon- 


238 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   GRAPE. 


ates  are  also  recommended ;  these  are  gradually  decomposed 
in  the  soil  and  give  off  sulphuretted  hydrogen  and  bisulphide 
of  carbon.  Carbolic  acid  mixed  with  water,  in  the  propor- 
tion of  one  part  of  the  acid  to  fifty  or  one  hundred  parts  of 
water,  has  also  been  used  with  advantage,  poured  into  two  or 
three  holes  made  around  the  base  of  each  vine  with  an  iron 
bar  to  the  depth  of  a  foot  or  more.  Soot  is  also  recommended 
to  be  strewed  around  the  vines. 

It  is  stated  that  the  insect  is  less  injurious  to  vines  grown 
on  sandy  soil,  also  to  those  grown  on  lands  impregnated  with 
salt. 

Since  large  numbers  of  these  insects,  both  winged  and 
wingless,  are  known  to  crawl  over  the  surface  of  the  ground 
in  August  and  September,  it  has  been  suggested  to  sprinkle 
the  ground  about  the  vines  at  this  period  with  quicklime, 
ashes,  sulphur,  salt,  or  other  substances  destructive  to  insect 
life.  The  application  of  fertilizers  rich  in  potash  and  ammo- 
nia, such  as  ashes  mixed  with  stable-manure  or  sal  ammo- 
niac,- has  been  found  useful.  A  simple  remedy  for  the  gall- 
inhabiting  type  is  to  pluck  the  leaves  as  soon  as  the  galls 
appear  and  destroy  them. 

Several  species  of  predaceous  insects  prey  on  this  louse. 
A  black  species  of  Thrips  with  white-fringed  wings  (Thrips    \ 
phylloxera  Kiley,  see  Fig.  244)  deposits  its  eggs  within  the 

gall,  which  when  hatched 
FIG.  244. 

produce  larvae  of  a_blood- 

jred  color,  which  play  sad 
havoc     among    the    lice. 
The  larva  of  a   Syrplms   \ 
fly,  Pipiza  radicum,  which    > 
feeds  on  the  root-louse  of 
the  apple  (see  Fig.  2),  has 
also  been  found  attacking 
the  Phylloxera.     Another 
useful  friend  is  a  small  mite  (Tyroglyphus  phylloxeras  P.  & 
R.,  see  Fig.  245),  which  devours  the  lice;  and  associated  with 


ATTACKING    THE  ROOTS. 


239 


this  is  sometimes  found  another  species  (Hoplophora  arctata 
Riley)  of  a  very  curious  form,  reminding  one  of  a  mussel. 
Fig.  246  represents  this  insect  in  different  attitudes,  highly 
magnified. 

The  gall-inhabiting  type  is  very  subject  to  the  attacks  of  a 
small  two-winged  fly,  Diplosis  grassator  Fyles,  which  deposits 

FIG.  240. 


its  eggs  either  in  the  gall  or  at  its  entrance,  from  which  the 
larva  is  soon  produced.  This,  although  destitute  of  legs,  is 
very  active,  and,  groping  about  in  the  interior  of  the  gall, 
seizes  on  the  young  lice  soon  after  they  are  hatched  and  sucks 
them  dry.  It  does  not  appear  at  first  to  attack  the  parent  lice; 

FIG.  246. 


the  tender  progeny  are  more  to  its  liking,  and  these  are 
produced  in  sufficient  numbers  to  furnish  it  with  a  constant 
supply  of  fresh  food.  In  some  instances  one  larva,  in  others 
two  are  found  in  a  single  gall,  and  as  they  increase  in  size 
they  devour  the  lice  very  rapidly,  and  before  changing  to  the 


240 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  GRAPE. 


FIG.  247. 


pupa  state  clear  the  gall  entirely  of  its  contents.     The  larva 
(Fig.  247,  a)  is  about  one-tenth  of  an  inch  long,  of  a  pale 

pinkish-yellow  color,  glossy 
and  semi-transparent,  with  a 
dark  line  down  the  back  on 
the  two  anterior  and  some 
of  the  posterior  segments. 
On  the  terminal  segment 
there  are  two  short,  fleshy 
horns  united  by  a  slight 
ridge ;  the  horns  are  tipped 
with  brownish  black,  and 
have  a  minute  cluster  of 
spines  at  their  summit. 

The  pupa  shown  at  b  in 
the  figure,  is  a  little  less 
than  one-tenth  of  an  inch 
in  length,  of  a  reddish- 
brown  color,  with  a  few  short  hairs  scattered  over  its  surface, 
and  two  blackish  horns  united  by  a  ridge  near  the  hinder  ex- 
tremity. Both  the  pupa  and  the  larva  are  magnified. 

The  perfect  insect  escapes  in  about  a  fortnight  after  the 
pupa  is  formed.  It  is  a  very  pretty  little  two-winged  fly, 
shown  much  magnified  at  c  in  the  figure,  and  of  its  natural 
size  at  d. 

The  Phylloxera  is  also  preyed  on  by  the  larva  of  a  dull- 
colored  lady-bird,  a  species  of  Scymnus,  by  several  other 
species  of  the  lady-bird  family,  and  by  the  Iarva3  of  the  lace- 
wing  flies  referred  to  under  No.  57. 

To  guard  against  its  introduction  into  new  vineyards,  the 
roots  of  young  vines  should  be  carefully  examined  before  being 
planted,  and  if  knots  and  lice  are  found  upon  them  these 
latter  may  be  destroyed  by  immersing  the  roots  in  hot  soap- 
suds or  tobacco- water. 

Our  native  American  vines  are  found  to  withstand  the 
attacks  of  this  insect  much  better  than  do  those  of  European 


ATTACKING    THE  BRANCHES. 


241 


origin ;  hence  by  grafting  the  more  susceptible  varieties  on 
these  hardier  sorts,  the  ill  effects  produced  by  the  lice  may  in 
some  measure  be  counteracted.  The  roots  recommended  to  be 
used  as  stocks  are  those  of  Concord,  Clinton,  Herbemont,  Cun- 
ningham, Norton's  Virginia,  Rentz,  Cynthiana,  and  Taylor. 
The  Clinton,  one  of  the  varieties  recommended,  is  particularly 
liable  to  the  attacks  of  the  gall-producing  type  of  Phylloxera, 
but  the  lice  are  seldom  found  to  any  great  extent  on  its  roots, 
and  the  vine  is  so  vigorous  a  grower  that  a  slight  attack  would 
not  produce  any  perceptible  injury. 


FIG.  248. 


ATTACKING  THE  BEANOHES, 
No.  126. — The  Grape-vine  Bark-louse. 

Pulvinaria  innumerdbilis  Rath  von. 

During  the  month  of  June  there  are  sometimes  found  on 
the  branches  of  the  grape-vine,  brown,  hemispherical  scales, 
from  under  one  end  of  which  there  protrudes 
a  cotton-like  substance,  which  increases  in 
size  until  the  beginning  of  July,  by  which 
time  it  has  become  a  mass  about  four  times 
as  large  as  the  scale.  (See  Fig.  248.)  This 
cottony  matter  contains  the  eggs  of  the  in- 
sect, and  very  soon  there  issue  from  it  minute, 
oval,  yellowish-white  lice,  which  distribute 
themselves  over  the  branches,  to  which 
they  attach  themselves,  and  shortly  become 
stationary,  sucking  the  juices.  This  species 
is  believed  to  be  the  same  as  the  European 
scale-insect  of  the  vine.  These  scales  are 
not  usually  found  in  any  great  abundance, 
and  may  be  readily  scraped  off  with  a  knife 
or  other  suitable  instrument,  which  should 
be  done  before  the  young  lice  escape. 

16 


242  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE  GRAPE. 

No.  127. — The  Four-spotted  Spittle-insect. 

Aphrophora  4-notata  Say. 

Occasionally  there  appear  upon  the  branches  in  June  spots 
of  white,  frothy  matter,  resembling  spittle,  embedded  in  which 
is  found  a  soft,  pale,  wingless  insect,  which  punctures  the  bark 
and  sucks  the  juices  from  the  branch,  at  the  same  time  secreting 
over  and  around  itself  this  spittle-like  covering.  The  perfect 
or  winged  insect  (see  Fig.  249)  is  a  flattened  tree-hopper  of  a 
brown  color,  which  occurs  upon  the  vines  in  the  early 
FIG.  249.  part  of  July.  It  is  about  three-tenths  of  an  inch 
long ;  its  wing-covers  are  brown,  with  a  blackish  spot 
at  the  tip,  a  second  one  on  the  middle  of  the  outer 
margin,  and  a  third  one  at  the  base,  with  the  spaces 
between  the  spots  whitish.  Should  this  insect  at  any  time 
prove  injurious,  it  may  be  easily  destroyed  by  the  hand  while 
in  the  soft,  wingless  form  enclosed  in  its  frothy  covering. 

Wo.  128. — Signoret's  Spittle-insect. 

Aphrophora  Signoreti  Fitch. 

This  is  an  insect  very  similar  in  habits  and  appearance  to 
No.  127,  surrounding  itself  while  in  the  soft  or  larval  condi- 
tion with  the  same  sort  of  frothy  mass.  When  perfect,  it  is 
a  little  more  than  three-tenths  of  an  inch  long,  of  a  tawny- 
brown  color  clouded  with  dull  white,  and  thickly  punctated 
with  black  dots.  The  wing-covers  have  on  their  inner  margin, 
near  the  tip,  a  small  white  spot,  and  another  larger  one  oppo- 
site this  on  the  outer  margin ;  but  the  wings  are  not  spotted 
with  black  as  in  No.  127. 

No.  129. — The  Two-spotted  Tree-hopper. 

Enchenopa  binotata  (Say). 

This  is  a  small  but  very  odd-looking  brown  insect,  with  two 
yellowish  spots  on  the  edge  of  the  back,  and  a  prolongation 
in  front  like  the  beak  of  a  bird.  It  sometimes  punctures  the 


ATTACKING   THE  BRANCHES. 


243 


FIG.  250. 


tender  stems  of  the  grape,  causing  them  to  wilt  and  turn 
brown.  While  this  tree-hopper  is  occasionally  found  on  the 
vine,  it  is  much  more  common  on  the  red-bud,  Cerds ;  but 
its  favorite  home  is  on  the  wafer-ash,  Ptelea  trifoliata. 

No.  130. — The  Bed-shouldered  Sinoxylon. 

Sinoxylon  basilare  (Say). 

The  larva  of  this  insect  (Fig.  250,  a)  bores  into  the  stems 
of  grape-vines,  and  sometimes  also  into  the  branches  and 
trunks  of  apple  and  peach 
trees.  It  is  a  yellowish, 
wrinkled  grub,  about  three- 
tenths  of  an  inch  long,  with 
the  anterior  segments  swol- 
len, the  head  small,  and 
the  body  arched  or  bent. 

The  pupa  (Fig.  250,  b) 
is  of  a  pale-yellowish  color, 
and  is  formed  in  the  chambers  mined  by  the  larva. 

The  beetle  is  shown  in  the  figure  at  c.  It  is  about  one-fifth 
of  an  inch  long,  black,  with  a  large  reddish  spot  at  the  base 
of  each  wing-cover.  The  thorax  is  punctated  and  armed 
with  short  spines  in  front;  the  wing-covers  are  roughened 
with  dots,  and  appear  as  if  cut  off  obliquely  behind,  the  outer 
edge  of  the  cut  portion  being  furnished  with  three  teeth  on 
each  side. 

The  only  method  suggested  for  destroying  this  insect  is  to 
burn  the  wood  infested  by  it. 

No.  131. — The  Grape-vine  Wound-gall. 

Vitis  vulnus  Riley. 

This  curious  gall,  which  is  represented  in  Fig.  251,  is  pro- 
duced by  the  Sesostris  snout-beetle,  Ampeloglypter  Sesostris 
(Lee.).  The  beetle  (Fig.  252)  is  about  one-eighth  of  an  inch 
long,  of  a  reddish-brown  color,  with  a  stout  beak  half  as 
long  as  its  body.  The  thorax  is  punctated,  and  the  wing- 


244 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   GRAPE. 


Fio.  251. 


cases  are  polished  and  glossy,  without  any  markings.  It 
appears  during  the  early  part  of  July,  when  the  female  punc- 
tures the  stem  of  the  vine  and  deposits  an  egg 
therein,  which  shortly  hatches,  producing  a  tiny 
whitish  grub,  which  lives  within  the  swollen 
part  and  feeds  upon  it.  At  first  the  gall  is 
small  and  inconspicuous,  but  towards  the  end  of 
the  season  it  assumes  the  form  of  an  elongated 
knot  or  swelling,  as  shown  in  the  figure ;  this  is 
generally  situated  immediately  above  or  below  a 
joint.  Usually  there  is  a  longitudinal  depres- 
sion on  one  side,  dividing  that  portion  into  two 
prominences,  which  commonly  have  a  rosy  tint. 
Within  the  gall  the  larva  remains  until  June 
of  the  following  year.  When  full  grown,  it  is 
about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long, 
white,  cylindrical,  and  footless,  with 
a  large  yellowish  head.  During 
the  month  of  June  it  changes 
to  a  pupa,  from  which  the  perfect 
beetle  is  produced  in  about  a  fort- 
night. 

These  galls  do  not  appear  to  injure  to  any  material  extent 
the  branches  on  which  they  occur;  should  they  ever  multiply 
so  as  to  become  injurious,  their  increase  may  be  readily  checked 
by  cutting  off  and  burning  those  portions  of  the  canes  on  which 
they  are  situated,  before  the  beetles  escape. 


ATTACKING  THE  LEAVES, 
No.  132. — The  Green  Grape-vine  Sphinx. 

Darapsa  myron  (Cramer). 

The  larva  of  this  insect  is  one  of  the  most  common  and 
destructive  of  the  leaf-eating  insects  injurious  to  the  grape. 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES.  245 

The  first  brood  of  the  perfect  or  winged  insect  appears  from 
the  middle  to  the  end  of  May,  when  the  female  deposits  her 
eggs  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaves,  generally  placing  them 
singly,  but  sometimes  in  groups  of  two  or  three.  The  eggs 
are  nearly  round,  about  one-twentieth  of  an  inch  long,  a  little 
less  in  width,  smooth,  and  of  a  pale  yellowish -green  color, 
changing  to  reddish  before  hatching. 

The  young  caterpillar  comes  out  of  the  egg  in  five  or  six 
days,  when  it  makes  its  first  meal  on  a  part  of  the  empty  egg- 

FIG.  253. 


shell,  and  then  attacks  the  softer  portions  of  the  grape-vine 
leaves.  When  first  hatched,  it  is  one-fifth  of  an  inch  long, 
of  a  pale  yellowish-green  color,  with  a  large  head,  and  having 
a  long  black  horn  near  its  posterior  extremity,  half  as  long 
as  its  body.  As  it  increases  in  size,  the  horn  becomes  rela- 
tively shorter  and  changes  in  color ;  the  markings  of  the  larva 
also  vary  considerably  at  each  moult.  When  full  grown,  it 
presents  the  appearance  shown  in  Fig.  253.  It  is  then  about 
two  inches  long,  with  a  rather  small  head  of  a  pale-green 
color  dotted  with  yellow  and  with  a  pale-yellow  stripe  down 
each  side ;  the  body  is  green,  of  a  slightly  deeper  shade  than 
the  head,  and  covered  with  small  yellow  dots  or  granulations ; 


246  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   GRAPE. 

along  the  sides  of  the  body  these  granulations  are  so  arranged 
as  to  form  a  series  of  seven  oblique  stripes,  extending  back- 
wards, and  margined  behind  with  a  darker  green.  A  white 
lateral  stripe  with  a  dark-green  margin  extends  from  just 
behind  the  head  to  the  horn  near  the  other  extremity.  Along 
the  back  are  a  series  of  seven  spots,  varying  in  color  from 
red  to  pale  lilac,  each  set  in  a  patch  of  pale  yellow.  The 
caudal  horn  is  one-fifth  of  an  inch  long,  and  varies  in  color 
from  reddish  to  bluish  green,  granulated  with  black  in  front, 
and  sometimes  yellow  behind  and  at  the  tip.  This  larva 
has  the  power  of  drawing  the  head  and  next  two  segments 
within  the  fourth  and  fifth,  causing  these  latter  to  appear 
much  distended;  the  feet  are  red,  the  prolegs  pale  green. 
Some  specimens,  especially  among  those  qf  the  later  brood, 
will  be  found  exhibiting  remarkable  variations  in  color; 
instead  of  green  they  assume  a  delicate  reddish-pink  hue,  with 
markings  of  darker  shades  of  red  and  brown,  which  so  alter 
their  appearance  that  they  might  at  first  sight  be  readily 
taken  for  a  different  species ;  a  careful  comparison,  however, 
will  show  the  same  arrangement  of  dots  and  spots  as  in  the 
normal  form. 

When  full  grown,  the  larva  descends  from  the  vine  and 
draws  a  few  leaves  loosely  together,  binding  them  with  silken 
threads,  usually  about  or  near  the  base  of  the  vine  on  which 

it   has   fed,  and  within    this 
FIG.  254.  ,  , 

rude  structure  changes    to  a 

chrysalis  (see  Fig.  254)  of  a 
pale-brown  color,  dotted  and 
streaked  with  a  darker  shade, 
and  with  a  row  of  oval  dark- 
brown  spots  along  each  side. 
The  moths  from  this  first  brood  of  larvae  usually  appear 
during  the  latter  part  of  July,  when  they  deposit  eggs  for  a 
second  brood,  which  mature  late  in  September,  pass  the  winter 
in  the  pupa  state,  and  emerge  as  moths  in  the  following  May. 
The  wings  of  this  insect,  when  fully  expanded,  measure 


ATTACKING   THE  LEAVES.  247 

about  two  and  a  half  inches  across,  their  form  being  long  and 
narrow,  as  shown  in  Fig.  255.  The  fore  wings  are  of  a  dark 
olive-green  color,  crossed  by  bands  and  streaks  of  greenish 
gray,  and  shaded  on  the  outer  margin  with  the  same  hue. 
The  hind  wings  are  dull  red,  with  a  patch  of  greenish  gray 
next  the  body,  shading  gradually  into  the  surrounding  color. 
On  the  under  side  the  red  appears  on  the  fore  wings,  the  hinder 
pair  being  greenish  gray.  The  antennae  are  dull  white  above, 
rosy  below,  head  and  shoulder-covers  deep  olive-green,  the 

FIG.  255. 


rest  of  the  body  of  a  paler  shade  of  green ;  underneath  the 
body  is  dull  gray. 

This  moth  rests  quietly  during  the  day,  taking  wing  at 
dusk,  when  it  is  extremely  active ;  its  flight  is  very  swift  and 
strong,  and  as  it  darts  suddenly  from  flower  to  flower,  rapidly 
vibrating  its  wings,  remaining  poised  in  the  air  over  the 
objects  of  its  search,  while  the  long,  slender  tongue  is  in- 
serted and  the  sweets  extracted,  it  reminds  one  strongly  of  a 
humming-bird. 

The  caterpillars  are  very  destructive  to  the  foliage  of  the 
vine,  being  capable  of  consuming  an  enormous  quantity 
of  food ;  one  or  two  of  them,  when  nearly  full  grown,  will 
almost  strip  a  small  vine  of  its  foliage  in  the  course  of  two 
or  three  days.  In  some  districts  they  are  said  to  nip  off  the 
stalks  of  the  half-grown  clusters  of  grapes,  so  that  they  fall 
unripe  to  the  ground. 


248  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE   GRAPE. 

Remedies. — The  readiest  and  most  effectual  method  of  dis- 
posing of  these  pests  is  to  pick  them  off  the  vines  and  kill 
them.  They  are  easily  found  by  the  denuded  canes  which 
mark  their  course,  or  where  the  foliage  is  dense  they  may 
be  tracked  by  their  large  brown  castings, 
which  strew  the  ground  under  their  places 
of  resort.  Nature  has  provided  a  very 
efficient  check  to  their  undue  increase,  in 
a  small  parasitic  fly,  a  species  of  Ichneu- 
mon (see  Fig.  256),  the  female  of  which 
punctures  the  skin  of  the  caterpillar  and 
deposits  her  eggs  underneath,  where  they  soon  hatch  into 
young  larvae,  which  feed  upon  the  fatty  portions  of  their 
victim,  avoiding  the  vital  organs.  By  the  time  the  sphinx 
caterpillar  has  become  full  grown,  these  parasitic  larvae  have 

matured,  and,  eating  their  way 
through  the  skin  of  their  host,  they 
construct  their  tiny  snow-white 
cocoons  on  its  body,  as  shown  in 
Fig.  257,  from  which,  in  about  a 
week,  the  friendly  fly  escapes  by  pushing  open  a  nicely-fitting 
lid  at  one  end  of  its  structure.  No  larva  thus  infested  ever 
reaches  maturity ;  it  invariably  shrivels  up  and  dies. 

No.  133,— The  Pandoms  Sphinx. 

PMlampelus  Pandorus  (Illibn.). 

This  is  one  of  the  most  beautiful  of  our  Sphinx  moths,  a 
rare  as  well  as  lovely  creature,  and  an  object  highly  prized  by 
collectors.  It  is  found  throughout  the  Northern  United  States, 
and  occasionally  in  Canada,  but  is  nowhere  very  common.  It 
is  represented  in  Fig.  258.  Its  wings,  when  expanded,  will 
measure  from  four  to  four  and  a  half  inches  across;  they  are 
of  a  light-olive  color,  mixed  with  gray,  and  varied  with 
patches  of  a  darker  olive-green,  rich  and  velvety,  and  some 
portions,  especially  on  the  hind  wings,  of  a  rosy  hue.  The 
body  is  pale  greenish  brown,  ornamented  with  dark-olive 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES.  249 

patches.  The  moths  appear  in  July,  when,  after  pairing, 
the  female  deposits  her  eggs  singly  on  the  leaves  of  the  grape- 
vine, or  Virginia  creeper,  Ampelopsis  quinquefolia,  where  they 
shortly  hatch,  producing  small  green  larvae  of  a  pinkish  hue 
along  the  sides,  and  with  a  very  long  pink  horn  at  the  tail. 
As  the  caterpillar  increases  in  size,  the  horn  becomes  shorter, 


FIG.  258. 


and  after  a  time  curves  round,  as  shown  at  c,  Fig.  259.  As 
the  larva  approaches  maturity,  it  changes  to  a  reddish-brown 
color,  and  after  the  third  moult  entirely  loses  the  caudal 
horn,  which  is  replaced  by  a  glassy,  eye-like  spot.  The 
mature  larva,  when  in  motion,  as  shown  at  a  in  the  figure, 
will  measure  nearly  four  inches  in  length,  but  when  at  rest  it 
draws  the  head  and  two  adjoining  segments  within  the  fourth, 
as  shown  in  the  figure  at  6,  which  shortens  its  body  nearly 
an  inch,  giving  it  a  very  odd  appearance,  with  its  anterior 
portions  so  blunt  and  thick.  It  is  of  a  rich  reddish-brown 
color,  of  a  lighter  shade  along  the  back,  with  five  nearly 
oval  cream-colored  spots  along  each  side  from  the  seventh  to 
the  eleventh  segment  inclusive.  On  the  anterior  segments 
there  are  a  number  of  black  dots ;  a  dark,  polished,  raised, 


250 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO    THE   GRAPE. 


FIG.  259. 


eye-like  spot  in  place  of  the  tail,  the  breathing-pores  along 
the  sides  black,  showing  prominently  in  the  cream-colored 

spots.  It  is  a  very 
voracious  feeder,  and 
strips  the  vine  of  its 
leaves  with  such  ra- 
pidity that  it  soon 
attracts  attention. 

When  full  grown, 
it  descends  from  the 
vine  and  buries  itself 
in  the  ground,  where 
it  forms  an  oval 
cell,  within  which  it 
changes  to  a  chrysa- 
lis. The  chrysalis  is 
of  a  chestnut-brown 
color,  with  the  seg- 
ments roughened  with 
impressed  points,  the 
terminal  joint  having 
a  long  thick  spine. 
The  insect  usually  re- 
mains in  the  chrysa- 
lis state  until  the  fol- 
lowing summer,  but 
occasionally  it  ma- 
tures and  escapes  the 
same  season.  Should  these  larvae  at  any  time  prove  trouble- 
some, they  can  be  readily  subdued  by  hand-picking. 

No.  134. — The  Achemon  Sphinx. 

Philampelus  achemon  (Drury). 

The  caterpillar  of  this  sphinx  (Fig.  260)  is  truly  a  formida- 
ble-looking creature,  measuring,  when  full  grown,  if  al  rest, 
about  three  inches,  and  when  in  motion  about  three  and  a 


6 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES.  251 

half  inches.  It  much  resembles  that  of  Pandorus,  No.  133, 
and  feeds  also  on  the  Virginia  creeper  (Ampelopsis  quinquefolid) 
as  well  as  on  the  grape-vine.  The  egg  is  laid  on  the  under 
side  of  the  leaf  in  July,  and  the  young  larva,  when  hatched, 
is  of  a  light-green  color,  with  a  very  conspicuous  reddish- 
brown  horn,  half  as  long  as  its  body,  which,  as  the  larva 
increases  in  size,  becomes  shorter,  and  finally  disappears,  its 
place  being  occupied  by  a  polished  tubercle  with  a  central 
black  dot.  The  mature  larva  varies  from  a  pale  straw-color 
to  a  reddish  brown,  the  color  growing  darker  down  the  sides, 

FIG.  260. 


becoming  deep  brown  as  it  approaches  the  under  surface.  An 
interrupted  line  of  brown  runs  along  the  back,  and  another 
unbroken  one  extends  along  each  side ;  below  this  latter  there 
are  six  cream-colored  spots,  as  shown  in  the  figure,  one  on  each 
segment,  from  the  sixth  to  the  eleventh  inclusive.  The  body 
is  much  wrinkled,  and  dotted  with  minute  spots,  which  are 
dark  on  the  back,  lighter  and  annulated  at  the  sides.  The 
head  and  next  two  segments  are  small,  and  are  drawn  within 
the  fourth  when  at  rest,  as  seen  in  the  figure.  It  becomes  full 
grown  during  the  latter  part  of  August  or  early  in  September, 
and  just  before  undergoing  its  next  change  assumes  a  beau- 
tiful pink  or  crimson  color. 

Leaving  the  vine,  it  descends  to  the  ground,  where  it  buries 
itself  to  the  depth  of  several  inches,  and,  having  formed  for 
itself  a  smooth  cell,  changes  to  a  chrysalis  (Fig.  261)  of  a 
dark,  shining,  mahogany  color,  with  the  anterior  edges  of  the 
segments  along  the  back  roughened  with  minute  points,  and 
with  a  short,  blunt  spine  at  the  extremity.  The  insect  usually 


252 


I. \SECTS  INJURIOUS    TO    THE   GRAPE. 


remains  in  this  condition  in  the  ground  until  late  in  June  the 
following  year ;  but  instances  have  been  recorded  where  the 
moth  has  appeared  the  same  season. 


FIG.  261. 


The  moth  is  of  a  brownish-gray  color,  variegated  with  light 
brown,  and  with  deep-brown  spots,  as  shown  in  Fig.  262. 
The  hind  wings  are  pink,  becoming  deeper  red  near  the  middle. 
There  is  a  broad  gray  border  behind,  with  a  row  of  darker 


FIG.  262. 


spots  along  its  front  edge,  becoming  fainter  towards  the  outer 
margin.  The  body  is  reddish  gray,  with  two  triangular  patches 
of  deep  brown  on  the  thorax. 

This  insect  is  found  in  almost  all  parts  of  the  United  States 
and  Canada  where  the  grape  is  cultivated,  but  has  never  oc- 
curred in  sufficient  numbers  to  be  injurious.  It  is  so  conspic- 


ATTACKING   THE  LEAVES.  253 

uous  in  the  larval  state  that  it  might  easily  be  controlled  by 
hand-picking  should  it  at  any  time  prove  troublesome. 

No.  135.— The  Abbot  Sphinx. 

Thyreus  Abbotii  Swainson. 

This  is  not  a  common  insect,  yet  it  is  found  occasionally 
over  a  large  portion  of  the  United  States  and  Canada.  The 
caterpillar  (see  Fig.  263)  attains  full  growth  about  the  end  of 

FIG.  263. 


July  or  the  beginning  of  August,  when  it  measures  nearly  two 
and  a  half  inches  in  length.  It  varies  considerably  in  color, 
from  dull  yellow  to  reddish  brown,  each  segment  being  marked 
transversely  with  six  or  seven  fine  black  lines,  and  longitu- 
dinally with  dark-brown  patches,  giving  to  the  larva  a  check- 
ered appearance.  Near  the  posterior  extremity  of  the  body 
there  is  a  polished  black  tubercle  above,  ringed  with  yellow. 

The  chrysalis  is  commonly  formed  in  a  little  cavity  on  the 
surface  of  the  ground,  covered  with  a  few  pieces  of  leaves 
loosely  fastened  together  and  mixed  with  grains  of  earth,  but 
it  is  said  sometimes  to  bury  itself  below  the  surface.  It  is 
about  an  inch  and  a  quarter  long,  of  a  dark-brown  color, 
roughened  with  small  indentations  except  between  the  joints, 


254  INSECTS   INJURIOUS   TO    THE   GRAPE. 

and  terminating  in  a  flattened  point,  with  two  small  thorns  at 
the  end.  The  insect  remains  in  the  chrysalis  condition  until 
the  following  spring. 

The  moth  (Fig.  263)  is  found  on  the  wing  from  the  early 
part  of  April  to  the  end  of  May,  and  measures,  when  its 
wings  are  spread,  two  and  a  half  inches  or  more  across.  It 
is  of  a  dull  chocolate-brown  color,  the  front  wings  becoming 
pale  beyond  the  middle,  and  marked  with  dark  brown  as  in 
the  figure.  The  hind  wings  are  yellow,  with  a  broad  brown 
border,  breaking  into  a  series  of  short  lines  as  it  approaches 
the  body.  The  abdomen  is  furnished  with  tufts  along  the 
sides  near  the  extremity,  and  when  the  insect  is  at  rest  is 
curved  upwards. 

It  is  scarcely  likely  that  it  will  ever  prove  destructive; 
should  it  at  any  time  become  so,  it  may  be  subdued  by  hand- 
picking.  It  is  preyed  upon  by  a  small  species  of  Ichneumon 
fly,  which  in  the  larval  state  lives  within  the  body  of  the 
sphinx  caterpillar  and  finally  destroys  it. 

No.  136.— The  White-lined  Deilephila, 

DeilepUla  lineata  (Fabr.). 

This  handsome  moth  (see  Fig.  264)  is  a  comparatively 
common  insect,  and  has  a  wide  geographical  range,  being 
found  throughout  the  greater  portion  of  the  United  States 
and  Canada,  also  in  the  West  Indies  and  in  Mexico.  It  is 
double-brooded,  appearing  on  the  wing  early  in  June,  and 
again  in  September.  Its  period  of  activity  begins  with  the 
twilight,  when  it  may  be  seen  flitting  about  with  great  rapidity, 
hovering  like  a  humming-bird  over  flowers  while  extracting 
their  nectar.  The  ground  color  of  the  fore  wings  is  a  rich 
greenish  olive,  with  a  pale-buff  stripe  or  bar  extending  along 
the  middle  of  the  wing  from  the  base  to  near  the  tip ;  along 
the  outer  margin  there  is  another  band  or  stripe  nearly  equal 
in  width  and  of  a  dull-gray  color,  and  the  veins  are  distinctly 
margined  with  white.  The  hind  wings  are  small,  and  are 
crossed  by  a  wide,  rosy  band,  which  covers  a  large  portion  of 


ATTACKING  THE  LEAVES. 


255 


their  surface,  while  above  and  below  this  band  the  color  is 
almost  black,  the  hinder  margin  being  fringed  with  white. 
On  the  body  there  is  a  line  of  white  on  each  side,  extending 


FIG.  264. 


from  the  head  to  the  base  of  the  thorax,  where  it  unites  with 
another  line  of  the  same  color,  which  extends  down  the  middle, 
and,  dividing,  sends  a  branch  to  each  side.  The  abdomen  is 


FIG.  265. 


greenish  olive  spotted  with  white  and  black ;  the  wings,  when 
expanded,  measure  about  three  and  a  half  inches  across. 

The  larva  is  found  occasionally  feeding  on  the  leaves  of  the 
grape-vine,  but  more  commonly  on  purslane ;  it  feeds  also  on 
turnip,  buckwheat,  and  apple  leaves.  It  is  very  variable  in 
color.  The  most  common  form  is  that  shown  in  Fig.  265, 
where  the  body  is  yellowish  green,  with  a  row  of  prominent 


256  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   GRAPE. 

spots  along  each  side,  each  spot  consisting  of  two  curved  black 
lines,  enclosing  a  crimson  patcli  above  and  a  pale-yellow  line 
below,  the  whole  being  connected  by  a  pale-yellow  stripe 
edged  with  black.  In  some  instances  these  spots  are  discon- 
nected, and  the  space  between  the  black  crescents  is  of  a  uni- 
form cream-color.  The  breathing-pores,  lower  down  the  side, 
are  margined  with  black,  or  black  edged  with  yellow.  The 
other  form  of  the  caterpillar  is  black,  with  a  yellow  line  down 


FIG.  266. 


the  back,  and  a  double  series  of  yellow  spots  and  dots  along 
the  sides.  It  is  shown  in  Fig.  266. 

When  mature,  it  buries  itself  under  the  surface,  where, 
within  a  smooth  cavity,  it  changes  to  a  light-brown  chrysalis, 
the  moth  emerging  early  in  September,  when  it  deposits  eggs, 
from  which  the  second  brood  of  larvae  are  produced,  which 
mature,  enter  the  ground,  and  change  to  chrysalids  before 
winter  sets  in. 

Since  it  feeds  mainly  on  plants  of  little  value,  and  on  these 
in  no  great  abundance,  it  is  scarcely  entitled  to  be  classed  with 
injurious  insects;  yet  on  account  of  its  being  found  occasionally 
feeding  on  grape  leaves  it  is  deserving  of  mention  here.  A 
two-winged  parasitic  fly,  a  species  of  Tachina,  infests  it  and 
destroys  a  large  number  of  the  larvae. 

No.  137. — The  Dark-veined  Deilephila. 

Deilephila  chamcenerii  Harris. 

This  moth  very  closely  resembles  the  white-lined  Deile- 
phila, No.  136,  as  will  be  seen  from  Fig.  267.  It  has  the 
same  greenish-olive  color,  and  almost  the  same  stripes  and 


ATTACKING    THE   LEAVES.  257 

markings;  but  there  are  differences  which  will  enable  anyone 
with  ease  to  separate  the  two  species.  Lineata  is  much  the 
larger  insect,  measuring,  when  its  wings  are  spread,  about  three 
and  a  half  inches,  while  chamsenerii  rarely  exceeds  two  inches 
and  three-quarters.  The  central  band  on  the  fore  wings  in 
chamdenerii  is  wider  and  more  irregular,  the  thorax  also  is  less 
marked  with  white ;  but  the  most  striking  point  of  difference 
is  that  the  veins  of  the  fore  wings  in  lineata  are  distinctly 
lined  with  white,  a  characteristic  wanting  in  chamsenerii. 

The  mature  larva  measures  from  two  and  a  half  to  three 
inches  in  length.     The  head  is  small,  dull  red,  with  a  black 

FIG.  267. 


stripe  across  the  front  at  base.  The  body  above  is  deep  olive- 
green,  with  a  polished  surface ;  there  is  a  pale-yellowish  line 
along  the  back,  terminating  at  the  base  of  the  caudal  horn, 
and  on  each  segment,  from  the  third  to  the  twelfth  inclusive, 
there  is  a  pale-yellow  spot  on  each  side,  about  half-way 
between  the  dorsal  line  and  the  breathing-pores,  largest  on 
the  segments  from  the  sixth  to  the  eleventh  inclusive;  the 
spot  on  the  twelfth  segment  is  elongated,  and,  extending 
upwards,  terminates  at  the  base  of  the  horn.  There  is  a  wide 
but  indistinct  blackish  band  across  the  anterior  part  of  each 
segment,  in  which  the  yellow  spots  are  placed,  and  the  sides 
of  the  body  below  the  spots  are  thickly  sprinkled  with 
minute  raised  yellow  dots.  The  horn  is  long,  curved  back- 
wards, red,  tipped  with  black,  and  roughened  on  its  surface ; 

17 


258  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   GRAPE. 

the  breathing-pores  oval,  yellow,  and  margined  with  dull 
black.  Under  surface  pale  pinkish  green,  feet  black,  prolegs 
pink,  with  a  patch  of  black  on  the  outside  of  each. 

This  description  of  the  larva  was  taken  from  three  speci- 
mens found  feeding  on,  a  grape-vine  early  in  July.  One  of 
them  matured  and  formed  a  slight  cocoon  of  leaves  fastened 
with  silken  threads  on  the  surface  of  the  ground,  after  the 
manner  of  the  green  grape-vine  sphinx,  No.  132;  the  other 
two  died  before  completing  their  transformations.  This  larva 
is  said  to  feed  also  on  purslane ;  it  is  not  nearly  so  common 
as  lineata,  and  is  not  likely  ever  to  prove  injurious  to  any 
considerable  extent. 

No.  138.— The  Beautiful  Wood-nymph. 

Eudryas  grata  (Fabr.). 

The  larva  of  this  lovely  moth  is  quite  destructive  to  the 
foliage  of  the  vine,  upon  which  the  moth  itself  is  often  found 
resting  during  the  daytime,  its  closed  wings  forming  a  steep 
roof  over  its  back,  and  its  fore  legs,  which  have  a  curious 
muff-like  tuft  of  white  hairs,  protruded,  giving  the  insect 
a  very  singular  appearance.  When  its  wings  are  expanded, 
they  measure  about  an  inch  and  three-quarters  across.  (See 
Fig.  268.)  Its  fore  wings  are  creamy  white,  with  a  glossy 

surface;  a  wide  brownish- 
purple  stripe  extends  along 
the  anterior  margin,  reach- 
ing from  the  base  to  a  little 
beyond  the  middle  of  the 
wing,  and  on  the  outer  mar- 
gin is  a  broad  band  of  the 
same  hue,  widening  poste- 
riorly, and  having  a  wavy 

white  line  running  through  it,  formed  by  minute  pearly  dots 
or  scales,  and  a  dull  deep-green  edging  on  its  inner  side. 
The  brownish-purple  band  is  continued  along  the  hinder 
edge,  but  gradually  becomes  narrower,  and  terminates  when 


ATTACKING   THE  LEAVES.  259 

near  the  base.  There  are  also  two  brownish  spots  near  the 
middle  of  the  wing,  one  round,  the  other  kidney-shaped ; 
these  are  sometimes  so  covered  with  pearly-white  scales  as  to 
be  indistinct  above,  but  are  clear  and  striking  on  the  Bunder 
side.  The  hind  wings  are  deep  yellow,  with  a  broad  brownish- 
purple  band  along  the  hinder  margin,  extending  nearly  to  the 
outer  angle,  and  powdered  with  a  few  pearly-white  scales ; 
there  is  a  faint  dot  on  the  middle  of  the  wing,  which  is  more 
prominent  on  the  under  side.  The  head  is  black,  and  there 
is  a  wide  black  stripe  down  the  back,  merging  into  a  series 
of  black  spots  extending  to  near  the  tip  of  the  abdomen, 
which  is  tufted  with  white.  The  shoulder-covers  are  white, 
and  the  sides  of  the  body  deep  yellow,  with  a  row  of  black 
dots  along  each  side  close  to  the  under  surface.  The  wings 
beneath  are  reddish  yellow,  and  the  body  white.  The  moth 
appears  during  the  latter  part  of  June  or  early  in  July,  and 
is  active  at  night. 

The  eggs  are  laid  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaves,  singly  or 
in  small  groups,  and  are  among  the  prettiest  of  insect  eggs ; 
they  are  circular  and  very  flat  (see  e  and  /,  Fig.  269),  about 
one-thirtieth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  and  less  than  half  of 
that  in  thickness.  They 
are  yellowish,  or  greenish  ^r^ 
yellow,  and  are  beautifully 
sculptured  .with  radiating 
ribs  from  a  central  round 
dot,  the  ribs  interlaced  with 
gracefully  curving  lines. 

On  escaping  from  the 
egg,  the  young  Iarva3  are  yellowish  green,  dotted  with  black ; 
they  eat  small  holes  in  the  leaves,  and,  when  at  rest,  throw 
the  hinder  segments  of  the  body  forward  over  the  anterior 
ones,  making  a  curious  sort  of  loop ;  as  they  grow  larger 
they  devour  all  parts  of  the  leaf,  the  framework  as  well  as 
the  softer  substance.  When  mature,  they  are  about  an  inch 
and  a  half  long,  and  appear  as  shown  at  a  in  Fig.  269.  The 


260  INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO   THE  GRAPE. 

body  tapers  towards  the  head,  and  becomes  thicker  as  it  ap- 
proaches the  posterior  extremity ;  the  head  is  orange,  dotted 
with  black,  the  body  pale  bluish,  crossed  by  bands  of  orange 
and  many  lines  of  black.  Each  segment,  except  the  head 
and  the  terminal  one,  is  crossed  by  an  orange  band  of  nearly 
uniform  width,  except  that  on  the  twelfth  segment,  which  is 
wider;  on  the  terminal  segment  there  are  two  bands.  All 
these  bands  are  dotted  more  or  less  with  black,  a  single  short 
brown  hair  arising  from  each  dot.  The  number  of  black 
lines  crossing  each  segment  is  usually  six  ;  b  shows  one  of  the 
segments  magnified ;  at  c  the  horny  shield  behind  the  head  is 
shown;  and  at  d  the  hump  towards  the  hinder  extremity, 
all  enlarged.  The  breathing-pores  are  oval  and  black.  The 
under  side  is  very  similar  to  the  upper.  Although  partial  to 
the  vine,  it  feeds  also  on  the  Virginia  creeper,  and  occasionally 
on  the  hop. 

When  full  grown,  which  is  usually  some  time  during  the 
month  of  August  or  early  in  September,  the  larva  descends 
from  the  vine  and  seeks  some  suitable  location  in  which  to 
pass  the  chrysalis  state.  It  frequently  bores  into  decaying 
wood,  and  is  fond  of  taking  refuge  in  corn-cobs ;  it  is  also 
said  to  burrow  under  ground  sometimes.  In  confinement  it 
bores  readily  into  pieces  of  cork,  excavating  with  its  jaws  a 
chamber  but  little  larger  than  the  chrysalis  which  is  to  rest 
in  it,  and  when  finished  the  chamber  is  provided  with  a  cap 
or  cover  composed  of  minute  fragments  of  cork  united  by  a 
glutinous  secretion.  On  lifting  this  lid,  there  will  be  seen  a 
dark-brown  chrysalis,  about  seven-tenths  of  an  inch  long. 
Sometimes  the  moth  escapes  from  the  chrysalis  late  in  the 
same  season,  but  commonly  it  remains  in  this  condition  until 
the  following  spring. 

This  insect  is  subject  to  the  attacks  of  a  two-winged  para- 
site, a  species  of  Tachina,  not  unlike  the  common  house-fly  in 
appearance.  (See  Fig.  270,  which  shows  the  insect  in  its  three 
stages  of  larva,  pupa,  and  fly ;  also  the  anterior  segments  of 
a  caterpillar,  with  eggs  in  position.)  This  parasite  is  also 


ATTACKING   THE  LEAVES.  261 

found  on  the  army-worm  and  several  other  caterpillars.  It 
is  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long,  with  a  white  face,  large, 
reddish  eyes,  a  dark,  hairy  body, 
four  dark  lines  down  the  thorax, 
and  patches  of  a  grayish  shade 
along  the  sides  of  the  abdomen. 
The  parent  fly  deposits  her  eggs  on 
the  back  of  the  caterpillar,  usually 
a  short  distance  behind  the  head,  se- 
curely fastened  by  a  glutinous  sub- 
stance secreted  with  them.  From 
these  hatch  tiny  grubs,  which  eat  their  way  into  the  body 
of  the  caterpillar,  feed  upon  its  substance,  and  finally  de- 
stroy it,  the  grubs,  when  mature,  escaping  from  the  body  of 
their  victim  and  changing  to  oval,  smooth,  dark-brown  pupa3. 
Usually  a  large  proportion  of  the  caterpillars  are  infested  by 
this  friendly  parasite ;  otherwise  they  would  soon  become  a 
source  of  much  annoyance  to  grape-growers. 

Where  artificial  remedies  are  required,  the  vines  may  be 
syringed  with  hellebore  and  water  or  Paris-green  and  water, 
as  directed  for  the  larva  of  No.  140.  Hand-picking  may 
also  be  resorted  to. 

No.  139.— The  Pearl  Wood-nymph. 

Eudryas  unio  (Hlibner). 

This  is  a  very  near  relative  of  Eudryas  grata,  No.  138, 
and  so  closely  do  the  two  species  resemble  each  other  in  the 
larval  condition  that  it  is  difficult  to  distinguish  between  them. 
Unio  has  usually  been  regarded  as  a  grape-feeding  insect,  but 
from  recent  observations  of  Mr.  Lintner,  of  Albany,  New 
York,  who  has  found  and  reared  the  larva  on  an  entirely  differ- 
ent plant,  Euphorbia  coloratura,  it  is  possible  that  it  may  not 
feed  on  the  grape-vine  at  all,  and  that  Dr.  Fitch,  who  first  an- 
nounced this  as  its  food-plant,  -may  have  mistaken  the  larva 
of  E.  grata  for  unio.  Since  there  seems  to  be  some  doubt 
about  the  matter,  we  shall  briefly  describe  the  insect  here. 


262  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   GRAPE. 

The  moth  (Fig.  271)  is  a  little  smaller  than  grata,  meas- 
uring, when  expanded,  about  one  inch  and  three-eighths. 

It  differs  also  in  the  following  par- 
>  2>71'  ticulars :    on    the   fore    wings    the 

s          __   i^fc_ 

brownish-purple  stripe  on  the  front 
margin  is  extended  farther  along 
the  wing,  the  bordering  of  the  outer 
margin  is  paler  and  more  uniform  in 
width,  the  inner  edge  is  wavy  instead 
of  straight,  and  the  bordering  of  the  hind  margin  is  wider  and 
more  distinct.  The  border  on  the  hind  wings  is  much  paler, 
and  extends  the  whole  length  of  the  outer  margin. 

The  larva  is  nearly  an  inch  and  a  quarter  long.  The  head 
is  of  an  orange  color,  spotted  with  black,  the  body  banded 
with  white,  black,  and  orange,  most  of  the  segments  having 
three  white  and  three  black  lines  on  each  side  of  a  central 
orange  band.  The  body  tapers  towards  the  head,  the  hinder 
segments  being  elevated. 

The  chrysalis  is  reddish  brown,  with  rows  of  very  minute 
teeth  on  the  back,  and  a  thick,  blunt  spine  on  each  side  of 
the  abdomen  at  the  tip. 

No.  140. — The  Eight-spotted  Forester. 

Alypia  octomaculata  (Fabr.). 

While  the  moth  of  this  species  is  very  different  in  appear- 
ance from  Nos.  138  and  139,  the  larva  is  very  similar,  being 
white  or  pale  bluish,  with  many  black  lines,  and  an  orange 
band  across  each  segment.  This  larva  (Fig.  272,  a)  may, 
however,  be  distinguished  by  its  having  eight  black  lines  on 
each  segment  (counting  the  two  which  border  the  orange  band) 
(see  6,  Fig.  272)  instead  of  six;  it  has  also  a  series  of  white 
spots  along  each  side  close  to  the  under  surface.  The  orange 
bands  are  fainter  on  the  anterior  segments,  and  those  on  the 
middle  segments  are  dotted  with  black,  and  from  each  of 
these  dots  there  arises  a  short  whitish  hair.  The  head  and 
the  upper  part  of  the  next  segment  are  of  a  deep  orange, 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


263 


FIG.  272. 


with  black  dots  and  a  polished  surface.  When  young,  the 
larva  is  paler,  with  less  distinct  markings ;  it  feeds  on  the 
under  side  of  the  leaf,  and 
when  alarmed  can  let  itself 
down  to  the  ground  by  a  silken 
thread,  regaining  its  position 
by  the  same  thread  when  the 
danger  is  past.  When  nearly 
full  grown,  it  sometimes  con- 
ceals itself  during  the  daytime 
within  a  folded  leaf. 

Before  effecting  its  next 
change,  it  moulds  for  itself  an 
earthen  cell,  upon  or  just  below 
the  surface,  which  is  not  lined 

with  silk,  and  within  this  enclosure  is  transformed  into  a 
brown  chrysalis,  from  which,  in  the  early  brood,  the  moth 
escapes  in  a  few  days.  There  are  usually  two  broods  each 
year,  the  moths  appearing  on  the  wing  in  May  and  August, 
the  caterpillars  in  June  and  July  and  in  September. 

The  moth  is  shown  ate  in  the  figure.  It  is  a  very  beautiful 
creature,  of  a  deep  blue-black  color,  with  two  large  pale-yellow 
spots  on  each  of  the  front  wings,  and  two  white  spots  on  each 
of  the  hind  wings.  In  the  figure  the  female  moth  is  repre- 
sented ;  the  male  has  the  spots  on  the  wings  proportionately 
larger,  and  a  conspicuous  white  mark  along  the  tip  of  the 
abdomen.  The  shoulder-covers  are  yellow,  and  the  legs  partly 
orange.  The  wings,  when  spread,  measure  from  an  inch  to 
an  inch  and  a  quarter  or  more  across. 

This  insect  is  very  generally  distributed,  being  found  in 
most  portions  of  the  United  States  and  Canada.  Where  the 
larva  proves  destructive,  it  may  be  subdued  by  syringing  the 
foliage  with  Paris-green  and  water,  in  the  proportion  of  a 
teaspoonful  to  two  gallons,  or  powdered  hellebore  and  water, 
in  the  proportion  of  one  ounce  to  two  gallons. 


264  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   GRAPE. 

No.  141. — The  Grape-vine  Epimenis. 

Psycomorpha  epimenis  (Drury). 

There  is  still  another  grape-feeding  insect  which,  in  the  cat- 
erpillar state,  bears  a  strong  general  resemblance  to  Nos.  138 
and  139.  The  larva  (Fig.  273,  a)  in  this  species  is  smaller,  of 

a  bluish-white  color,  with 
/f^\  four  transverse  black  bands 

on  each  segment,  as  shown 
at  b  in  the  figure,  and  a  few 
black  dots,  but  lacks  the 
orange  bands  which  dis- 
tinguish the  three  species  last  described.  The  shield  behind 
the  head,  the  hump  on  the  twelfth  segment,  and  the  anal  plate 
are  of  a  dull-orange  color;  the  dots  on  the  hump  are  arranged 
as  shown  at  c  in  the  figure.  The  young  larva  attacks  the  ter- 
minal buds  of  the  vine  in  spring,  fastening  the  young  leaves 
by  a  few  silken  threads,  and  secreting  itself  within  the  en- 
closure. When  full  grown,  which  is  usually  towards  the  end 
of  May,  it  bores  into  soft  wood  or  any  other  suitable  sub- 
stance, and  there  changes  to  a  reddish-brown  chrysalis,  about 
four-tenths  of  an  inch  long,  roughened  on  the  joints,  and 
having  a  curious,  flattened,  horny  projection  on  each  side  of 
the  tip.  Within  this  enclosure  it  remains  until  the  following 
spring,  when  the  perfect  insect  escapes. 

The  moth  (Fig.  274)  is  of  a  velvety-black  color,  with  a 
broad,  irregular,  white  patch  extending  nearly  across  the  front 

wings,  and  a  somewhat  larger  and  more 
FIG.  274. 

regularly  formed  spot  of  a  dull  orange-red 

across  the  hind  wings.   The  wings  are  also 
sprinkled  with    brilliant   purplish  scales, 
most  numerous  along  the  outer  margins, 
where  they  form    a   narrow  band.     The 
under  side  is  paler,  with  similar  markings,  the  purplish  scales 
appearing  very  distinct  on  the  front  and  posterior  margins  of 
the  hinder  wings.     The  antenna?  of  the  male  are  toothed, 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


265 


FIG.  275. 


those  of  the  female  thread-like.  Fig.  274  represents  the  male. 
Should  this  insect  ever  prove  destructive,  it  may  be  subdued 
by  the  treatment  recommended  for  No.  140,  the  species  last 
described. 

No.  142. — The  American  Procris. 

Procris  Americana  Harris. 

The  Iarva3  of  this  destructive  insect  feed  in  flocks,  arranged 
in  a  single  row  on  the  under  side  of  the  vine  leaves,  as  shown 
in  Fig.  275.  The  egg-clusters  from  which  these  Iarva3  pro- 
ceed, consisting  of 
twenty  eggs  or  more, 
are  fastened  by  the 
moth  to  the  under 
side  of  the  leaves. 
While  young,  the 
little  caterpillars  eat 
only  the  soft  tissues 
of  the  leaves,  leaving 
the  fine  net- work  of 
veins  untouched,  as 
shown  on  the  right 
of  the  figure,  but 
as  they  grow  older 
they  devour  all  but 
the  larger  veins,  as 
shown  on  the  oppo- 
site side.  They  acquire  full  growth  in  August,  when  they 
measure  about  six-tenths  of  an  inch  in  length,  are  of  a  yellow 
color,  slightly  hairy  (see  Fig.  276,  a),  with  a  transverse  row 
of  black  spots  on  each  segment ;  they  feed  with  their  heads 
towards  the  margin,  and  gradually  retreat  as  the  leaf  is  de- 
voured. When  full  grown,  they  disperse,  and,  retiring  to 
some  sheltered  spot  or  crevice,  construct  their  tough,  oblong- 
oval  cocoons,  one  of  which  is  shown  at  c  in  the  figure,  within 
which  in  about  three  days  they  change  to  shining  brown  chrys- 
alids  (6)  about  three-tenths  of  an  inch  long,  from  which  the 


266  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   GRAPE. 

moths  escape  in  about  ten  or  twelve  days,  and  soon  deposit 
eggs  for  the  second  brood,  which  mature  later  in  the  season. 

Some  few  of  them  produce 
FIG.  276.  moths    before    winter    ap- 

proaches, but  the  greater  por- 
tion remain  in  the  chrysalis 
condition  during  the  winter, 
the  moths  escaping  the  fol- 
lowing June. 

The  moth  is  of  a  blue- 
black  color,  with  an  orange- 
yellow  collar,  and  a  notched 

tuft  at  the  extremity  of  the  body ;  the  wings  are  very  narrow, 
and  when  expanded  measure  nearly  an  inch  across.  In  Fig. 
276,  e  represents  the  moth  with  the  wings  spread,  d  the  same 
with  the  wings  closed.  This  insect  is  more  common  in  the  West 
and  South  than  in  the  East,  and  is  sometimes  very  injurious. 
They  may  be  destroyed  by  syringing  the  vines  with  Paris- 
green  and  water,  as  recommended  for  No.  140.  There  is  a 
small  parasite,  a  black,  four-winged  fly,  which  attacks  this 
larva  and  destroys  it. 

No.  143. — The  Grape-vine  Leaf-roller. 
Desmia  maculalis  West  wood. 

This  insect,  although  most  abundant  in  the  Southern  States, 
is  very  generally  distributed,  and  will,  no  doubt,  in  its  cater- 
pillar form  be  familiar  to  most  grape-growers.  In  Fig.  277, 
1  represents  the  larva,  natural  size,  2  a  magnified  view  of  a 
portion  of  the  anterior  part  of  its  body,  3  the  chrysalis,  4  the 
male  moth,  5  the  female  moth. 

The  moth  is  a  very  pretty  little  creature,  measuring,  when 
its  wings  are  expanded,  about  nine- tenths  of  an  inch  or  more 
across.  The  wings  are  dark  brown,  nearly  black,  with  a 
coppery  lustre,  and  lightly  fringed  with  white ;  the  fore  wings 
have  two  white  spots,  nearly  oval  in  form,  the  hind  wings  but 
one  white  spot  in  the  male,  which  is  usually  divided,  forming 


ATTACKING  THE  LEAVES. 


267 


two,  in  the  female.  The  body  is  black,  crossed  in  the  female 
by  two  white  bands,  in  the  male  by  one  only.  The  male 
moth  has  the  antennae  elbowed  and  thickened  near  the  middle, 
in  the  female  they  are  uniform  and  thread-like. 


FIG.  277. 


There  are  two  broods  of  the  insect  during  the  summer. 
The  first  moths,  which  have  passed  the  winter  in  the  chrysalis 
state,  appear  early  in  June,  and  deposit  their  eggs  singly  on 
the  leaves  of  the  vine,  which  are  soon  hatched,  the  young 
worm  at  once  manifesting  its  leaf-folding  propensities  by 
turning  down  a  small  portion  of  the  leaf  on  which  it  is  placed 
and  living  within  the  tube  thus  formed.  As  it  increases  in 
size,  a  larger  case  is  made,  often  the  whole  leaf  being  rolled 
into  a  large  cylinder,  wider  at  one  end  than  at  the  other,  and 
firmly  fastened  with  stout  silken  threads.  In  this  hiding- 
place  the  little  active  wriggling  creature  lives  in  comparative 
safety,  issuing  from  it  to  feed  on  the  surrounding  foliage.  It 
is  so  very  rapid  in  its  movements,  both  backwards  and  for- 
wards, that  it  frequently  escapes  detection  by  suddenly  slipping 
out  of  its  case  when  disturbed  and  falling  to  the  ground. 
The  length  of  the  full-grown  caterpillar  is  about  three- 
quarters  of  an  inch ;  the  body  is  yellowish  green  at  the  sides, 
a  little  darker  above,  glossy  and  semi-transparent,  with  a  few 
fine  yellow  hairs  on  each  segment.  The  head  is  reddish 
yellow,  and  the  next  segment  behind  it  has  a  crescent-shaped 
patch  above  of  the  same  color ;  on  the  third  segment  there 
are  two  or  three  black  spots  on  each  side,  and  on  the  twelfth 


268  INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO   THE   GRAPE. 

segment  one.  The  first  brood  of  caterpillars  are  full  grown 
about  the  last  of  July,  when  they  change  to  chrysalids,  from 
which  the  moths  escape  early  in  August;  the  second  brood 
of  larvae  are  found  on  the  vines  in  September. 

The  chrysalis  (3,  Fig.  277)  is  about  half  an  inch  long  and 
of  a  dark-brown  color.  It  is  usually  formed  within  the 
folded  leaf;  hence  the  last  brood  which  pass  the  winter  in 
this  inactive  state  may,  in  a  great  measure,  be  destroyed  by 
carefully  going  over  the  vineyard  late  in  the  season,  before 
the  leaves  fall,  and  picking  off  the  folded  leaves  and  burning 
them ;  or  the  larvae  may  be  destroyed  earlier  in  the  season  by 
crushing  the  folded  leaves,  taking  care  that  the  active  occu- 
pants do  not  escape.  Although  this  insect  is  usually  common, 
it  is  seldom  very  destructive  anywhere. 

No.  144. — The  Gartered  Plume-moth. 

Oxyptilus  pwiscelidactylus  (Fitch ) . 

The  family  of  moths  to  which  this  insect  belongs  are  called 
plume-moths,  from  their  having  the  wings  divided  into  feather- 
like  lobes. 

The  larva  (Fig.  278,  a)  appears  on  the  grape-vines  in  spring, 
as  soon  as  the  young  foliage  has  fairly  started,  fastening  the 
terminal  leaves  into  a  spherical  form,  and  living  within  the 
enclosure,  where  it  feeds  on  the  tender  leaves  and  young 
bunches  of  blossom.  It  is  usually  solitary  in  its  habits, 
but  sometimes  two  or  three  are  found  together.  When  full 
grown,  which  is  usually  early  in  June,  it  is  about  half  an  inch 
long,  and  is  of  a  yellowish-green  color,  with  transverse  rows 
of  dull-yellow  tubercles,  from  each  of  which  arises  a  small 
tuft  of  white  hairs.  There  is  a  line  down  the  back  of  a 
deeper  green,  and  the  body  is  paler  between  the  segments. 
The  head  is  small,  yellowish  green,  with  a  band  of  black 
across  the  front;  feet  black,  tipped  with  pale  green;  the  pro- 
legs,  which  are  long  and  thin,  are  greenish.  When  matured, 
it  spins  a  few  silken  threads  on  the  under  side  of  a  leaf,  or 
in  some  other  convenient  spot,  and,  having  entangled  its  hind 


ATTACKING   THE  LEAVES. 


269 


FIG.  278. 


legs  firmly  in  the  web  of  silk,  sheds  its  hairy  skin  and  be- 
comes a  chrysalis. 

An  odd-looking  little  thing  it  is  (see  Fig.  278,  6),  about 
four-tenths  of  an  inch  long,  angular  and  rugged,  and  when 
touched  it  wriggles  about  very 
briskly.  It  has  two  rather  long, 
compressed  horns  placed  side  by 
side,  extending  upwards,  on  the 
middle  of  its  back ;  one  of  these 
is  shown,  enlarged,  at  c;  it  has  also 
other  smaller  projecting  points  and 
ridges.  At  first  its  color  is  pale 
yellowish  green,  but  it  soon  grows 
darker,  becoming  reddish  brown, 
with  darker  spots.  It  remains  in 
this  condition  from  one  to  two 
weeks,  when  the  perfect  insect 
appears. 

The  moth,  which  is  shown  in 
the  figure  at  d,  is  an  elegant  little 
insect,  its  wings  measuring,  when 
expanded,  about  seven-tenths  of  an 
inch  across.  The  fore  wings  are  long  and  narrow,  and  cleft 
down  the  middle  about  half-way  to  their  base,  the  posterior 
half  of  the  wing  having  a  notch  in  the  outer  margin.  Their 
color  is  yellowish  brown,  with  a  metallic  lustre,  and  several 
dull-whitish  streaks  and  spots.  The  hind  wings  are  similar 
in  color  to  the  anterior  pair,  and  are  divided  into  three  lobes; 
the  lower  division  is  complete,  extending  to  the  base,  the 
upper  one  not  more  than  two-thirds  of  the  distance.  The 
outer  and  hind  margins  of  the  wings,  as  well  as  all  the  edges  of 
their  lobes,  are  bordered  with  a  deep  whitish  fringe,  sprinkled 
here  and  there  with  brown ;  the  body  is  long  and  slender, 
and  a  little  darker  than  the  wings.  The  antennae  are  moder- 
ately long  and  thread-like,  nearly  black,  but  beautifully  dotted 
with  white  throughout  their  whole  length.  The  legs  are  long, 


270  INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO   THE  GRAPE. 

banded  alternately  with  yellowish  brown  and  white,  the  hind 
ones  ornamented  with  two  pairs  of  diverging  spines,  having 
at  their  base  a  garter-like  tuft  of  long  brown  scales,  from 
which  feature  the  moth  derives  its  name. 

This  insect  is  single-brooded ;  it  is  common  throughout  On- 
tario and  Quebec.  Where  troublesome,  it  may  be  subdued  by 
hand-picking,  or  by  pinching  the  clusters  of  leaves  and  crushing 

the  larvae. 

No.  145. — The  Grape-vine  Cidaria. 

Cidaria  diversilineata  Hiibn. 

This  is  a  pretty  yellow  moth,  producing  a  geometric  or 
looping  caterpillar  which  consumes  the  foliage  of  the  vine. 
The  insect  passes  the  winter  in  the  caterpillar  state,  hiber- 
nating in  some  secure  retreat  until  aroused  to  activity  by  the 
warmth  of  spring,  when,  after  feeding  a  few  days  on  the 
young  vine  leaves,  it  becomes  a  chrysalis,  producing  the  moth 
about  ten  days  afterwards.  The  moths  within  a  few  days 
deposit  their  eggs  on  the  leaves  of  the  vine,  which  hatch  early 
in  June,  and  the  larvae  nearly  complete  their  growth  by  the 
end  of  the  month,  pass  into  the  chrysalis  state,  and  appear  as 
moths  again  in  July  and  August.  These  latter  deposit  eggs 
for  the  second  brood  of  larva?,  which,  before  reaching  maturity, 
become  torpid,  and  remain  in  this  condition  until  spring. 

The  moth  (Fig.  279)  measures,  when  its  wings  are  ex- 
panded, about  an  inch  and  a  half  across.  Its  color  is  pale 
ochre-yellow,  crossed  by  many  grayish-brown  lines,  and  clouded 

with  patches  of  the  same,  par- 
ticularly along  the  margin  of  the 
wings.  The  body  and  legs  are 
similar  in  color  to  the  wings,  the 
latter  being  marked  with  black 
about  the  joints. 

Early  in  June  the  reddish 
geometric  caterpillars  of  this  moth  are  found  upon  the  leaves, 
out  of  which  they  eat  numerous  pieces  of  various  sizes  and 
shapes.  By  the  middle  of  the  month  they  become  full 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES.  271 

grown,  when   they  measure  about  an    inch  and  a  quarter 
long.     (See  Fig.  280.)     The  head  is  dull  reddish  brown,  the 
body  yellowish  green,  with  a  few 
small  whitish  dots  on  each  segment.  FIG.  280. 

On  each  side  of  the  second  segment 
is  a  small  reddish  spot,  and  on  the 
third  a  larger  one  of  a  darker  shade ; 

on  this  latter  segment  there  is  a  fold  in  the  skin,  which  makes 
the  spot  appear  as  a  brown  prominence.  The  terminal  seg- 
ment is  furnished  with  two  short,  greenish  spines,  which 
extend  backwards ;  the  surface  of  the  body  is  wrinkled ;  the 
under  surface  reddish,  with  a  central  reddish  line,  bordered 
with  white,  which  is  margined  with  dull  red.  These  larvae 
are  very  variable  in  color,  being  sometimes  yellowish  green, 
whitish  green,  deep  red,  and  occasionally  dark  brown,  nearly 
black.  When  alarmed,  they  straighten  themselves  out,  and 
remain  for  some  time  without  moving,  when,  being  so  nearly 
of  the  color  of  the  twigs  they  rest  on,  they  usually  escape 
detection. 

Where  these  larvae  are  sufficiently  numerous  to  prove 
troublesome,  the  vines  may  be  syringed  with  Paris-green  and 
water,  or  hellebore  and  water,  as  recommended  for  No.  140. 

No.  146.— The  Yellow  Woolly-bear. 

Spilosoma  Virginica  (Fabr.). 

This  common  caterpillar  is  so  well  known  that  it  is  scarcely 
necessary  to  describe  it.  Every  one  who  has  a  garden  in 
which  fruits  or  flowers  are  grown  must  have  frequently  met 
with  it,  for  no  insect  is  so  uniformly  common  and  troublesome 
as  this  one.  It  seems  to  have  a  special  liking  for  the  leaves 
of  the  grape-vine,  but  it  feeds  also  on  the  leaves  of  a  great 
variety  of  plants,  shrubs,  and  trees. 

The  moth  from  which  the  larva  is  produced  is  shown  at  c, 
Fig.  281,  and  is  commonly  known  as  the  "white  miller." 
It  passes  the  winter  in  the  chrysalis  state,  and  appears  on  the 
wing  late  in  April  or  early  in  May,  and,  when  its  wings  are 


272 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   GRAPE. 


expanded,  measures  from  one  and  a  half  to  two  inches  across. 
The  figure  represents  a  female ;  the  males  are  somewhat 
smaller.  Both  sexes  have  the  wings  white,  with  a  few  black 
dots,  which  vary  in  number  in  different  specimens ;  in  some 
there  are  two  on  each  of  the  front  wings,  and  three  on  each 
of  the  hinder  pair ;  in  others  the  spots  are  partly  or  almost 
entirely  wanting.  The  dot,  however,  near  the  middle  of  the 
front  wings  is  almost  always  present,  although  sometimes 
very  faint.  The  under  side  usually  has  the  spots  more  dis- 

FIG.  281. 


tinct  than  the  upper,  and  sometimes  there  is  a  slight  tinge  of 
yellow  over  its  white  surface.  The  antennae  are  white  above, 
dark  brown  below,  the  head  and  thorax  white,  and  the  ab- 
domen of  an  orange  color,  usually  streaked  across  with  white, 
and  having  three  rows  of  black  spots,  one  above  and  one  on 
each  side.  The  under  side  of  the  abdomen  is  white,  occa- 
sionally tinged  with  orange,  and  the  thighs  of  the  fore  legs 
ochre-yellow. 

The  eggs,  which  are  round  and  yellow,  are  deposited  on  the 
under  side  of  the  leaves  in  large  clusters,  and  in  a  few  days 
hatch  into  small  hairy  caterpillars,  which  feed  for  a  time  in 
company,  devouring  at  this  tender  age  the  under  side  of  the 
leaf  only,  the  outer  skin  over  the  eaten  part  soon  becoming 


ATTACKING   THE  LEAVES.  273 

yellow  and  withered.  When  partly  grown,  they  separate, 
each  one  choosing  his  own  course,  and  by  this  time  their 
digestive  powers  have  become  sufficiently  strong  to  enable 
them  to  eat  freely  of  all  parts  of  the  leaf. 

The  full-grown  caterpillar  (Fig.  281,  a)  is  nearly  two 
inches  long,  and  usually  of  a  yellowish  color,  but  the  color 
varies  greatly,  and  in  the  same  brood  there  may  be  found 
with  the  yellow  some  straw-colored  and  others  brown,  from 
a  light  to  a  very  dark  shade.  On  each  segment  there  are  a 
number  of  yellowish  tubercles,  from  each  of  which  there  arises 
a  tuft  of  hairs  of  a  yellowish  or  brownish  color,  sometimes 
intermingled  with  a  few  black  ones.  The  spaces  between  the 
segments  are  crossed  by  dark-brownish  or  sometimes  black 
lines,  and  there  is  a  line  of  the  same  color  along  each  side ; 
the  under  surface  of  the  body  is  dark  also.  When  mature, 
it  seeks  some  sheltered  nook  or  cranny  in  which  to  pass  the 
chrysalis  state,  and,  having  found  a  suitable  location,  proceeds 
to  divest  its  body  of  the  hairy  covering,  and  with  this  woven 
together  by  silken  threads  it  constructs  a  slight  cocoon,  within 
which  the  chrysalis  is  formed,  of  a  chestnut-brown  color,  as 
shown  at  6  in  the  figure.  There 
are  at  least  two  broods  of  this  FIG.  282. 

insect  each  year,  and  these 
broods  so  intermingle  that  the 
insect  may  almost  always  be 
found  in  one  or  other  of  its 
stages  from  May  to  October. 

This  species  is  subject  to  the 
attack  of  several  kinds  of  Ich- 
neumon flies,  which  destroy  im- 
mense numbers  of  them  every 
year ;  one  of  these,  Ophion  bi- 
lineatus  Say,  is  represented  in  Fig.  282.  Were  it  not  for 
these  friendly  agencies  constantly  at  work  the  common  woolly- 
bears  would  soon  become  very  destructive.  As  it  is,  they  are 
sometimes  very  injurious;  when  this  is  the  case,  hand-picking 

18 


274  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   GRAPE. 

should  be  resorted  to,  and  if  this  is  done  while  the  larvae  are 
young  and  feeding  in  company,  their  destruction  is  easily 
accomplished. 

No.  147. — The  Pyramidal  Grape-vine  Caterpillar. 

Pyrophila pyramidoides  (Guen.). 

This  caterpillar  (Fig.  283)  is  frequently  destructive  to 
grape-vines,  particularly  to  those  grown  under  glass,  and  may 
be  found  on  the  leaves  full  grown  about  the  middle  of  June. 

It  is  nearly  an  inch 

FlG-  283'  and  a  half  long,  the 

body  tapering  to- 
wards the  front,  and 
thickened  behind. 
The  head  is  rather 
small,  of  a  whitish- 
green  color,  with  the  mandibles  tipped  with  black ;  the  body 
whitish  green,  a  little  darker  on  the  sides,  with  a  white  stripe 
down  the  back,  a  little  broken  between  the  segments  or  rings, 
and  widening  behind.  There  is  a  bright-yellow  stripe  on 
each  side  close  to  the  under  surface,  which  is  most  distinct  on 
the  hinder  segments,  and  a  second  one  of  the  same  color,  but 
fainter,  half-way  between  this  and  the  dorsal  line ;  this  latter 
is  more  distinct  on  the  posterior  portion  of  the  body,  and 
follows  the  peculiar  prominence  on  the  twelfth  segment,  as 
shown  in  the  figure.  The  under  side  of  the  body  is  pale 
green. 

When  full  grown,  the  caterpillar  descends  to  the  ground, 
and,  drawing  together  some  loose  fallen  leaves  or  other 
rubbish,  spins  a  slight  cocoon,  within  which  it  changes  to  a 
dark-brown  chrysalis,  from  which  the  perfect  insect  escapes 
in  the  latter  part  of  July. 

The  moth  (Fig.  284)  measures,  when  its  wings  are  expanded, 
about  one  and  three-quarter  inches.  The  fore  wings  are  dark 
brown  shaded  with  paler  brown  and  with  dots  and  wavy  lines 
of  dull  white;  the  hind  wings  are  reddish,  with  a  coppery 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES.  275 

lustre,  becoming  brown  on  the  outer  angle  of  the  front  edge 

of  the  wing,  and  paler  towards  the  hinder  and  inner  angle. 

The   under  surface   of  the 

wings  is  much   paler  than 

the  upper.  The  body  is  dark 

brown,   its   hinder    portion 

banded  with  lines  of  a  paler 

hue. 

While  partial  to  the  grape, 
the  larva  feeds  also  on  thorn, 
plum,  raspberry,  red-bud, 
Cercis  Canadensis,  poplar,  and  probably  other  trees,  shrubs, 
etc.  The  insect  is  distributed  over  a  wide  area.  Where  they 
are  numerous  enough  to  prove  troublesome,  they  may  be  col- 
lected and  destroyed  by  jarring  the  trees  or  vines  on  which 
they  are  feeding,  when  they  will  drop  to  the  ground. 

Ho.  148. — The  Silky  Pyrophila, 
PyropJiila  tragopoginis  (Linn.). 

The  caterpillar  of  this  moth  is  of  a  yellowish-green  color, 
with  a  few  very  fine  brownish  hairs  scattered  over  the  upper 
surface  of  its  body.  It  is  found  feeding  on  the  grape-vine, 
and  sometimes  in  sufficient  numbers  to  become  a  source  of 
annoyance ;  it  attains  full  growth  about  the  middle  of  June, 
when  it  measures  an  inch  and  a  quarter  or  more  in  length. 
The  head  is  small,  green,  the  jaws  tipped  with  brown ;  the 
upper  surface  of  the  body  is  yellowish  green,  a  little  paler  be- 
tween the  joints ;  there  is  a  white  stripe  down  the  back,  and 
two  of  the  same  color  along  each  side,  the  lowest  one  being 
most  distinct.  On  each  segment  there  are  several  small 
whitish  dots,  from  each  of  which  arises  a  single  fine  hair. 
The  under  side  is  deeper  in  color  than  the  upper.  When 
mature,  it  changes  to  a  brown  chrysalis,  a  little  under  the 
surface  of  the  ground,  from  which  the  perfect  insect  escapes 
in  July. 

The  moth  measures,  when  its  wings  are  spread,  about  ail 


276 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS    TO    THE   GRAPE. 


inch  and  a  quarter  across.  Its  fore  wings  are  grayish  brown 
with  a  silky  lustre,  with  several  pale  dots  on  the  front  edge, 
and  three  short  dark  streaks  near  the  middle.  The  hind 
wings  are  paler. 

When  found  to  be  injurious,  the  caterpillars  may  be  subdued 
by  hand-picking. 

No.  149. — The  Spotted  Pelidnota. 

Pelidnota punctata  (Linn.). 

This  enemy  to  the  grape-vine  is  a  large  and  handsome 
beetle  (Fig.  285,  c),  which  eats  the  leaves,  making  numerous 

FIG.  285. 


holes  in  them.  It  measures  about  an  inch  in  length  and  half 
an  inch  in  width  at  its  widest  part,  is  nearly  oval  in  form,  of 
a  dull  reddish-yellow  color,  with  a  polished  surface,  and  three 
black  spots  on  the  outer  side  of  each  wing-cover.  The  tho- 
rax, which  is  rather  darker  than  the  wing- covers,  is  slightly 
bronzed,  and  has  a  small  black  dot  on  each  side;  the  jaws  and 
hinder  part  of  the  head  are  black,  so  also  is  the  scutellum,  a 
small,  nearly  triangular  piece  at  the  point  of  juncture  of  the 
wing-covers  with  the  thorax.  The  transparent,  gauzy  wings, 


ATTACKING  THE  LEAVES.  277 

which  are  concealed  under  the  wing-cases  when  not  in  use,  are 
dark  brown.  The  under  side  of  the  beetle  is  dark  green,  with 
a  metallic  lustre,  downy  about  the  middle,  with  fine  brownish 
hairs.  Legs,  dark  shining  green.  It  appears  during  July 
and  August,  and  is  active  during  the  day,  flying  from  vine  to 
vine  with  a  heavy,  awkward  flight  and  a  loud,  buzzing  noise. 
The  female  deposits  her  eggs  in  rotten  wood,  on  which  the 
larva,  when  hatched,  feeds ;  the  decaying  stumps  and  exposed 
decaying  roots  of  pear,  hickory,  and  other  trees  being  selected 
for  this  purpose. 

When  full  grown,  the  larva  measures  nearly  two  inches  in 
length,  and  presents  the  appearance  shown  at  a  in  the  figure. 
It  has  a  chestnut-brown  head  and  a  translucent,  white  body, 
and  much  resembles  the  larva  of  the  May-beetle,  No.  113, 
but  is  of  a  clearer  white  color,  and  has  a  heart-shaped  swelling 
on  the  terminal  segment,  which  is  short  and  cut  off  squarely. 
A  front  view  of  the  markings  on  this  segment  is  given  at  d 
in  the  figure.  When  mature,  it  forms  a  slight  cocoon,  into 
which  are  woven  its  own  castings  mixed  with  particles  of  the 
surrounding  wood,  and  within  this  it  changes  to  a  pupa,  as 
seen  at  6,  from  which  the  beetle  escapes  about  ten  days  after- 
wards ;  e  represents  the  antenna  of  the  larva,  and  /  one  of 
its  legs,  both  magnified. 

This  insect  is  common  throughout  the  Eastern  and  Western 
States  and  the  central  portions  of  Canada.  Should  it  at  any 
time  prove  injurious,  it  can  easily  be  reduced  in  numbers  by 
hand-picking.  It  feeds  also  on  the  Virginia  creeper,  Ampe- 
lopsis  quinquefolia. 

No.  150.— The  Grape-vine  Flea-beetle. 

Graptodera  chalybea  (Illig.). 

This  pretty  but  destructive  little  beetle  (see  Fig.  286) 
forces  itself  upon  the  attention  of  grape-growers  very  prom- 
inently in  the  spring  season,  when,  awakened  by  the  reviving 
warmth  of  the  sun  from  its  winter  state  of  torpidity,  and 
with  appetite  sharpened  by  its  long  fast,  it  commences  its  work 


278 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   GRAPE. 


of  destruction  by  eating  away  the  substance  of  the  buds  as 
soon  as  they  begin  to  swell,  thus  destroying  many  bunches  of 


FIG.  286. 


FIG.  287. 


grapes  in  embryo.  It  goes 
on  with  this  work  for  about 
a  month,  when  it  gradually 
disappears.  Before  leaving, 
however,  the  beetle  provides 
for  the  continuance  of  its 
race  by  depositing  little 
clusters  of  orange-colored 
eggs  on  the  under  side  of 
the  young  vine  leaves,  which 
in  a  few  days  produce  colo- 
nies of  small,  dark-brown 
larvae,  which  feed  on  the 
upper  side  of  the  leaves, 
riddling  them,  and  when 
numerous  they  devour  the 
whole  leaf  except  the  larger 
veins,  and  sometimes  en- 
tirely strip  the  vines  of  foli- 
age. Fig.  287  represents 
the  larvae  in  various  stages 
of  growth  at  work  on  the  vine,  accompanied  also  by  some 
of  the  beetles. 

In  three  or  four  weeks  the  larva  attains  full  growth,  when 
it  is  a  little  more  than  three-tenths  of  an  inch  long,  usually 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES.  279 

of  a  light-brown  color,  sometimes  dark,  and  occasionally  paler 
and  yellowish.  The  head  is  black,  and  there  are  six  or  eight 
shining  black  dots  on  each  of  the  other  segments  of  the  body, 
each  dot  emitting  a  single  brownish  hair.  The  under  surface 
is  paler  than  the  upper,  its  feet,  six  in  number,  are  black,  and 
there  is  a  fleshy,  orange-colored  proleg  on  the  terminal  seg- 
ment. It  is  shown  magnified  in  Fig.  288. 

When  mature,  the  larvae  leave  the  vines  and  descend  to  the 
ground,  where  they  burrow  under  the  earth  and  form  small, 
smooth,  oval  cells,  within  which  they  change  to 

_  .     .  J;  IQ. 

dark-yellowish  pupa?.  After  remaining  two  or 
three  weeks  in  this  condition,  the  beetles  issue 
from  them,  and  the  work  of  destruction  goes  on ; 
but  since  they  live  at  this  season  of  the  year  alto- 
gether on  leaves,  of  which  there  is  an  abundance, 
the  injury  done  is  much  less  than  in  the  spring. 

The  beetle  is  about  three-twentieths  of  an  inch 
long,  and  varies  in  color  from  a  polished  steel-blue 
to  green,  and  occasionally  to  a  purplish  hue,  with 
a  transverse  depression  across  the  hinder  part  of  the  thorax. 
The  under  side  is  dark  green,  the  antennse  and  feet  brownish 
black  •  the  thighs  are  stout  and  robust,  by  means  of  which 
the  insect  is  able  to  jump  about  very  nimbly.  One  of  the 
legs,  detached  from  the  body,  is  shown  in  Fig.  286.  On  the 
approach  of  winter  the  beetles  retire  to  some  suitable  shelter, 
as  under  leaves,  pieces  of  bark,  or  in  the  earth  immediately 
around  the  roots  of  the  vines,  where  they  remain  inactive 
until  the  following  spring.  Besides  the  vine,  they  feed  on  the 
Virginia  creeper,  Ampelopsis  quinquefolia,  and  the  alder,  Alnus 
serrulata,  and  sometimes  eat  the  leaves  of  the  plum-tree. 

Remedies. — To  destroy  the  beetles  it  is  recommended  to 
strew  in  the  autumn  air-slaked  lime  or  unleashed  ashes 
around  the  infested  vines,  removing  and  destroying  all  rub- 
bish which  might  afford  shelter.  In  the  spring  the  canes  and 
young  foliage  may  be  syringed  with  water  in  which  has  been 
stirred  a  teaspoonful  of  Paris-green  to  each  gallon.  Strong 


280  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE   GRAPE. 

soap-suds  have  also  been  recommended,  and  are  deserving  of 
trial.  On  chilly  mornings  the  beetles  are  comparatively  slug- 
gish and  inactive,  and  may  then  be  jarred  from  the  vines  on 
sheets  and  collected  and  destroyed.  These  insects  are  much 
more  abundant  in  some  seasons  than  in  others. 

No.  151. — The  Rose  Beetle. 

Macrodactylus  subspinoms  (Fabr.). 

This  beetle,  commonly  known  as  the  rose-bug,  attacks  the 
rose,  and  is  also  very  injurious  to  the  grape-vine,  the  apple, 
cherry,  peach,  plum,  etc.  Its  body  (see  Fig.  289)  is  a  little 

more  than  one-third  of  an  inch  long,  slender,  and 
FIG  289 

tapering  a  little  towards  each  extremity.     Its  color 

is  dull  yellowish  when  fresh,  arising  from  its  being 
covered  with  a  grayish -yellow  down  or  bloom,  and 
its  long,  sprawling  legs  are  of  a  dull  pale-reddish 
hue,  with  the  joints  of  the  feet  tipped  with  black  and 
armed  with  very  long  claws.  The  down  on  the  body  of  the 
beetle  is  easily  rubbed  off,  producing  quite  a  change  in  its 
appearance,  the  head,  thorax,  and  the  under  side  of  its  body 
becoming  of  n  shining  black. 

These  beetles  sometimes  appear  in  swarms  about  the  time 
of  the  blossoming  of  the  rose,  which  in  the  Northern  United 
States  and  Canada  is  usually  during  the  second  week  in  June; 
they  remain  about  a  month,  at  the  end  of  which  period  the 
males  become  exhausted,  drop  to  the  ground,  and  perish, 
while  the  females  burrow  under  the  surface,  deposit  their 
eggs,  then  reappear  above  ground,  and  shortly  afterwards  die 
also. 

Each  female  lays  about  thirty  eggs,  which  are  buried  in 
the  earth  to  the  depth  of  from  one  to  four  inches ;  the  eggs 
are  about  one-thirtieth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  whitish,  and 
nearly  globular.  In  about  three  weeks  they  hatch,  and  the 
young  larvae  at  once  begin  to  feed  on  such  tender  roots  as  are 
within  their  reach.  They  attain  full  growth  in  the  autumn, 
when  they  are  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch  long  and  abou" 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES.  281 

an  eighth  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  of  a  yellowish-white  color, 
with  a  tinge  of  blue  towards  the  hinder  extremity,  which  is 
thick,  obtuse,  and  rounded  ;  the  head  is  pale  red  and  horny, 
and  there  are  a  few  short  hairs  scattered  over  the  surface  of 
the  body.  In  October  the  larva  descends  below  the  reach  of 
frost,  and  passes  the  winter  in  a  torpid  state;  in  the  spring  it 
approaches  the  surface  and  forms  for  itself  a  little  oval  cell 
of  earth,  within  which  it  is  transformed  to  a  pupa  during  the 
month  of  May. 

In  form  the  pupa  bears  some  resemblance  to  the  perfect 
insect,  and  is  of  a  yellowish-white  color,  its  whole  body  being 
enclosed  in  a  thin  film  that  wraps  each  part  separately.  In 
June  this  filmy  skin  is  rent,  when  the  enclosed  beetle  with- 
draws its  body  and  limbs,  bursts  open  its  earthen  cell,  and 
forces  its  way  to  the  surface  of  the  ground,  thus  completing 
its  various  stages  within  the  space  of  one  year. 

Although  these  insects  have  many  natural  foes,  such  as 
carnivorous  ground-beetles,  insectivorous  birds,  domestic 
fowls,  toads,  etc.,  they  often  need  the  intervening  hand  of 
man  to  keep  them  within  due  bounds.  When  numerous, 
they  may  be  detached  from  the  vines  with  a  sudden  and 
violent  jar,  falling  on  sheets  spread  below  to  receive  them. 
They  are  naturally  sluggish,  do  not  fly  readily,  and  are  fond 
of  congregating  in  masses  on  the  foliage  they  are  consuming, 
and  hence  in  the  morning,  before  the  day  becomes  warm,  they 
can  be  easily  shaken  from  their  resting-places,  collected,  and 
burnt,  crushed,  or  thrown  into  scalding  water.  This  insect 
is  very  partial  to  the  Clinton  grape,  and,  where  this  is  to  be 
had,  will  congregate  on  it  in  preference  to  other  varieties,  a 
peculiarity  which  may  be  made  use  of  by  planting  Clinton 
vines  as  a  decoy,  and  thus  materially  lessening  the  labor 
involved  in  the  destruction  of  the  beetles. 


282  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE   GRAPE. 

No,  152. — The  Grape-vine  Fidia. 

Fidia  longipes  (Mels.). 

This  enemy  to  the  grape-vine  is  a  chestnut-brown  beetle 
(see  Fig.  290),  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long,  with  its  body 
densely  covered  with  very  short  whitish  hairs,  which  give  it 
a  hoary  appearance.  It  is  first  seen  in  June,  and  by  the  end 
-p  9Q0  of  July  has  usually  disappeared.  Its  mode  of 
operation  is  to  cut  straight,  elongated  holes 
about  one-eighth  of  an  inch  in  diameter  in  the 
leaves,  and  when  the  insects  are  numerous  these 
are  so  thickly  perforated  as  to  be  reduced  to 
mere  shreds.  This  is  said  to  be  one  of  the 
worst  foes  the  grape-grower  has  to  contend  with 
in  Missouri  and  Kentucky,  where  at  times  it  literally  swarms, 
and  then  almost  entirely  destroys  the  foliage  of  large  vine- 
yards. It  is  a  native  insect,  found  in  the  woods  feeding  on 
the  wild  grape,  also  on  the  red-bud,  Cercis  Canadensis ;  of 
the  vines  in  cultivation  it  is  said  to  prefer  the  Concord  and 
Norton's  Virginia.  Upon  the  slightest  disturbance,  or  when 
danger  threatens,  it  has  the  habit  of  doubling  up  its  legs  and 
falling  to  the  ground,  where  for  a  time  it  remains  motionless, 
feigning  death  in  the  same  manner  as  the  plum  curculio. 
Advantage  may  be  taken  of  this  habit,  and  the  insects  col- 
lected by  placing  sheets  under  the  vines  and  jarring  them 
with  the  hand.  The  grape-vine  Fidia  belongs  to  the  great 
family  Chrysomelidse,  which  includes  the  grape-vine  flea- 
beetle,  the  potato-beetle,  and  many  other  injurious  species. 
Of  the  early  stages  of  this  insect  nothing  is  yet  known. 

No.  153. — The  Grape-vine  Colaspis. 

Colaspis  brunnea  Fabr. 

This  beetle  also  belongs  to  the  Chrysomelidse,  and  injures 
the  vine  leaves  in  a  manner  similar  to  that  of  the  species  last 
described,  riddling  them  with  small  round  holes,  interspersed 
with  larger  irregular  ones,  in  a  wholesale  manner.  It  is 


ATTACKING    fHE  LEAVES. 


283 


FIG.  292. 


nearly  one-fifth  of  an  inch  long  (see  Fig.  291),  of  a  pale- 
yellowish  color,  with  the  body  densely  punctated,  and  with 
elevated  lines  on  the  wing-  FIQ 
covers  between  the  rows 
of  dots.  It  is  found  in 
most  of  the  Eastern  and 
Middle  States,  and  de- 
vours also  the  leaves  of 
the  strawberry ;  it  appears 
early  in  July  and  during  August. 

The  eggs  are  deposited  either  upon  or  in 
close  proximity  to  strawberry-plants,  and 
when  hatched  the  young  larvae  burrow  into 
the  earth  and  feed  upon  the  roots  of  the 
strawberry-vines,  on  which  they  may  be  found  all  through 
the  fall,  winter,  and  spring  months.  It  is  a  singular  larva, 
shown  magnified  in  Fig.  292,  and  has  on  the  under  side 
of  each  of  the  legless  joints  a  pair  of  fleshy  projections  re- 
minding one  of  legs,  each  tipped  witli  two  or  three  stiff 
hairs.  Its  body  is  yellowish  or  grayish  white,  witli  a  yel- 
low head.  The  pupa  is  formed  in  the  earth  during  the 
month  of  June,  the  perfect  insect  maturing  two  or  three 
weeks  afterwards. 

Remedies. — The  beetles  may  be  collected  by  jarring  them 
from  the  vines  on  sheets  early  in  the  morning,  and  destroyed. 
Ashes,  soot,  or  lime  applied  to  the  strawberry- vines  will  in 
most  instances  deter  the  beetles  from  depositing  their  eggs 
on  them,  or  will  destroy  the  young  larvae  as  soon  as  hatched. 

No.  154.— The  Red-headed  Systena. 

Systena  frontalis  (Fabr.). 

This  insect  belongs  also  to  the  Ckrysomelidde,  and,  although 
very  generally  distributed  throughout  the  northern  portions 
of  America,  has  not  until  of  late  been  recorded  as  injurious. 
During  the  summer  of  1882,  in  some  parts  of  the  Province 
of  Ontario,  it  inflicted  much  injury  on  the  vines  by  devour- 


284  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE   OR  APE. 

ing  the  green  tissues  on  the  upper  side  of  the  leaves,  causing 

them  to  discolor  and  eventually  to  wither.  This  insect  is 
furnished  with  stout  thighs,  which  enable  it  to 
FIG.  293.  jump  like  the  flea-beetle  of  the  vine,  to  which 
it  is  closely  allied.  The  beetle  (Fig.  293) 
is  about  one-sixth  of  an  inch  in  length,  the 
thorax  and  wing-cases  black  and  densely  but 
very  finely  punctated.  The  head  is  pale  red 
above,  between  the  eyes;  the  antenna?  are 
rather  long  and  reddish,  with  the  basal  joint 
black.  The  under  side  is  brownish  black.  The 

legs  are  well  adapted  for  jumping,  the  thighs   being  thick 

and  robust. 

No.  155. — The  Light-loving  Anomala. 

Anomala  lucicola  (Fabr.). 

This  insect  is  a  beetle  about  one-third  of  an  inch  long  (see 
Fig.  294),  in  form  resembling  the  May-beetle,  No.  113,  which 
appears  late  in  June  or  early  in  July.  It  is  common  on  both 
the  wild  and  the  cultivated  grape-vine,  feeding  upon 
FIG.  294.  the  leaves.  The  beetle  is  of  a  pale  dull-yellow  color, 
the  thorax  black,  margined  with  dull  yellow,  the 
hind  part  of  the  head  and  the  under  side  of  the 
body  also  black ;  sometimes  the  abdomen  is  brown. 
These  beetles  occasionally  appear  in  swarms,  when 
they  devour  the  foliage  very  rapidly,  the  vine  leaves  soon 
resembling  a  piece  of  net-work,  only  the  large  veins,  with 
some  of  the  smaller  ones,  being  left. 

Remedies. — Dusting  the  vines  with  fresh  air-slaked  lime, 
or  syringing  them  with  a  solution  of  whale-oil  soap  or  strong 
tobacco- water,  has  been  recommended.  Probably  hellebore 
or  Paris-green  with  water,  as  recommended  for  ISTo.  140, 
would  be  more  effectual. 


ATTACKING   THE  LEAVES.  285 

No.  156. — The  Grape-vine  Saw-fly. 

Selandria  vitis  Harris. 

This  is  a  small  four- winged  fly  (Fig.  295),  with  a  shining 
black  body,  except  the  upper  side  of  the  thorax,  which  is 
red ;    the  wings  are  semi-transparent,  and  have 
dark-brown  veins,  the  front  pair  being  clouded,     FlG-  295- 
or  of  a  smoky  color.     The  fore  legs  and  under       ^^/ 
side  of  the  other  legs  are  pale  yellow  or  whitish. 
The  body  of  the  female  measures  about  three- 
tenths  of  an  inch  in  length,  that  of  the  male  somewhat  less. 
The  insect  is  double-brooded,  the  first  brood  of  flies  appearing 
in  the  spring,  the  second  late  in  July  or  early  in  August. 

The  eggs  are  laid  on  the  under  side  of  the  terminal  leaves 
of  the  vine  in  small  clusters,  and  the  larva?,  when  hatched, 
feed  in  company,  side  by  side,  from  about  half  a  dozen  to 
fifteen  or  twenty  in  a  group,  preserving  their  ranks  with 
much  regularity,  as  shown  in  Fig.  296.  They  begin  at  one 
edge  of  the  leaf  and  eat  the  whole  of  the 
leaf — including  the  ribs — to  the  stalk,  and  FlQ-  296- 
proceed  from  leaf  to  leaf  down  the  branch, 
devouring  as  they  go,  until  they  are  full 
grown.  When  mature,  they  measure  about 
five-eighths  of  an  inch  in  length,  are  somewhat 
slender  and  tapering  behind,  and  thickened 
before  the  middle.  They  are  of  a  pale-yellow 
color,  darker  or  greenish  on  the  back,  with 
two  transverse  rows  of  minute  black  points  across  each  ring, 
the  head  and  tip  of  the  last  segment  being  black ;  the  under 
side  is  yellowish.  After  the  last  moult  the  larvae  become 
entirely  yellow,  when  they  leave  the  vines,  descend  to  the 
ground,  and  burrow  under  its  surface.  There  they  form  oval 
cells  in  the  earth,  which  they  line  with  silk,  and  within  these 
enclosures  change  to  pupae,  from  which  the  perfect  flies 
escape  in  about  a  fortnight.  The  second  brood  pass  the 
winter  in  the  pupal  state.  In  Fig.  296  one  of  the  oval 


286  JNSEOTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   GRAPE 

cells  is  shown  with  the  fly  resting  on  it;  also  one  of  the 
pupae. 

Occasionally  this  insect  is  very  destructive,  sometimes  en- 
tirely stripping  the  vines.  In  such  cases  the  foliage  should 
be  sprinkled  with  hellebore  and  water,  or  Paris-green  and 
water,  in  the  proportions  given  under  No.  140. 

No.  157. — The  Grape-vine  Leaf-hopper. 

Erythroneura  vitis  (Harris). 

The  accompanying  figure,  297,  represents  the  insect  com- 
monly known  among  vine-growers  as  the  "  Thrip."  The 

insects     are     shown 
FIG.  297.  . 

magnified  ;       the 

shorter  lines  adjoin- 
ing indicate  their 
1  1  WilihTl  natural  size.  The 
figure  to  the  left 
shows  the  mature  in- 
sect with  its  wings 
expanded,  the  other 
the  same  with  its  wings  closed.  It  is  rather  more  than  one- 
eighth  of  an  inch  long,  crossed  by  two  broad,  blood-red  bands, 
and  a  third  dusky  one  at  the  apex,  the  anterior  band  occu- 
pying the  base  of  the  thorax  and  the  base  of  the  wing-covers, 
the  middle  one  wide  above,  narrowing  towards  the  margin. 
Besides  vitis,  there  are  half  a  dozen  or  more  which  are  sup- 
posed to  be  distinct  species,  all  about  the  same  size,  and  with 
the  same  habits,  differing  only  in  the  markings  on  the  wings. 
These  insects  pass  the  winter  in  the  perfect  state,  hiber- 
nating under  dead  leaves  or  other  rubbish,  the  survivors  be- 
coming active  in  spring,  when  they  insert  their  eggs  in  punc- 
tures in  the  leaves  of  the  vine.  The  larvae  are  hatched  during 
the  month  of  June,  and  resemble  the  perfect  insect  except  in 
size  and  in  being  destitute  of  wings.  During  their  growth 
they  shed  their  skins,  which  are  nearly  white,  several  times, 
and,  although  exceedingly  delicate  and  gossamer-like,  the 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES.  287 

empty  skins  remain  for  some  time  attached  to  the  leaves. 
The  insects  feed  together  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaves,  and 
are  very  quick  in  their  movements,  hopping  briskly  about  by 
means  of  their  hind  legs,  which  are  especially  fitted  for  this 
purpose.  They  have  a  peculiar  habit  of  running  sideways, 
and  when  they  see  that  they  are  observed  upon  one  side  of  a 
leaf  they  will  often  dodge  quickly  around  to  the  other.  They 
are  furnished  with  a  sharp  beak  or  proboscis,  with  which 
they  puncture  the  skin  of  the  leaf,  and  through  which  they 
suck  up  the  sap,  the  exhaustion  of  the  sap  producing  on  the 
upper  surface  yellowish  or  brownish  spots.  At  first  these 
spots  are  small  and  do  not  attract  much  attention,  but  as  the 
insects  increase  in  size  the  discolored  spots  become  larger 
until  the  whole  leaf  is  involved,  when,  changing  to  a  yellow 
cast,  it  appears  as  if  scorched,  and  often  drops  from  the  vine. 
Occasionally  the  vines  become  so  far  defoliated  that  the  fruit 
fails  to  ripen. 

As  the  leaf- hopper  enters  the  second  stage  of  its  existence, 
corresponding  to  the  pupal  state  in  other  insects,  diminutive 
wings  appear,  which  gradually  grow  until  fully  matured,  the 
insect  meanwhile  becoming  increasingly  active.  With  the 
full  growth  of  the  wings  it  acquires  such  powers  of  flight 
that  it  readily  flies  from  vine  to  vine,  and  thus  spreads  itself 
in  all  directions.  It  continues  its  mischievous  work  until 
late  in  the  season,  when  it  seeks  shelter  for  the  winter. 

The  Clinton,  Delaware,  and  other  thin -leaved  varieties 
suffer  more  from  the  attacks  of  these  insects  than  do  the  thick, 
leathery-leaved  sorts,  such  as  Concord.  These  leaf-hoppers 
are  sometimes  quite  abundant  in  a  vineyard  one  season  and 
comparatively  scarce  the  next,  their  preservation  depending 
so  much  on  favorable  weather  and  suitable  shelter  for  the 
perfect  insects  during  winter. 

Remedies. — Various  measures  have  been  suggested  as  reme- 
dies. Since  the  insect  does  not  consume  the  outer  surface  of 
the  leaf,  it  becomes  difficult  to  deal  with  it.  Syringing  with 
strong  tobacco- water  or  soap-suds,  or  fumigating  with  tobacco 


288  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   GRAPE. 

where  the  vines  can  be  enclosed,  so  as  to  prevent  the  free  es- 
cape of  the  smoke,  are  the  most  efficient  remedies.  Dusting 
with  lime,  sulphur  and  lime,  hellebore  and  Cayenne  pepper, 
have  all  been  recommended.  Carrying  lighted  torches  through 
the  vineyard  at  night,  the  foliage  at  the  same  time  being  dis- 
turbed with  a  stick,  will  destroy  a  great  many  of  them,  since 
they  fly  to  the  light  and  are  burnt.  As  a  preventive,  the 
ground  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  vines  should  be  kept  thor- 
oughly clean,  and  be  several  times  raked  or  otherwise  dis- 
turbed late  in  the  autumn  and  early  in  the  spring,  so  as  to 
expose  any  concealed  insects  to  the  killing  influence  of  frost. 
A  species  of  bug  known  as  the  Glassy-winged  Soldier-bug, 
Campyloneura  vitripennis  Say,  feeds  on  these  leaf-hoppers, 

and  devours  large  numbers  of 

i*  f)Oft  TTrn    OQQ  ^ 

friendly  insect  in  the  larval 
state,  and  Fig.  299  in  the  per- 
fect condition.  This  useful 
friend,  whenever  seen,  should 
be  protected.  In  both  figures 
the  insect  is  magnified,  the  lines 
at  the  side  showing  the  natural 
size.  The  mature  insect  is  of  a  pale  greenish-yellow  color, 
the  head  and  thorax  are  tinged  with  pink,  and  the  upper 
wings  are  transparent  and  ornamented  with  a  rose-colored 
cross. 

The  Grape-leaf  Gall-louse. 

Phylloxera  vitifolia  Fitch. 

This  has  been  already  treated  of  under  the  grape  phyl- 
loxera, No.  125. 

Tree-hoppers. 

Several  insects  may  be  grouped  under  this  name  which  at- 
tack the  leaves  of  the  vine,  and  some  of  them  the  succulent 
branches  also. 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES.  289 

No.  158. — One  of  these,  the  Waved  Proconia,  Proconia 
undata  Fabricius  (see  Fig.  300),  is  a  cylindrical  jumping 
insect  nearly  half  an  inch  long,  which  is  said  to  lay 
its  eggs  in  single  rows  in  the  wood  of  the  canes.  Be-  FlG-  3^°- 
sides  attacking  the  leaves,  this  bug  punctures  with  its 
beak  the  stems  of  the  bunches  of  grapes,  causing  the 
stems  to  wither  and  the  bunches  to  drop  off.  Some- 
times it  pumps  out  the  sap  so  vigorously  from  the 
succulent  branches  that  the  drops  fall  in  quick  succession 
from  its  body. 

In  the  southern  parts  of  Illinois  this  insect  is  at  times  very 
numerous,  becoming  then  one  of  the  worst  enemies  the  grape- 
grower  has  to  contend  with. 

No.  159. — The  Single-striped  Tree-hopper,  Thelia  univittata, 
Harris,  is  shaped  much  like  a  beech-nut,  with  a  perpendicular 
protuberance  on  the  fore  part  of  its  back  higher  than  it  is 
wide,  and  its  summit  rounded.  The  insect  is  of  a  chestnut- 
brown  color,  tawny  white  in  front,  and  with  a  white  stripe 
along  the  back,  extending  from  the  protuberance  to  the  tip. 
It  is  about  one-third  of  an  inch  long  and  a  quarter  of  an 
inch  in  height,  and  may  often  be  seen  on  grape-vines  in  July 
and  August. 

No.  160. — Another  species  is  the  Black-backed  Tree-hopper, 
Acutalis  dorsalis  (Fitch),  a  small,  triangular,  shining  insect 
with  a  smooth,  rounded  back.  Its  color  is  greenish  white,  and 
it  has  a  large  black  spot  on  its  back,  from  the  anterior  corners 
of  which  a  black  line  runs  off  towards  each  eye ;  the  upper 
margin  of  the  head  and  the  breast  are  also  black.  The  female 
is  about  one-fifth  of  an  inch  long,  the  male  smaller.  This 
species  is  sometimes  found  in  considerable  numbers  on  grape- 
vines about  the  last  of  July,  and  a  few  stragglers  usually 
remain  until  October. 


19 


290  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   GRAPE. 

Tree-bugs. 

There  are  also  several  species  of  tree-bugs  which  infest  the 
vine  and  suck  its  juices. 

No.  161. — The  large  green  Tree-bug,  Rhaphig aster  Penn- 
sylvanieus  De  Geer  (Fig.  301),  is  from  six  to  seven  tenths  of 
an   inch   long,  flattened  in  form,   of  a  grass- 
FIG.  301.       green  color,  margined  with  a  light-yellow  line, 
which  is  interrupted  at  each  joint  of  the  abdo- 
men with  a  small  black  spot.     The  antennae 
are  black,  with  some  yellow  on  the  basal  and 
terminal    joints.       It   occurs   on   grape-vines, 
chiefly  in   September,  and  is  also  found    on 
hickory  and  willow  trees. 

No.  162.— The  Bound  Tree-bug,  Pentatoma 
ligata  Say,  is  a  large  green  bug  closely  resembling  the  species 
last  described,  but  is  more  broadly  edged  all  around,  except 
upon  its  head,  with  pale  red,  and  has  a  pale-red  spot  upon 
the  middle  of  its  back.  The  antennae  are  green,  except  the 
three  last  segments,  which  are  black.  This  species  is  a  little 
more  than  half  an  inch  long,  and  occurs  also  on  the  hazel. 

No.  163. — The  Modest  Tree-bug,  Arma  modesta  Dallas,  is 
smaller,  being  from  four  to  four  and  a  half  tenths  of  an 
inch  long,  of  a  tawny  yellowish-gray  color,  thickly  dotted 
with  brown.  The  wing-cases  are  commonly  red  at  their  tips, 
and  the  under  glassy  wings  have  a  brown  spot  at  their  ex- 
tremities. The  under  side  is  whitish,  with  a  row  of  black 
dots  along  the  middle  of  the  abdomen,  and  another  on  each 
side.  This  insect  is  one  of  the  commonest  tree-bugs,  and  is 
found  in  the  autumn  on  a  number  of  different  trees  and 
shrubs. 

No.  164. — The  Grape-vine  Aphis. 

Siphonophora  viticola  Thomas. 

This  species  of  plant-louse,  which  is  destructive  to  the 
leaves  and  young  shoots  of  the  grape-vine,  is  of  a  dusky- 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


291 


FIG.  302. 


brown  or  blackish  color,  legs  greenish,  marked  with  dusky. 
Most  of  the  lice  are  wingless,  but  some  have  wings  clear  and 
glassy,  with  brownish  veins.  This  is  believed  to  be  the  same 
species  as  that  which  infests  the  vine  in  the  southern  parts  of 
Europe,  viz.,  Aphis  vitis,  but  the  insect  has  not  yet  been  suffi- 
ciently studied  to  decide  this  with  certainty.  They  cluster  in 
thousands  on  the  ends  of  the  branches,  causing  the  leaves  to 
curl  up  and  the  vine  to  appear  very  unsightly.  They  are 
seen  early  in  the  summer,  and  usually  continue  but  a  few 
weeks,  as  their  enemies,  the  lady-birds  and  other  predaceous 
insects,  increase  so  fast  as  to  decimate  them  within  that  time. 
They  are  common  in  the  South 
and  in  the  Middle  States,  but 
occur  only  occasionally  in  the 
more  northern  districts. 

Should  occasion  require  the 
application  of  a  remedy,  the 
vines  may  be  syringed  with 
weak  lye,  tobacco  -  water,  or 
strong  soap-suds. 

No.  165. — The  Broad-winged 
Katydid. 

Cyrtophyttus  concavus  (Harris). 

This  is  perhaps  our  common- 
est species  of  katydid,  and  may 
be  distinguished  from  the  other 
species  by  the  greater  breadth 
and  convexity  of  its  wing-cov- 
ers, which,  with  their  strong 
midrib  and  regular  venation, 
much  resemble  a  leaf.  The  in- 
sect (Fig.  302)  is  about  an  inch 
and  a  half  long,  its  body  of  a 
pale  green  color,  with  slightly  darker  wing-cases.  The  female 
has  a  projecting  ovipositor  or  piercer,  with  which  the  eggs  are 


292 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  GRAPE. 


thrust  into  crevices  and  soft  substances.  The  eggs  are  of 
a  dark  slate  color,  very  flat,  pointed  at  both  ends  and  the 
edges  bevelled :  they  are  about  one-eighth  of  an  inch  long, 
and  not  more  than  one-third  of  this  in  diameter.  When  in 
confinement  this  katydid  is  said  to  insert  its  eggs  freely  into 
pieces  of  cork  and  other  soft  substances.  The  young  katy- 
dids when  hatched,  which  usually  occurs  in  the  following 
spring,  eat  almost  any  tender  succulent  leaves,  and  have  never 
been  recorded  as  very  injurious.  The  males  are  furnished 
with  a  pair  of  musical  organs,  which  they  use  vigorously  as 
night  approaches,  and  their  sharp,  shrill  notes  can  be  heard 
at  a  long  distance. 

Another  and  a  very  similar  species  is  the  Oblong-winged 
Katydid,  Phylloptera  oblongifolia  De  Geer,  which  is  also  said 
to  deposit  eggs  on  grape-twigs. 

No.  166. — The  Trumpet  Grape-gall. 

Vitis  viticola  Osten  Sacken. 

These  are  curious,  elongated,  conical  galls,  about  one- third 

FIG.  303.  of  an  inch  long> of 

a  reddish  or  red- 
dish-crimson color, 
sometimes  inclin- 
ing to  green,  grow- 
ing in  considerable 
numbers  on  the 
i  leaves  of  the  vine. 
(See  Fig.  303.) 
Though  usually 
found  only  on  the 
upper  surface,  they 
are  occasionally 
seen  on  the  under 
side  also.  They  are 
produced  by  a  gall-gnat,  an  undetermined  species  of  Ceddo- 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


293 


myia,  and  on  cutting  into  the  galls  they  are  found  to  be  hollow, 
each  containing  a  pale-orange  larva.  It  is  probable  that  the 
larva  enters  the  earth  to  transform  to  the  pupa,  and  that  the  fly 
is  produced  the  following  season. 

Ho.  167. — The  Grape-vine  Filbert-gall. 

Vitis  coryloides  Walsh  &  Riley. 

In  this  instance  a  rounded  mass  of  galls  from  one  and  a 
half  to  two  and  a  half  inches  in  diameter  springs  from  a 
common  centre  at  a  point  where  a  bud  would  naturally  be 
found.  The  mass  (see  Fig.  304)  is  composed  of  from  ten  to 

FIG.  304. 


forty  opaque,  woolly,  greenish  galls,  which  have  a  fleshy,  juicy, 
sub-acid  interior,  each  with  a  single  central,  longitudinal  cell, 
one  of  which  is  shown  at  c  in  the  figure,  about  a  quarter  of 


294  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE   GRAPE. 

an  inch  long  and  one-fourth  as  wide,  containing  a  solitary 
orange-yellow  larva,  about  one-eighth  of  an  inch  long.  This 
is  also  the  larva  of  an  undetermined  species  of  Cecidomyia, 
a  family  the  members  of  which  may  be  recognized  in  the 
larval  state  by  a  peculiar  appendage  known  as  a  breast-bone 
attached  to  the  under  side  near  the  head.  In  this  species  it 
is  almost  Y-shaped,  as  shown  at  a  in  the  figure ;  the  diverging 

branches  terminate  in  two  pro- 
FIG.  305.  .    A.  .   ,         ,  .  ,  r , 

jectmg   points,  which    may   be 

extended  at  will,  and  which  are 
probably  used  by  the  larva  in 
abrading  the  soft  tissues  of  the 
gall  so  as  to  cause  an  exudation 
of  sap,  on  which  the  larva  feeds. 
The  flies  belonging  to  this  genus 
are  usually  of  a  dull-black  color, 
like  that  shown  in  Fig.  305,  a, 
which  represents  a  female  fly ;  the  antenna  of  a  male  is  seen 
at  b.  The  gall  is  common  in  July ;  the  larger-sized  specimens 
bear  some  resemblance  to  a  bunch  of  filberts  or  hazel-nuts, 
hence  the  name  filbert-gall. 

No.  168. — The  Grape-vine  Tomato-gall. 

Vitis  tomatos  Riley. 

These  galls  form  a  mass  of  irregular,  succulent  swellings 
on  the  stem  and  leaf-stalks  of  the  grape-vine  (see  Fig.  306), 
very  variable  in  size  and  shape,  from  the  single,  round,  cran- 
berry-like swelling  to  the  irregular,  bulbous  protuberances 
which  look  much  like  a  group  of  diminutive  tomatoes.  They 
have  a  yellowish-green  exterior,  with  rosy  cheeks,  and  some- 
times are  entirely  red;  the  interior  is  soft,  juicy,  and  acid. 
Each  gall  has  several  cells,  as  shown  at  a  in  the  figure,  and 
in  each  cell  there  is  an  orange-yellow  larva,  which,  before  the 
gall  has  entirely  decayed,  enters  the  ground,  where  it  changes 
to  a  pupa,  and  finally  emerges  as  a  pale-reddish  gnat,  with 
black  head  and  antennaa,  and  gray  wings.  This  fly  also  be- 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


295 


longs  to  the  family  Ceridomyia,  and  is  known  to  entomologists 
as  Lasioptera  vitis  of  Osten  Sacken. 

The  larvsB  are  liable  to  be  attacked  by  a  parasite,  and  also 


FIG.  306. 


by  a  species  of  Thrip,  which  invade  the  cells  and  destroy  the 
inmates. 

No.  169. — The  Grape-vine  Apple-gall. 

Vitis  pomum  Walsh  &  Riley. 

This  is  a  globular,  fleshy,  greenish  gall,  about  nine-tenths 
of  an  inch  in  diameter,  which  is  attached  by  a  rough  base, 


296  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   GRAPE. 

like  that  of  a  hazel-nut,  to  the  stem  of  the  vine.  On  its  ex- 
ternal surface  there  are  longitudinal  depressions,  which  divide 
the  gall  into  eight  or  nine  segments.  The  interior  is  fleshy 
for  about  one-eighth  of  its  diameter,  then  follow  a  series  of 
elongated  cells,  each  divided  into  two  by  a  transverse  partition, 
the  lower  being  the  shorter  of  the  two.  Fig.  307,  a,  represents 

the    exterior    of    the 

FIG.  307.  „     ,  ,.          „ 

gall;  6,  a  section  of 

the  same,  showing 
its  interior  structure. 
Each  cell  is  occupied 
by  a  single  larva  of 
a  bright-yellow  color, 
with  a  chestnut-brown, 
Y-shaped  breast-bone, 
which  eventually  produces  a  gall-fly  belonging  to  the  genus 
Cecidomyia. 

This  gall  sometimes  varies  in  form,  being  occasionally  flat- 
tened or  depressed ;  when  young  it  is  downy  on  the  outside, 
succulent  within,  and  is  said  to  have  a  pleasant,  acidulous 
flavor. 

Should  any  of  the  galls  described  ever  become  a  source  of 
annoyance,  they  may  readily  be  destroyed  by  hand-picking. 


ATTACKING  THE  PKUIT, 
No.  170. — The  Grape-seed  Insect. 

Isosoma  vitis  Saunders. 

This  insect  was  first  observed  in  1868,  when  it  threatened 
to  become  a  very  troublesome  enemy  to  grape-culture ;  it  was 
widely  distributed,  and,  having  the  fecundity  usually  charac- 
teristic of  insect  life,  it  might  have  been  expected  to  increase 
immensely ;  but  this  happily  has  not  been  the  case,  and  of 
late  it  has  seldom  prevailed  to  any  serious  extent. 


ATTACKING    THE  FRUIT. 


297 


FIG.  308. 


About  the  middle  of  August  some  berries  in  the  bunches 
of  grapes  may  be  seen  shrivelling  up;  on  opening  these, 
many  of  them  will  be  found  to  contain  only  one  seed,  and 
that  of  an  unusually  large  size;  other  larger  berries  will 
contain  two  seeds,  also  swollen,  most  of  the  seeds  having  a 
dark  spot  somewhere  on  their  surface.  On  cutting  open  these 
seeds,  the  kernel  will  be  found  almost  entirely  consumed,  and 
the  cavity  occupied  by  a  small,  milk-white,  footless  grub, 
with  a  pair  of  brown,  hooked  jaws,  a  smooth  and  glossy  skin, 
with  a  few  very  fine,  short,  white  hairs. 
Fig.  308  shows  this  larva  highly  mag- 
nified ;  the  small  figure  beneath  indicates 
its  natural  size. 

The  larva  changes  to  a  pupa  within 
the  seed  during  the  spring  months,  and  in  July  emerges  as  a 
fly,  escaping  through  a  small,  irregular  hole. 

The  fly  so  much  resembles  that  shown  in  Fig.  309  (which 
represents  a  closely-allied  form  belonging  to  the  same  genus) 
that  it  is  difficult  to 
distinguish  between 
the  two  ;  a  represents 
the  female,  b  the  male, 
c  the  antenna  of  the 
female,  d  that  of  the 
male,  e  the  abdomen 
of  the  female,  showing 
the  segments  or  rings 
of  the  body, /that  of 
the  male.  All  these 
figures  are  highly 
magnified;  the  short 
hair-lines  underneath 
the  flies  indicate  the 
natural  size.  The  fly  is  black;  the  head  and  thorax  are 
finely  punctated  with  minute  dots ;  the  abdomen  is  long  and 
smooth,  with  a  polished  surface,  and  is  placed  on  a  sr  )rt 


FIG.  309 


298  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE   GRAPE. 

pedicel.  The  parent  insect  probably  deposits  her  eggs  on  the 
skin  of  the  grape,  and  the  young  larvae,  as  soon  as  hatched, 
puncture  the  skin  and  work  their  way  to  the  seed,  which  they 
enter  while  it  is  young  and  soft.  Many  of  the  aifected  grapes 
have  a  small  scar  on  their  surface,  which  may  indicate  where 
the  insect  has  entered. 

.  Should  this  tiny  foe  ever  become  so  troublesome  as  to 
require  a  remedy,  the  best  one  suggested  is  that  of  carefully 
gathering  and  destroying  the  shrivelled  fruit. 

No.  171, — The  Grape-berry  Moth. 

Eudemis  botrana  (Schiff.). 

This  insect  is  an  imported  species,  and  has  long  been  in- 
jurious to  grape-culture  in  the  south  of  Europe.  The  exact 
period  of  its  introduction  to  America  is  not  known,  and  it  is 
only  within  the  past  few  years  that  attention  has  been  called 
to  its  ravages.  When  abundant,  it  is  very  destructive ;  in 
some  instances  it  is  said  to  have  destroyed  nearly  fifty  per 
cent,  of  the  crop. 

The  young  larvaB  are  found  injuring  the  grapes  early  in 
July,  when  the  infested  fruit  shows  a  discolored  spot  where 
the  larva  has  entered.  (See  Fig.  310,  c.)  When  the  grape 

FIG.  310. 


is  opened  and  the  contents  carefully  examined,  there  will 
generally  be  found  in  the  pulp  a  small  larva,  rather  long  and 
thin,  and  of  a  whitish-green  color.  Besides  feeding  on  the 


ATTACKING   THE  FRUIT.  299 

pulp,  it  sometimes  eats  portions  of  the  seeds,  and  if  the  con- 
tents of  a  single  berry  are  not  sufficient,  two,  three,  or  more 
are  drawn  together,  as  shown  in  the  figure,  and  fastened  with  a 
patch  of  silk  mixed  with  castings,  when  the  larva  travels  from 
one  berry  to  another,  eating  into  them  and  devouring  their  juicy 
contents.  At  this  period  its  length  is  about  an  eighth  of  an 
inch  or  more ;  the  head  is  black,  and  the  next  segment  has  a 
blackish  shield  covering  most  of  its  upper  portion;  the  body 
is  dull  whitish  or  yellowish  green.  As  it  approaches  maturity, 
it  becomes  darker  in  color,  and  when  about  one-fourth  of  an 
inch  long  is  full  grown.  (See  6,  Fig.  310.)  The  body  is  then 
dull  green,  with  a  reddish  tinge,  and  a  few  short  hairs,  head 
yellowish  green,  shield  on  next  segment  dark  brown,  feet 
blackish,  prolegs  green. 

When  the  larva  is  full  grown,  it  is  said  to  form  its  cocoon 
on  the  leaves  of  the  vine,  cutting  out  for  this  purpose  an 
oval  flap,  which  is  turned  back  on  the  leaf,  forming  a  snug 
enclosure,  which  it  lines  with  silk;  frequently  it  contents 
itself  with  rolling  over  a  piece  of  the  edge  of  the  leaf,  and 
within  this  retreat  the  change  to  a  chrysalis  takes  place.  The 
chrysalis  is  about  one-fifth  of  an  inch  long,  and  of  a  yellow 
or  yellowish-brown  color. 

The  perfect  insect,  which  is  shown  magnified  at  a,  Fig.  310, 
measures,  when  its  wings  are  spread,  nearly  four-tenths  of  an 
inch  across.  The  fore  wings  are  of  a  pale  dull-bluish  shade, 
with  a  slight  metallic  lustre,  becoming  lighter  on  the  interior 
and  posterior  portions,  and  are  ornamented  with  dark-brown 
bands  and  spots.  The  hind  wings  are  dull  brown,  deeper  in 
color  towards  the  margin,  the  body  greenish  brown.  There 
are  two  broods  of  this  insect  during  the  year;  the  spring 
brood  feed  on  the  tender  shoots  of  the  common  ironweed 
(  Vemonia  novebwacensis),  also  on  the  tulip-tree. 

Remedies. — As  it  is  probable  that  most  of  the  late  brood 
pass  the  winter  in  the  chrysalis  state  attached  to  the  leaves, 
if  these  were  gathered  and  burned  a  large  number  of  the 
insects  would  perish.  The  infested  grapes  might  also  be 


300  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   GRAPE. 

gathered  and  destroyed.  This  insect  is  attacked  by  a  small 
parasite,  which  doubtless  does  its  part  towards  keeping  the 
enemy  in  subjection. 

No.  172.— The  Grape  Curculio, 

Craponius  incequalis  (Say). 

This  is  a  small  beetle  belonging  to  the  family  of  Curculios, 
which  passes  the  winter  probably  in  the  perfect  state,  and  lays 
its  eggs  on  the  young  grapes  some  time  in  June  or  early  in 
July.  It  is  a  diminutive  and  inconspicuous  insect,  only  about 
one-tenth  of  an  inch  long.  (See  Fig.  311,  where  it  is  shown 

FIG.  311.  FIG.  312. 


much  magnified.)     Its  color  is  black,  sprinkled  with  grayish 
spots  and  dots,  and  thickly  punctated. 

The  young  larva,  when  hatched,  enters  the  fruit  and  begins 
to  feed  upon  it,  its  presence  being  indicated  by  a  discoloration 
on  one  side  of  the  berry,  as  if  it  were  prematurely  ripening. 
A  dark,  circular  dot  soon  appears  in  the  middle  of  the 
colored  spot,  showing  the  point  where  the  insect  has  entered 
the  fruit.  The  affected  berry  does  not  decay,  but  remains 
sound  and  plump;  but  it  sometimes  drops  to  the  ground 
before  it  is  fully  ripe.  In  Fig.  312  a  specimen  of  the  injured 
fruit  is  shown  at  a,  and  at  b  a  magnified  view  of  the  larva, 
which  is  an  elongated,  footless  grub,  tapering  towards  the 
head,  about  one-fifth  of  an  inch  long,  the  head  large,  brown- 
ish yellow,  and  horny,  the  body  yellowish  white  and  trans- 
parent. Late  in  July  or  early  in  August  the  larva  becomes 
full  grown,  when  it  leaves  the  berry,  drops  to  the  ground, 


ATTACKING  THE  FRUIT.  301 

and,  burying  itself  in  the  soil,  changes  to  a  pupa,  from  which 
the  beetle  escapes  late  in  August  or  early  in  September. 

This  is  not  a  common  insect,  nor  is  it  very  generally 
distributed,  and  the  injury  supposed  to  be  done  by  it  to 
the  fruit  is  often  more  correctly  chargeable  to  the  species  last 
referred  to,  since  that  is  a  much  commoner  insect.  The 
grape  curculio  has  been  observed  chiefly  in  the  valley  of  the 
Mississippi,  but  is  rarely  injurious  to  any  considerable  extent 
or  over  any  large  area.  Where  it  is  troublesome,  the  vines 
may  be  jarred  occasionally  during  the  month  of  June,  placing 
a  sheet  or  an  inverted  umbrella  under  them,  when  the  beetles 
will  fall,  and  can  then  be  gathered  and  destroyed,  as  in  the 
case  of  the  plum  curculio. 

No.  173.— The  Honey  Bee. 

Apis  mellifica  Linn. 

This  useful  insect,  so  valuable  to  man,  is  said  to  have  the 
pernicious  habit  of  puncturing  or  abrading  the  skin  of  the 
grape  and  extracting  its  juices.  That  the  injury  thus  done  is 
entirely  due  to  the  agency  of  bees  has  been  disputed,  some 
bee-lovers  claiming  that  the  grapes  are  first  punctured  by 
birds  or  bitten  by  wasps  and  hornets,  and  that  the  bees  follow 
and  promptly  avail  themselves  of  the  store  of  sweets  thus  laid 
open  for  their  use.  The  evidence,  however,  on  the  whole, 
seems  rather  strong  against  the  bees,  and  there  is  little  doubt 
that  they  frequently  do  abrade  the  skin  of  the  fruit  with  their 
claws  and  afterwards  extract  the  sweets  with  their  brush-like 
tongue. 


SUPPLEMENTARY   LIST  OF  INJUBIOUS  INSECTS  WHICH 
AFFECT  THE  GEAPE, 

ATTACKING   THE   CANES. 

The  apple-twig  borer,  No.  13,  the  tree  cricket,  No.  178, 


302  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   GRAPE. 

and  the  mealy  flata,  No.  218,  all  injure  the  canes  of  the 
grape. 

ATTACKING   THE   LEAVES. 

The  fall  web-worm,  No.  27 ;  the  saddle-back  caterpillar, 
No.  49  ;  and  the  smeared  dagger,  No.  194. 

ATTACKING   THE   FRUIT. 

The  Indian  Cetonia,  No.  81. 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  RASPBERRY. 


ATTACKING  THE  BOOTS. 
No.  174. — The  Raspberry  Root-borer. 

Bembecia  maryinata  Harris. 

This  borer  is  quite  distinct  from  the  cane-borer,  No.  176, 
that  insect  being  without  legs  in  the  larval  state,  while  this 
one  has  sixteen  legs,  a  feature  which  will  enable  any  person 
readily  to  distinguish  the  one  from  the  other.  The  rasp- 
berry root-borer  belongs  to  the  same  family  of  clear- winged 
moths  as  the  peach-borer,  and  there  is  a  striking  resem- 
blance between  the  two  species  in  the  several  stages  of  their 
existence. 

Both  the  male  and  the  female  moth  are  shown  in  Fig.  313, 
where  a  represents  the  male,  and  6  the  female.  The  front 
wings  are  transparent,  veined  with 
black  or  brownish,  and  heavily  mar- 
gined with  reddish  brown ;  the  hind 
wings  are  transparent,  with  dark  veins, 
and  both  wings  are  fringed  with  dark 
brown.  The  body  is  black,  prettily 
banded  and  marked  with  golden  yel- 
low, as  in  the  figure.  The  wings, 
when  expanded,  will  measure  from 
three-quarters  of  an  inch  to  an  inch 
across. 

The  eggs  are  said  to  be  deposited 
by  the  female  during  the  hot  summer 
weather  on  the  leaves  of  the  raspberry,  and  the  young  larva, 
when  hatched,  finds  its  way  from  these  to  the  stem  or  cane, 
and  there  feeds  upon  the  pithy  substance  in  the  interior, 


FIG.  313. 


304  INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  RASPBERRY. 

and  gradually  channels  the  cane  to  the  root,  in  which  it 
spends  the  winter  months,  forming  before  spring  cavities 
of  considerable  extent.  As  the  spring  opens,  it  works  its 
way  up  again,  usually  through  the  interior  of  another  cane, 
to  a  height  of  five  or  six  inches,  where  the  larva,  in  pre- 
paring for  the  exit  of  the  future  moth,  eats  the  cane  in  one 
place  nearly  through,  leaving  a  mere  film  of  skin  unbroken. 
When  full  grown,  it  is  about  an  inch  long,  of  a  pale-yellow 
color,  with  a  dark-brown  head,  and  a  few  shining  dots  on 
each  segment  of  the  body.  Within  the  cane,  and  near  the 
spot  specially  prepared  by  the  larva,  the  change  to  a  chrys- 
alis takes  place,  and  when  the  time  approaches  for  the  moth 
to  escape,  the  chrysalis  wriggles  itself  forward,  and,  pushing 
against  the  thin  skin  remaining  on  the  cane,  ruptures  it,  and, 
forcing  its  way  through  the  opening,  there  awaits  the  escape 
of  the  moth,  which  usually  takes  place  within  a  few  hours 
afterwards. 

The  injury  thus  done  to  the  root  is  often  followed  by  the 
death  of  the  canes,  a  result  sometimes  incorrectly  attributed 
to  the  severe  cold  of  winter.  Little 
can  be  done  towards  the  destruction 
of  this  pest  other  than  by  laying 
bare  the  roots  and  cutting  out  the 
infested  portions.  A  parasitic  insect 
is  said  to  attack  these  root-borers,  and 
probably  destroys  many  of  them. 

No.  175. — The  Raspberry-root 
Gall-fly. 

Rhodites  radicum  Osten  Sacken. 

This  is  a  small  gall-fly,  which  pro- 
duces a  large  brown  gall  on  the  roots, 
a  good  representation  of  which  is 
given  in  Fig.  314.  The  swelling  is  composed  of  a  yellow, 
pithy  substance,  scattered  throughout  which  are  a  number  of 
cells,  each  enclosing  a  small  white  larva,  the  progeny  of  the 


ATTACKING  THE  CANES.  305 

gall-fly.  These  soon  change  to  pupae,  and  they  in  turn  pro- 
duce after  a  time  the  perfect  insects,  which  eat  their  way 
out  through  the  substance  of  the  gall,  leaving  small  holes  to 
mark  the  place  of  exit.  These  galls  are  not  only  the  abode 
of  the  makers,  the  gall-flies,  but  are  also  frequented  by  other 
species  known  as  guest-flies,  and  the  presence  of  these  as  well 
as  other  parasitic  species  in  company  with  the  normal  inmates 
is  apt  to  perplex  the  observer,  and  renders  it  more  difficult  to 
discover  the  real  authors  of  the  mischief.  This  gall  chiefly 
affects  the  black  raspberry ;  it  also  occurs  on  the  blackberry, 
and  sometimes  on  the  roots  of  the  rose. 

Wherever  these  excrescences  are  found  they  should  be  col- 
lected and  burnt. 


ATTACKING  THE  CANES. 

No.  176. — The  Raspberry  Cane-borer. 

Oberea  bimaculata  Oliv. 

This  insect  in  the  larval  state  lives  in  the  centre  of  the 
cane,  where  it  burrows  a  passage  from  above  downwards, 
often  causing  the  death  of  the  cane.  Its  natural  home  is 
among  the  wild  raspberries,  but  it  has  taken  very  kindly  to 
the  cultivated  sorts,  and  appears  indeed  to  prefer  them. 

The  perfect  insect  is  a  long-horned  beetle  (see  Fig.  31 5), 
with  a  long  and  narrow  black  body,  with  the  top  of  the 
thorax  and  the  fore  part  of  the  breast  pale  yel- 
lowish ;   the  wing-cases   are  covered  with   coarse   FlG- 315- 
indentations  and  slightly  notched  at  the  ends,  and 
there  are  two  black  spots  on  th'e  thorax,  which, 
however,  are  sometimes  wanting,  and  a  third  black 
dot  on  the  hinder  edge,  just  where  the  wing-covers 
join  the  thorax.     The  beetles  appear  on  the  wing  during  the 
month  of  June,  and,  after  pairing,  the  female  proceeds  to 
deposit  her  eggs,  which  she  does  in  a  very  singular  manner. 

20 


306        INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  RASPBERRY 

With  her  mandibles  she  girdles  the  young  growing  cane  near 
the  tip  in  two  places,  one  ring  being  about  an  inch  below 
the  other,  and  between  the  rings  the  cane  is  pierced,  and  an 
egg  thrust  into  its  substance  near  the  middle,  its  location 
being  indicated  by  a  small,  dark-colored  spot.  The  supply 
of  sap  being  impeded  or  stopped,  the  tip  of  the  cane  above 
the  upper  ring  soon  begins  to  droop  and  wither,  and  shortly 
dies,  when  a  touch  will  sever  it  at  the  point  where  it  has 
been  girdled. 

The  egg  is  long  and  narrow  and  of  a  yellow  color,  is  quite 
large  for  the  size  of  the  insect,  and,  embedded  in  the  moist 
substance  of  the  cane,  absorbs  moisture  and  increases  in  size 
until  in  a  few  days  a  small  grub  hatches  from  it.  The  larva 
as  it  escapes  from  the  egg  is  about  one-fourteenth  of  an  inch 
long,  with  a  yellow,  smooth,  glossy  body,  roughened  at  the 
sides,  and  clothed  with  very  minute  short  hairs.  The  head  is 
small  and  reddish  brown,  and  the  anterior  segments  of  the 
body  swollen ;  it  is  also  footless.  The  young  larva  burrows 
down  the  centre  of  the  stem,  consuming  the  pith  until  full 
grown,  which  is  usually  about  the  end  of  August,  when  it  is 
nearly  an  inch  long  and  of  a  dull-yellow  color,  with  a  small, 
dark-brown  head.  By  this  time  it  has  eaten  its  way  a  con- 
siderable distance  down  the  cane,  in  which  it  remains  during 
the  winter,  and  where  it  changes  to  a  pupa,  the  beetle  escap- 
ing the  following  June,  when  it  gains  its  liberty  by  gnawing 
a  passage  through.  This  borer  injures  the  blackberry  as 
well  as  the  raspberry. 

The  presence  of  these  enemies  is '  easily  detected  by  the 
sudden  drooping  and  withering  of  the  tips  of  the  canes. 
They  begin  to  operate  late  in  June,  and  continue  their  work 
for  several  weeks;  hence  by  looking  over  the  raspberry  plan- 
tation occasionally  at  this  season  of  the  year  and  removing 
all  the  withered  tops  down  to  the  lowest  ring,  so  as  to  insure 
the  removal  of  the  egg,  these  insects  may  be  easily  kept 
under,  for  they  are  seldom  numerous. 


ATTACKING   THK   CANES. 


307 


No.  177. — The  Red-necked  Agrilus. 

Agrilus  ruficollis  (Fabr.). 

In  the  spring-time,  when  raspberry  and  blackberry  canes 
are  being  pruned,  they  will  often  be  observed  swollen  in 
places  to  the  length  of  an  inch  or  more,  in  the  manner  shown 
in  Fig.  316.  This  swelling  is  a 
pithy  gall,  and  has  been  named 
the  Raspberry  Goaty-gall,  Rubi 
podagra  Riley,  and  is  produced 
by  the  irritation  caused  by  the 
presence  of  the  larva  of  the  red- 
necked Agrilus.  The  swollen 
portions  are  not  smooth,  as  the 
healthy  ones  are,  but  have  the 
surface  roughened  with  numer- 
ous brownish  slits  and  ridges, 
and  when  the  ridges  are  cut  into 
with  a  knife,  there  will  be  found 
under  each  of  them  the  passage- 
way of  a  minute  borer,  and 
either  in  the  channel  or  in  the 
soft  substance  adjoining,  the  larva 
will  usually  be  found.  Fig.  317 
represents  the  nearly  full-grown 
larva  magnified,  the  hair-line  at 
the  side  indicating  its  natural 
size.  Its  body  is  almost  thread- 
like, and  of  a  pale-yellowish  or  whitish  color,  with  the  ante- 
rior segments  enlarged  and  flattened.  The  head  is  small  and 
brown,  the  jaws  black,  and  the  tail  is  armed  with  two  slender, 
dark-brown  horns,  each  having  three  blunt  teeth  on  the  inner 
edge.  When  full  grown,  it  measures  about  six-tenths  of  an 
inch  long.  While  young  it  inhabits  chiefly  the  sap-wood, 
and,  following  an  irregular,  spiral  course,  frequently  girdles 
and  destroys  the  cane ;  usually  several  larva?  will  be  found 


308 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE  RASPBERRY. 


FIG.  318. 


in  the  one  cane,  thus  lengthening  the  gall  and  causing  it  to 
assume  a  very  irregular  shape.  In  April  or  May  the  larva 

penetrates  into  the  pith,  where 
it  is  more  secure  from  insect 
and  other  foes,  and  there 
changes  to  a  pupa,  from  which 
the  perfect  beetle  escapes  early 
in  the  summer. 

The  eggs  are  deposited  on 
the  young  canes  probably  in 
July,  and  the  tiny  young  lar- 
vae, when  hatched,  eat  into  the 

cane,  producing,  in  time,  the  mischievous  results  already  de- 
tailed. Fig.  318,  c,  shows  the  perfect  insect,  magnified;  6, 
another  view  of  the  larva,  and  a  the  horns  at  the  end  of  its 
body,  much  magnified.  The  beetle  is  about  three-tenths  of 
an  inch  long,  with  a  rather  small,  dark  bronzy  head,  a  beau- 
tifully bright  coppery  neck,  and  brownish-black  wing-covers. 
The  under  surface  is  of  a  uniform  shining  black  color. 

The  best  method  of  destroying  this  insect  is  to  cut  out  the 
infested  canes  in  the  spring  and  burn  them  before  the  beetle 
escapes. 

No.  178.— The  Tree  Cricket.   ^ 

(Ecanthus  niveus  Serv. 

Of  all  the  insects  affecting  the  canes  of  the  raspberry, 
probably  this  is  the  most  troublesome.  Fig.  319  represents 
the  male,  and  Fig.  320  the  female.  They 
are  about  seven-tenths  of  an  inch  long,  of 
a  pale  whitish-green  color,  and  semi-transpa- 
rent, with  several  dusky  stripes  on  the  head 
and  thorax ;  the  legs  and  antennae  are  also 
dusky  or  dark-colored.  They  are  exceed- 
ingly lively,  and  the  males  quite  musical, 
chirping  merrily  with  a  loud,  shrill  note 
among  the  bushes  all  the  day.  In  the 
autumn  they  attain  full  growth,  and  it  is  then  that  the  female, 

&n 


FIG.  319. 


ATTACKING    THE   CANES. 


309 


FIG.  320. 


FIG.  321. 


in  carrying  out  her  instinctive  desires  to  protect  her  progeny, 
becomes  such  an  enemy  to  the  raspberry-grower.  She  is  fur- 
nished with  a  long  ovipositor, 
which  she  thrusts  obliquely 
more  than  half-way  through 
the  cane,  and  down  the  open- 
ing thus  made  she  places  one  of  her  eggs,  which  are  yellowish 
and  semi-transparent,  about  one-eighth  of  an  inch  long,  and 
narrow;  a  second  one  is  then  placed,  in  the  same  manner, 
alongside  of  the  first,  and  so  on,  until  from  five  to  fifteen  eggs 
have  been  placed  in  a  row.  In  Fig.  321 
is  shown  a  piece  of  infested  cane ;  a  rep- 
resents the  irregular  row  of  punctures  in- 
dicating the  presence  of  the  eggs ;  6,  the 
same  laid  open,  showing  the  eggs  in  posi- 
tion ;  at  c  is  a  magnified  egg,  while  d 
shows  the  granulated  head  of  the  same, 
still  more  highly  magnified.  Owing  to 
the  presence  of  these  eggs,  the  cane  is 
much  weakened,  and  is  liable  to  break  on 
slight  provocation ;  sometimes  the  part 
beyond  the  punctures  dies,  but  if  it  sur- 
vives, and  escapes  being  broken  in  winter, 
it  is  very  apt  to  break  from  the  action  of 
the  wind  on  the  weight  of  foliage  as  soon 
as  it  has  expanded  in  spring,  and  the  crop 
which  would  otherwise  be  realized  is  lost. 
As  soon  as  the  spring  opens,  the  eggs 
l>egin  to  swell,  and  about  midsummer, 
or  sometimes  a  little  earlier,  the  young 
insects  hatch,  which  much  resemble  the 
perfect  insect  in  form,  but  lack  wings.  They  at  once  leave 
the  raspberry  canes  and  do  no  further  injury  to  them.  At 
first  they  feed  more  or  less  on  plant- lice,  and  later  in  the 
.-eason  on  ripe  fruits  and  other  succulent  food.  Besides  in- 
juring the  raspberry  and  blackberry,  they  attack  the  canes 


,. 
<- 


310         INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE  RASPBERRY. 

of  the  grape  and  the  smaller  branches  of  plum,  peach,  and 
other  trees. 

Remedies. — Cut  out  late  in  the  fall  or  early  in  the  spring 
all  those  portions  of  the  cane  which  contain  eggs,  and  burn 
them.  Wherever  the  eggs  are  deposited  the  regular  rows  of 
punctures  are  easily  seen,  and  often  their  presence  is  rendered 
still  more  apparent  by  a  partial  splitting  of  the  cane.  The 
mature  insects  may  also  be  destroyed  in  the  autumn  by  sud- 
denly jarring  the  bushes  or  canes  on  which  they  collect,  when 
they  drop  to  the  ground,  and  may  be  trodden  under  foot  before 
they  have  time  to  hop  or  fly  away. 


ATTACKING  THE  FLOWERS, 

No.  179. — The  Pale-brown  Byturus. 

Byturus  unicolor  Say. 

This  insect  is  a  small  beetle,  which  is  sometimes  very 
destructive  to  the  blossoms  of  the  raspberry.  It  is  a  native 
insect,  about  three-twentieths  of  an  inch  long,  of  a  yellowish- 
brown  or  pale-reddish  color,  and  densely  covered  with  fine, 
pale-yellow  hairs.  The  surface  of  the  body,  when  seen  under 
a  magnifying-lens,  is  densely  punctated.  This  beetle  is 
shown,  both  magnified  and  of  the  natural  size,  in 
Fig.  322. 

Late  in  May  and  early  in  June,  when  the  flowers 
are  expanding,  this  insect  is  busily  employed  eating 
into  and  injuring  or  destroying  the  flower-buds.  At 
this  period  many  of  the  flower-buds  may  be  found 
with  a  hole  in  the  side,  through  which  the  enemy 
has  entered  and  eaten  away,  partly  or  wholly,  the 
stamens,  also  the  spongy  receptacle  on  which  they 
are  borne.  Where  the  injury  is  only  partial,  the  flower 
usually  expands;  but  when  the  sexual  organs  are  entirely  de- 
stroyed, as  is  often  the  case,  the  buds  generally  wither  and  do 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES.  3H 

not  open.  The  beetles  attack  the  expanded  flowers  as  well 
as  those  which  are  unopened,  partly  hiding  themselves  about 
the  base  of  the  numerous  stamens  on  which  they  are  feeding. 
They  are  seldom  seen  during  the  middle  of  the  day,  but  work 
chiefly  during  the  early  hours  of  the  morning  and  evening. 
They  feed  on  the  blossoms  of  the  blackberry  also,  and  are 
said  to  eat  the  leaves  of  the  raspberry  occasionally. 

Where  the  flowers  are  injured,  the  fruit,  if  it  forms  at  all, 
is  always  imperfect ;  hence,  should  this  insect  become  very 
plentiful,  it  would  prove  a  great  hindrance  to  successful  rasp- 
berry-culture. Fortunately,  it  has  never  yet  occurred  in  any 
great  numbers;  should  it  at  any  time  become  numerous,  its 
ranks  might  be  thinned  by  hand-picking. 


ATTACKING  THE  LEAVES, 
No.  180.— The  Raspberry  Saw-fly. 

Selandria  rubi  Harris. 

The  perfect  insect  in  this  instance  is  a  four-winged  fly  be- 
longing to  the  order  Hymenoptera,  which  appears  from  about 
the  10th  of  May  to  the  beginning  of  June,  or  soon  after  the 
young  leaves  of  the  raspberry  are  put  forth.  Fig.  323  gives  a 
magnified  view  of  this  fly. 
The  wings,  which  are  trans-  !**<*•  323. 

parent,  with  a  glossy  surface 
and  metallic  hue,  measure, 
when  expanded,  about  half 
an  inch  across ;  the  veins 
are  black,  and  there  is  also 
a  streak  of  black  along  the 
front  margin,  extending 
more  than  half-way  to- 
wards the  tip  of  the  wing.  The  anterior  part  of  the  body  is 
black,  the  abdomen  dark  reddish.  In  the  cool  of  the  morning, 


312 


INSECTS   INJURIOUS   TO    THE  RASPBERRY. 


when  these  flies  are  approached  as  they  rest  on  the  bushes, 
they  have  the  habit  of  falling  to  the  ground,  and  there  remain- 
ing inactive  long  enough  to  permit  of  their  being  caught ;  but 
with  the  increasing  heat  of  the  day  they  become  much  quicker 
in  their  movements,  and  take  wing  readily  when  approached. 
The  eggs  are  buried  beneath  the  skin  of  the  raspberry 
leaf,  near  the  ribs  and  veins,  and  are  placed  there  by  means 
of  the  saw-like  apparatus  with  which  the  female  is  provided. 
The  egg  is  white  and  semi-transparent,  with  a  faint  yellow 
tinge,  and  a  smooth,  glossy  surface,  oval  in  form,  and  about 
one-thirtieth  of  an  inch  long.  The  skin  covering  it  is  so  thin 
and  transparent  that  the  movements  of  the  enclosed  larva 
may  be  observed  a  day  or  two  before  it  is  hatched,  and  the 
black  spots  on  the  sides  of  the  head  are  distinctly  visible ;  it 
escapes  through  an  irregular  hole  made  on  one  side  of  the  egg. 
The  newly-hatched  larva  is  about  one-twelfth  of  an  inch 
long,  with  a  large,  greenish-white  head,  having  a  black,  eye- 
like  spot  on  each  side;  the  body  nearly  white,  semi-transparent, 
and  thickly  covered  with  transverse  rows  of  white  spines. 
As  it  grows  older  it  becomes  green,  very  much  the  color  of 

the  leaf  on  which  it  is  feed- 
FIG.  324.  ing,  and  on  this  account  it 

would  be  difficult  to  dis- 
cover were  it  not  that  it 
riddles  the  leaves  by  eat- 
ing out  all  the  soft  tissues 
between  the  coarser  veins. 
When  full  grown,  it  meas- 
ures about  three-quarters 
of  an  inch  in  length,  is 
of  a  dark-green  color,  its 
body  thickly  set  with  pale- 
green,  branching  tubercles. 
The  head  is  small,  pale  yel- 
lowish green,  with  a  dark-brown  dot  on  each  side.  This 
larva  is  usually  found  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaf.  In 


ATTACKING  THE  LEAVES.  313 

Fig.  324  it  is  shown  of  the  natural  size,  with  some  of  the 
segments  magnified,  showing  the  arrangement  of  the  spines 
on  the  back  and  side. 

On  reaching  maturity,  which  is  usually  from  the  middle 
to  the  end  of  June,  the  larva  leaves  the  bush,  and,  de- 
scending to  the  ground,  penetrates  beneath  the  surface,  and 
there  constructs  a  little,  oval,  earthy  cocoon,  mixed  with  silky 
and  glutinous  matter.  These  cocoons  are  toughly  made,  and 
may  be  taken  out  of  the  earth  in  which  they  are  embedded, 
and  even  handled  roughly,  without  much  danger  of  dis- 
lodging the  larvae.  They  remain  within  the  cocoon  for  a 
considerable  time  unchanged,  finally  transforming  to  pupae, 
from  which  the  flies  escape  early  the  following  spring. 

These  insects  may  be  readily  destroyed  by  syringing  or 
sprinkling  the  bushes  with  water  in  which  powdered  hellebore 
has  been  mixed,  in  the  proportion  of  an  ounce  of  the  powder 
to  a  pailful  of  water. 

No.  181. — The  Raspberry  Apatela. 

Apatela  brumosa  (Guen.) 

The  caterpillar  of  this  moth,  although  never  yet  recorded 
as  very  injurious,  is  more  or  less  common  on  raspberry 
bushes  every  year  in  some  localities.  It  does  not  appear  in 
flocks,  but  feeds  singly.  It  is  a  gray  hairy  caterpillar,  which 
attains  full  growth  during  the  latter  part  of  July  or  in 
August,  when  it  measures,  if  in  motion,  about  an  inch  and  a 
quarter  long,  but  when  at  rest,  owing  to  some  of  the  segments 
of  the  body  being  drawn  partly  within  the  others,  it  does 
not  measure  more  than  an  inch.  The  body  is  thickest  from 
the  third  to  the  seventh  segment,  tapering  a  little  anteriorly 
and  posteriorly,  and  is  of  a  brownish-black  color,  with  a  trans- 
verse row  of  paler  tubercles  on  each  segment,  from  which 
spring  clusters  of  brownish- white  or  grayish  hairs  of  varying 
lengths.  Behind  the  third  segment  there  is  a  space  down  the 
centre  of  the  back  where  the  dark  color  of  the  body  is  dis- 
tinctly seen.  The  head  is  of  a  shining  black  color,  the  upper 


314 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE  RASPBERRY. 


FIG.  325. 


portion  overhung  by  the  long  hairs  of  the  next  segment. 
The  under  side  is  greenish  brown,  with  a  few  small  clusters 
of  short  brown  hairs. 

The  larva  changes  to  a  brown  chrysalis  within  a  rather 

tough  cocoon  formed  of  pieces  of  leaves  interwoven  with  silk. 

The  moth  (Fig.  325)  has  the  fore  wings  gray,  mottled  with 

spots,  streaks,  and  dots  of  darker  shades  of  gray  and  brown. 

The  hind  wings  are  of  a  dull  pale 
gray,  deepening  in  color  a  little 
towards  the  outer  margin.  The 
under  surface  is  paler  than  the 
upper.  When  the  wings  are  ex- 
panded, they  measure  about  an  inch 
and  a  quarter  across. 
Should  this  insect  ever  become  troublesome,  it  may  be  sub- 
dued by  hand-picking,  or  destroyed  by  showering  the  bushes 
with  water  in  which  hellebore  or  Paris-green  has  been  mixed, 
in  the  proportion  of  an  ounce  of  the  former  or  one  or  two 
teaspoonfuls  of  the  latter  to  two  gallons  of  water. 

No.  182. — The  Raspberry  Plume-moth, 

Oxyptilus  nigrociliatus  Zeller. 

The  caterpillar  of  this  pretty  little  plume-moth  has  not 
in   any   instance   on   record   been   sufficiently   numerous   to 

be  considered  destructive,  yet 
it  is  an  interesting  insect,  and 
on  this  account  deserves  a  pass- 
ing notice.  About  the  middle 
of  June  the  larva  reaches  full 
growth,  when  it  is  about  four- 
tenths  of  an  inch  long,  of  a  pale 
yellowish-green  color,  streaked  with  pale  yellow,  and  with 
transverse  rows  of  shining  tubercles,  from  each  of  which  arise 
from  two  to  six  spreading  hairs  of  a  yellowish-green  color. 
The  head  is  small,  pale  green,  with  a  faint  brown  dot  on  each 
side.  Fig.  326  represents  this  larva,  much  magnified. 


FIG.  326. 


ATTACKING   THE  LEAVES.  315 

When  the  larva  is  about  to  change  to  a  chrysalis,  it  spins  a 
loose  web  of  silk  on  a  leaf  or  other  suitable  spot,  to  which 
the  chrysalis  is  attached.  This  is  less  than  three-tenths  of  an 
inch  long,  pointed  behind,  enlarging  gradually  towards  the 
front,  where,  near  the  end,  it  slopes  abruptly  to  the  tip.  Its 
color  is  pale  green,  with  a  line  along  the  back  of  a  deeper 
shade,  margined  on  each  side  with  a  whitish  ridge ;  it  is  also 
more  or  less  hairy.  In  about  a  week  or  ten  days  the  chrys- 
alis changes  to  a  darker  color,  shortly  after  which  the  perfect 
insect  escapes. 

The  moth  (Fig.  327),  although  quite  small,  is  very  beauti- 
ful ;  it  measures,  when  its  wings  are  expanded,  about  half  an 
inch  across.     The  fore  wings  are  of  a  deep 
brownish-copper  color,  with  a  metallic  lustre,        ^IG-  327. 
and  a  few  dots  of  silvery  white;    they  are 
cleft  down  the  middle  about  half  their  depth, 
the  division  as  well  as  the  outer  edge  being 
fringed.     The  hind  wings,  which  resemble 
the  fore  wings  in  color,  are  divided  into  three  portions,  the 
hinder  one  being  almost  linear,  and  all  deeply  fringed.     The 
antenna?  are  ringed  with  silvery  white,  and  there  are  spots  of 
the  same  color  on  the  legs  and  body. 

Should  this  insect  at  any  time  prove  troublesome,  it  might 
be  easily  destroyed  with  powdered  hellebore  and  water,  as 
recommended  for  No.  181. 

No.  IW.—Chdymvrpha  Argus       Fio.  328.  FIG.  329. 

Leichtenstein,  a  beetle  belonging 
to  the  family  Chrysomelidse,  is  also 
said  to  feed  occasionally  on  the 
raspberry.  In  Fig.  328  the  beetle 
is  represented  of  the  natural  size, 
the  pupa  in  Fig.  329.  It  can 
scarcely  be  regarded  as  injurious,  and  needs  but  a  passing 
notice. 


316         INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE  RASPBERRY. 


FIG.  330. 


ATTACKING  THE  PEUIT, 

Wo.  184. — The  Raspberry  Geometer. 

Synchlora  rubivoraria  (Riley). 

The  larva  of  this  pretty  moth  feeds  chiefly  on  the  fruit  of 
the  raspberry ;  it  is  said  that  it  occasionally  feeds  also  on  the 
leaf.  Fig.  330  shows  the  larva,  of  natural  size,  on  the  fruit 

at  a  ;  b,  an  enlarged 
view  of  one  of  the 
segments  of  its 
body,  showing  the 
hairs  with  which  it 
is  adorned.  The 
moth,  of  the  nat- 
ural size,  is  seen  at 
c,  while  at  d  an  en- 
larged outline  is 
given  of  one  pair 
of  the  wings. 

The  larva  reaches 
maturity  about  the 
time  of  the  ripening 
of  the  raspberry,  when  it  is  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch 
long,  of  a  yellowish-gray  color,  each  segment  being  furnished 
with  several  short  prickles.  It  has  the  habit  of  disguising 
itself  by  attaching  to  its  thorny  projections  tiny  bits  of  vege- 
table matter,  such  as  the  anthers  of  flowers,  bits  of  leaves, 
etc.,  and  by  this  means  it  often  escapes  detection. 

When  full  grown,  the  larva  forms  a  slight  cocoon,  within 
which  it  changes  to  a  chrysalis  of  a  pale-yellow  color,  with 
iarker  lines  and  spots,  which  in  a  few  days  produces  the 
perfect  insect. 

The  wings  of  the  moth  are  of  a  delicate  pale-green  color, 
crossed  by  two  lines  of  a  lighter  shade,  and,  when  expanded, 


ATTACKING    THE  FRUIT.  317 

they  measure  about  half  an  inch  across.     The  body  is  green 
above  and  white  beneath. 

As  the  larva  of  this,  insect  is  not  usually  observed  until 
the  fruit  is  ripe,  no  poisonous  applications  to  destroy  it  could 
be  used,  and  resort  must  be  had,  if  anything  is  done,  to  hand- 
picking.  One  species  of  parasitic  insect  is  known  to  prey  on 
it. 

No.  185. — The  Flea-like  Negro-bug. 
Corimelcena  pulicaria  Germ. 

This  disgusting  little  pest  is  not  at  all  uncommon  on  ripe 
raspberries.  Its  presence  may  be  discovered  by  the  fruit 
having  a  nauseous  buggy  odor,  but  the  insect  is  so  small  that 
it  is  often  taken  into  the  mouth  un- 
noticed until  the  disgusting  flavor  reveals 
its  presence.  In  Fig.  331  we  have  a 
magnified  outline  of  this  insect,  the  smaller 
sketch  at  the  side  showing  its  natural  size. 
It  is  of  a  black  color,  with  a  whitish  stripe 
along  each  side,  and  is  furnished  with  a 
pointed  beak  or  sucker,  with  which  it  punctures  the  fruit  and 
extracts  its  juices.  This  troublesome  visitor  is  also  found  on 
the  blackberry,  and  occasionally  on  the  strawberry. 


SUPPLEMENTARY  LIST  OF  INJURIOUS  INSECTS  WHICH 
APPECT  THE  RASPBERRY, 

ATTACKING  THE   LEAVES. 

The  fall  web- worm,  No.  27  ;  the  oblique-banded  leaf-roller, 
No.  35 ;  the  saddle-back  caterpillar,  No.  49  ;  the  apple  leaf- 
miner,  No.  50  ;  the  yellow  woolly-bear,  No.  146 ;  the  py- 
ramidal grape-vine  caterpillar,  No.  1 47  ;  the  neat  strawberry 
leaf-roller,  No.  193;  the  smeared  dagger,  No.  194;  and  the 
cucumber  flea-beetle,  No.  223. 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  BLACKBERRY. 


FIG.  332. 


ATTACKING  THE  CANES, 

No.  186.— The  Pithy  GaU  of  the  Blackberry. 

This  curious  gal!,  which  is  represented  in  Fig.  332,  is  some- 
times found  on  blackberry  canes.     It  is  about  two  or  three 

inches  long,  of  a  dark- 
red  or  reddish-brown 
color,  oblong  in  form, 
with  its  surface  un- 
even, with  deep  lon- 
gitudinal furrows, 
which  divide  the  gall 
more  or  less  com- 
pletely into  four  or 
five  portions.  It  is 
caused  by  a  small 
'V.jf  four-winged  fly,  Di- 
astrophus  nebulosus 
Osten  Sacken.  If  a 
transverse  section  of 
this  gall  be  made, 
there  will  be  found 
about  the  middle  a 
number  of  oblong 
cells  about  one-eighth 
of  an  inch  long, 


shown    at   6   in    the 
figure,  each  contain- 
ing a  single  larva  or 
pupa.     The  larva,  which  is  represented  enlarged  at  c,  is  about 
one-tenth  of  an    inch   long,   white,  with   the   mouth    parts 
318 


ATTACKING    THE   CANES.  319 

reddish,  and  the  breath  ing- pores  and  an  oval  spot  on  each 
side  behind  the  head  of  the  same  color.  The  insect  usually 
remains  in  the  larval  state  during  the  greater  part  of  the 
winter,  then  changes  to  a  pupa  (d,  Fig.  333),  the  perfect 
insect  appearing  in  spring.  The  fly  is  about  one-twelfth  of 
an  inch  long,  black,  with  transparent  wings  and  red  feet  and 
antennae. 

These  gall-makers  are  attacked  by  parasitic  insects,  and  are 
also  devoured  by  birds. 

No.  187.— The  Seed-like  Gall  of  the  Blackberry. 

This  is  a  singular  gall,  about  one-tenth  of  an  inch  in 
diameter,  which  sometimes  occurs  in  clusters  around  the  canes 
of  the  blackberry,  covering  them  with  a  belt  of  these  seed- 
like  bodies  to  the  depth  of  an  inch  or  an  inch  and  a  half. 
They  are  round,  of  a  reddish  color,  and  from  many  of  them 
arise  more  or  less  strong  spines,  and  when  cut  into,  unless 
they  have  already  been  emptied  by  birds,  each  one  will  be 
found  to  contain  a  single  larva  or  pupa.  These  galls  are 
also  caused  by  a  small,  four-winged  fly  closely  related  to  that 
of  the  pithy  gall,  and  known  as  Diastrophus  cuscutaeformis 
Osten  Sacken.  It  is  of  a  dark-brown  or  black  color,  with 
red  feet  and  antennae. 

No.  188. — The  Blackberry  Bark-louse. 

Lecanium ? 

An  undetermined  species  of  Lecanium  is  sometimes  found 
on  the  canes  of  the  blackberry.  This  louse  is  of  an  irreg- 
ular hemispherical  form,  about  one-fourth  of  an  inch  in 
diameter,  and  of  a  shining  mahogany  color.  It  appears  in 
groups  or  masses  attached  to  the  canes,  and  each  one,  when 
lifted,  is  found  to  cover  a  large  number  of  pale-pinkish  eggs. 
This  is  very  similar  to  the  grape-vine  bark-louse,  No.  126, 
and  may  be  treated  in  the  same  manner. 


320       INSECT*  INJURIOUS  TO   THE  BLACKBERRY. 

ATTACKING  THE  LEAVES, 

No.  189. — The  Blackberry  Flea-louse. 
Psylla  rubi  W.  &  R. 

This  insect  has  been  reported  as  common  on  blackberry 
leaves  in  some  parts  of  New  Jersey.  "  It  is  a  small,  four- 
winged  fly,  much  resembling  the  pear-tree  Psylla  (No.  70), 
about  one-eighth  of  an  inch  long  when  its  wings  are  closed. 
The  mature  insect  is  like  a  plant-louse  in  appearance,  but  its 
transparent  wings  are  differently  veined,  and  it  has  the  power 
of  jumping  briskly  when  disturbed,  which  plant-lice  never 
possess.  The  leaves  affected  curl  up  so  as  to  make  a  safe  harbor 
for  the  lice-like  larvae,  which  occupy  these  enclosures  during 
the  greater  part  of  the  summer.  To  lessen  their  numbers, 
gather  the  curled  leaves  and  burn  them. 


SUPPLEMENTARY  LIST  OP  INJURIOUS  INSECTS  WHICH 
AFFECT  THE  BLACKBERRY, 

ATTACKING  THE   ROOTS. 

The  raspberry  root-borer,  No.  174,  and  the  raspberry-root 
gall-fly,  No.  175,  both  injure  the  roots  of  the  blackberry. 

ATTACKING  THE   CANES. 

The  raspberry  cane-borer,  No.  176,  and  the  red-necked 
Agrilus,  No.  177. 

ATTACKING   THE   LEAVES. 

The  fall  web-worm,  No.  27 ;  the  apple  leaf-miner,  No.  50 ; 
the  waved  Lagoa,  No.  89  ;  the  yellow  woolly-bear,  No.  146 ; 
and  the  neat  strawberry  leaf-roller,  No.  193. 

ATTACKING  THE  FRUIT. 

The  flea-like  negro-bug,  No.  185,  is  common  on  the  fruit. 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  STRAWBERRY. 

ATTACKING  THE  ROOTS. 

No.  190.— The  Strawberry  Root-borer. 

Anarsia  lineatella  Zeller. 

When  occurring  in  great  numbers,  this  insect  is  very  inju- 
rious, playing  sad  havoc  with  the  strawberry-plants.  The 
borer  is  a  small  caterpillar,  nearly  half  an  inch  long,  and  of  a 
reddish-pink  color,  fading  into  dull  yellow  on  the  second  and 
third  segments,  the  anterior  portion  of  the  second  segment 
above  being  smooth,  horny-looking,  and  brownish  yellow 
like  the  head.  On  each  segment  there  are  a  few  shining, 
reddish  dots,  from  every  one  of  which  arises  a  single,  fine, 
yellowish  hair.  The  under  surface  is  paler.  This  borer  eats 
irregular  channels  through  the  crown,  sometimes  excavating 
large  chambers,  at  other  times  tunnelling  it  in  various  direc- 
tions, eating  its  way  here  and  there  to  the  surface.  If  ex- 
amined in  the  spring,  most  of  the  cavities  will  be  found  to 
contain  a  moderate-sized,  soft,  silky  case,  nearly  full  of  cast- 
ings, which  doubtless  has  served  as  a  place  of  retreat  for 
the  larva  during  the  winter. 

Early  in  June,  when  mature,  the  caterpillar  changes  toasmall, 
reddish-brown  chrysalis,  either  within  one  of  the  cavities  ex- 
cavated in  the  crown,  or  among  decayed  leaves  or  rubbish 
about  the  surface,  from  which  the  moth  escapes  early  in  July. 

The  moth  (see  Fig.  333)  is  very  small,  of  a  dark-gray  color, 
with  a  few  blackish-brown  spots  and  streaks  on  the  fore  wings. 
The  fringes  bordering  the  wings  are  gray  tinged  with  yellow. 
The  moth  lays  an  egg  on  the  crown  of  the  plant  late  in  July 
or  early  in  August,  which  soon  hatches;  the  small  cater- 
pillar burrows  into  the  heart  of  the  plant,  and  remains  in  one 
of  the  chambers  during  the  winter,  occupying  one  of  the  silky 

21  321 


322       INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  STRAWBERRY. 

cases  referred  to.  The  channels  formed  by  this  larva  through 
the  crown  and  larger  roots  of  the  plant  soon  cause  it  to  wither 
and  die ;  or,  if  it  survives,  to  send  up  weakened  and  almost 
barren  shoots. 

This  insect  does  not  limit  its  depredations  to  the  strawberry ; 
the  larva  is  also  found  boring  into  the  tender  twigs  of  the 
peach-tree  and  killing  the  terminal  buds. 
FIG.  333.  In  Fig.  333  we  have  a  representation  of 

the  larva  and  moth,  both  of  the  natural 
size  and  magnified,  also  of  an  injured 
peach-twig.  The  insect  is  known  to  at- 
tack the  peach-tree  in  Europe,  whence  it 
has  probably  been  imported  to  this  country. 
Remedies.— Dusting  the  plants  with 
air-slaked  lime  or  with  soot  has  been 
recommended,  but  there  seems  to  be  no 
way  thoroughly  to  destroy  this  pest  except  by  digging  up 
the  strawberry  plants,  burning  them,  and  planting  afresh. 
The  larvae  are  subject  to  the  attacks  of  parasites,  which  doubt- 
less materially  limit  their  increase. 

No.  191. — The  Strawberry  Crown-borer. 

Tyloderm  a  fragarice  ( R  i  1  ey ) . 

This   is  an   indigenous  insect,  a  beetle  belonging  to  the 
family  of  Curculios.     The  beetle  (Fig.  334)  appears  in  June 

or  July,  and  deposits 
an  egg  about  the  crown 
of  the  plant,  from  which, 
when  hatched,  the  larva 
burrows  downwards, 
eating  into  the  sub- 
stance of  the  crown. 
Here  it  remains,  boring 

CC  0    *•          y'        ^         "N          i  .  i 

and  excavating,  until  it 
attains  full  growth,  when  it  appears  as  shown  at  a  in  the 
figure,  where  it  is  much  magnified.  It  is  about  one-fifth  of 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES.  323 

an  inch  long,  white,  with  a  horny,  yellow  head.  It  changes 
to  a  pupa  within  the  root,  from  which  the  beetle  escapes  dur- 
ing the  month  of  August. 

The  beetle,  shown  at  b  an,d  c  in  the  figure,  is  about  one- 
sixth  of  an  inch  long,  of  a  brown  color,  with  several  more 
or  less  distinct  dark-brown  spots,  and  is  marked  with  lines 
and  dots. 

Almost  all  the  plants  infested  with  this  larva  are  sure  to 
perish,  and  old  beds  are  said  to  be  more  liable  to  injury  than 
new  ones.  The  only  remedy  suggested  is  to  dig  up  and  burn 
the  plants  after  the  fruiting  season  is  over,  and  before  the  larva 
has  time  to  pass  through  its  transformation  and  escape  as  a 
beetle. 


ATTACKING  THE  LEAVES, 
No*  192. — The  Strawberry  Leaf-roller. 

Phoxopieris  comptana  Frol. 

This  insect,  which  is  sometimes  designated  the  strawberry 
leaf-roller,  is  not  the  only  leaf-roller  which  attacks  the  leaves 
of  the  strawberry.  The  caterpillars  belonging  to  the  early 
brood  are  found  upon  the  plants  during  the  month  of  June, 
rolling  the  leaves  into  cylindrical  cases,  fastening  them  with 
threads  of  silk,  and  feeding  within  on  their  pulpy  substance, 
causing  the  leaves  to  appear  discolored  and  partly  withered. 
They  are  about  one-third  of  an  inch  long,  and  vary  in  color 
from  yellowish  brown  to  a  darker  brown  or  green.  The  head  is 
yellowish  and  horny,  with  a  dark  eye-like  spot  on  each  side. 
The  second  segment  has  a  shield  above,  colored  and  polished 
like  the  head,  and  on  every  segment  there  are  a  few  pale 
dots,  from  each  of  which  arises  a  single  hair.  In  Fig.  335, 
a  represents  the  larva  of  its  natural  size,  6  a  magnified  view 
of  the  head  and  four  succeeding  segments,  and  d  the  terminal 
segment  of  the  body. 

The  larva  becomes  a  chrysalis  within  the  folded  leaf  late  in 


324       INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO   THE  STRAWBERRY 

June,  and  appears  as  a  moth  early  in  July.  The  fore  wings 
of  the  moth  are  reddish  brown,  streaked  and  spotted  with 

black   and  white,  as 
.  335.  shown  in  the  figure  at 

c;  the  hind  wings  and 
abdomen  are  dusky; 
the  head  and  thorax 
reddish  brown.  When 
expanded,  the  wings 
measure  nearly  half 

an  inch  across.  The  eggs  for  the  second  brood  of  larvae  are 
deposited  during  the  latter  part  of  July,  the  larvae  attaining 
their  full  growth  towards  the  end  of  September,  when  they 
change  to  chrysalids,  and  remain  in  that  condition  during 
the  winter,  producing  moths  the  following  spring. 

This  species  is  sometimes  very  destructive,  when  the  plants 
should  be  sprinkled  with  a  mixture  of  powdered  hellebore 
and  water,  in  the  proportion  of  an  ounce  to  the  pailful,  or 
the  rolled  leaves  maybe  gathered  and  burnt,  or  the  plantation 
ploughed  up  in  the  autumn  or  early  in  the  spring,  and  the 
insects  destroyed  by  burying  them;  in  replanting,  avoid  using 
plants  from  infested  districts. 

No.  193. — The  Neat  Strawberry  Leaf-roller. 

Eccopsis permundana  (Clemens). 

This  pernicious  little  caterpillar  appears  just  about  the 
time  that  the  strawberry  blossoms  are  opening,  and  delights 
to  form  its  protecting  case  by  drawing  the  flowers  and  flower- 
buds  together  into  a  ball  and  to  feast  upon  their  substance,  a 
peculiarity  which  renders  its  attacks  much  more  injurious  than 
any  mere  consumption  of  leaves  would  be.  The  larva  is  of 
a  green  color,  with  the  head  and  upper  part  of  the  next  seg- 
ment black.  When  full  grown,  it  is  about  five-eighths  of 
an  inch  long,  is  very  active  in  its  habits,  and  wriggles  itself 
quickly  out  of  its  hiding-place  when  disturbed.  Late  in 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES.  325 

June  or  early  in  July  it  changes  to  a  brown  chrysalis,  from 
which,  in  a  few  days,  the  perfect  insect  escapes. 

The  moth,  which  is  shown  magnified  in  Fig.  336,  has  its 
fore  wings  yellowish  or  greenish  brown,  varying  much  in  shade 
of  color,  with  irregular,  lighter  mark- 
ings crossing  the  wings  obliquely  ;  the  FlQ-  336- 
hind  wings  are  ashy  brown. 

The  caterpillar  is  very  destructive 
in  some  districts,  and  feeds  upon  the 
wild  strawberry  as  well  as  upon  the 
cultivated  varieties;  also  upon  the 
leaves  of  the  raspberry  and  black- 
berry. 

Remedies. — Dusting  the  plants  with  air-slaked  lime,  soot, 
or  ashes,  or  sprinkling  them  with  a  mixture  of  Paris-green 
and  water,  in  the  proportion  of  one  or  two  teaspoonfuls  to 
two  gallons  of  water,  would  no  doubt  prove  beneficial.  The 
caterpillar  is  very  subject  to  the  attacks  of  parasites. 

No.  194. — The  Smeared  Dagger. 

Apatela  oblinita  (Sin.  &  Abb.). 

The  moths  belonging  to  the  genus  Apatela  are  called 
"  daggers"  in  England,  on  account  of  a  peculiar  dagger- 
like  mark  found  on  the  front  wings  near  the  hind  angle. 
This  peculiarity  being  partly  obliterated  in  this  species,  it 
has  received  the  common  name  of  the  "  smeared  dagger." 

The  accompanying  figure,  337,  represents  the  insect  in  its 
various  stages.  The  larva,  a,  is  a  hairy  caterpillar,  brightly 
ornamented,  and  about  an  inch  and  a  quarter  long.  It  is  of 
a  deep  velvety  black  color,  with  a  transverse  row  of  tubercles 
on  each  segment,  those  above  being  bright  red  and  set  in  a 
band  of  the  same  color,  which  extends  down  each  side.  From 
each  tubercle  there  arises  a  tuft  of  short,  stiff  hairs,  those 
on  the  upper  part  of  the  body  being  red,  while  below  they 
are  yellowish  or  mixed  with  yellow.  On  each  side  of  an 
imaginary  line  drawn  down  the  centre  of  the  back  is  a  row  of 


326       INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  STRAWBERRY. 

bright-yellow  spots,  two  or  more  on  each  segment,  and  below 
these,  and  close  to  the  under  surface,  a  bright-yellow  band, 
deeply  indented  on  each  segment.  Spiracles  white.  There  are 
also  a  few  whitish  dots  scattered  irregularly  over  the  surface 
of  the  body.  This  caterpillar  is  so  conspicuous  for  its  beauty 
that  it  is  sure  to  attract  the  attention  of  every  beholder. 
As  soon  as  it  is  full  grown,  it  draws  together  a  few  leaves 

FIG.  337. 


or  other  loose  material,  and,  with  the  aid  of  some  silk,  con- 
structs a  rude  case  (6,  Fig.  337),  within  which  it  changes  to 
a  dark-brown  chrysalis.  The  caterpillars  of  the  fall  brood, 
which  become  chrysalids  early  in  September,  do  not  produce 
moths  until  June  following.  There  are  two  broods  during 
the  season,  but  the  members  of  the  early  one,  being  less 
abundant,  are  not  so  often  seen  as  those  of  the  later  brood. 

The  moth,  which  is  represented  at  c  in  the  figure,  is  a  very 
plain-looking  insect.  Its  fore  wings  are  gray,  with  a  row  of 
blackish  dots  along  the  hind  border.  A  broken,  blackish, 
zigzag  line,  sometimes  indistinct,  crosses  the  wing  beyond  the 
middle,  and  there  are  some  darker  grayish  spots  about  the 
middle  of  the  wing ;  the  hind  wings  are  white. 


ATTACKING   THE  LEAVES.  327 

This  caterpillar  is  not  confined  to  the  strawberry,  but  feeds 
also  on  the  leaves  of  the  grape,  apple,  peach,  raspberry, 
willow,  and  on  the  common  smart-weed,  Polygonum  punc- 
tatum.  Being  such  a  general  feeder,  it  is  never  likely  to 
become  injurious.  It  is  preyed  upon  by  several  parasitic 
insects,  which  no  doubt  render  material  aid  in  keeping  it 
within  due  limits. 

No.  195. — Cut-worms. 

tinder  No.  45,  among  the  insects  injurious  to  the  apple, 
the  reader  will  find  reference  made  to  those  species  of  cut- 
worms which  are  noted  for  climbing  trees  and  devouring  the 
foliage.  These  climbing  cut-worms  eat  also  anything  on 
the  ground  which  may  come  in  their  way.  There  are,  how- 
ever, a  number  of  species  which  do  not  climb  trees,  and  it  is, 
as  a  rule,  among  these  that  we  find  the  greatest  enemies  to 
strawberry-plants.  These  larvae,  or  "worms,"  as  they  are 
called,  all  have  a  general  resemblance  to  one  another,  l>eing 
smooth  and  of  some  shade  of  greenish  gray  or  brown,  with 
dusky  markings,  or  occasionally  almost  black.  Both  the 
larva  and  the  moths  are  nocturnal  in  their  habits,  and  secrete 
themselves  during  the  day,  the  moths  in  crevices  of  the  bark 
of  trees  or  other  suitable  hiding-places,  while  the  Iarva3  bury 
themselves  under  the  ground  in  the  neighborhood  of  the 
scene  of  their  depredations.  Their  life-history  is  briefly 
told  under  No.  45,  and  need  not  be  repeated  here.  It  will 
suffice  in  this  connection  to  refer  to  several  representative 
species  of  the  class  which  do  not  climb. 

The  Greasy  Cut-worm,  Agrotis  Ypsilon  (Rott.).  This  larva, 
which  is  shown  in  Fig.  338,  is  of  a  deep  dull-brown  color, 
inclining  to  black,  with  paler  longitudinal  lines,  a  faint, 
broken,  yellowish-white  line  along  the  back,  and  two  other 
indistinct  pale  lines  on  each  side;  there  are  also  a  few  shining 
black  dots  on  each  segment.  When  full  grown,  it  is  about 
an  inch  and  a  half  long. 


328       INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE  STRAWBERRY. 


FIG.  338. 


The  moth,  also  represented  in  the  figure,  has  the  fore  wings 
brownish  gray  with  darker  markings,  and  patches  of  a  paler 

color  towards  the  apex  of  the 
wing.  The  hind  wings  are  al- 
most white,  with  a  pearly  lustre, 
and  nearly  semi-transparent. 
When  the  wings  are  spread,  they 
measure  about  an  inch  and  three- 
quarters  across. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  abun- 
dant of  cut-worms,  being  found 
from  Georgia  and  Texas  to  Nova 
Scotia  and  Manitoba,  also  in  Eu- 
rope, Asia,  Africa,  and  Australia. 
The  caterpillar  attacks  all  sorts  of  garden  products,  and  is  one 
of  the  cotton  cut-worms  of  the  South. 

The  Striped  Cut-worm,  Agrotis 
trieosa    Lintner.      This   caterpil- 
lar is  of  an  ash-gray  color,  with 
broad,  dark  longitudinal  lines,  and 
several  narrow  lighter  ones,  and 
when    full    grown   is   nearly   an 
inch  and  a  half  long.    The  moth 
is   shown   in    Fig.  339    with   its 
wings  expanded.    The  fore  wings 
are  of  a  dark-brown  color,  paler  towards  the  front  edge,  with 
pale-gray  markings  along  the  veins. 
The  hind  wings  are  of  a  dark  smoky 
brown,  becoming  gradually  paler  to- 
wards the  body. 

The  Checkered  Rustic,  Agwtis  tes- 
sellata  Harris  (Fig.  340),  is  of  a 
dark-ash  color,  with  two  pale  spots 
on  the  front  wings  alternating  with  a  triangular  and  a  nearly 
square  black  spot. 


FIG.  339. 


FIG.  340. 


ATTACKING   THE   LEAVES.  329 

The  Glassy  Cut- worm,   Hadena  devastatrix  (Brace).     In 
Fig.  341  we  have  a  representation  of  the  larva.     It  is  of  a 
shining  green  color,  with  a  red  head  and  a  dark-brown,  horny- 
Pie,  341.  FIG.  342. 


looking  shield  on  the  next  segment.  On  each  ring  there  are 
a  number  of  shining  dots,  from  each  of  which  arises  a  single 
short  hair,  as  seen  in  the  magnified  segment  below.  The 
moth  (Fig.  342)  is  of  a  dark  ashen-gray  color,  marked  with 
black  and  white  spots,  streaks,  and  dots ;  the  hind  wings  are 
pale  brownish  gray. 

Many  more  examples  of  these  cut- worms  and  their  moths 
might  be  cited,  but  enough  has  been  given  to  show  their 
general  characteristics. 

To  subdue  these  insects  is  no  easy  matter,  since  they  do 
not  usually  eat  the  foliage  in  the  manner  that  other  cater- 
pillars do,  but  attack  the  plant  at  about  the  base,  and,  having 
cut  it  through,  leave  the  greater  portion  of  it  to  wilt  and 
perish.  Sprinkling  the  plants  with  air-slaked  lime,  ashes, 
or  powdered  hellebore,  or  showering  them  well  with  water 
containing  Paris-green,  in  the  proportion  of  one  or  two  tea- 
spoonfuls  to  a  pailful  of  water,  would  destroy  many  of  them ; 
but  the  safest  way  is  to  catch  and  kill  the  enemy.  Where 
a  plant  is  seen  suddenly  to  wilt  and  die,  the  author  of  the 
mischief  can  generally  be  found  within  a  few  inches  of  the 
plant  destroyed,  and  a  short  distance  below  the  surface  of  the 
ground.  These  larva}  are  all  vigorously  attacked  by  various 
species  of  parasites. 


330      INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE  STRAWBERRY. 


No.  196. — The  Spotted  Paria. 

Paria  sex-notata  (Say). 

This  is  a  small  beetle,  about  three-tenths  of  an  inch  long, 
pale   in   color, — sometimes   dark, — having   the   wing-covers 
spotted  with  black,  and  ornamented  with  regular  rows  of  dots, 
which  disappear  towards  the  tip  (see  Fig.  343) ;  beneath  it  is 
blackish.     It  is  a  stout  insect,  with  a  polished 
FIG.  343.      surface,  and  is  very  active  in  its  movements,  hop- 
ping briskly  about  when  approached  or  disturbed. 
The  beetle  appears  at  the  time  when  the  fruit 
is  partly  grown,  which,  in   the  northern  parts 
of  the  continent,  is  towards  the  end  of   May. 
When  these  insects  are  abundant,  they  devour  the  leaves  of 
the  plants  with  such  avidity  that  they  are  soon  completely 
riddled  with  holes,  and  the  crop  of  fruit  materially  injured. 

Remedies. — On  account  of  the  advanced  growth  of  the 
fruit  when  the  beetle  appears,  it  would  be  unsafe  to  use  strong 
poisons,  such  as  Paris-green.  It  would  be  much  safer  to  use 
hellebore,  and  quite  effectual ;  probably  air-slaked  lime,  soot, 
or  ashes  dusted  on  the  foliage  would  also  remedy  the  evil. 

No.  197.— The  Striped  Flea-beetle. 

Phyllotretavittata  (Fabr.). 

This  pretty  little  beetle,  although  most  commonly  found  on 
young  turnips  and  cabbages,  is  some- 
times found  also  eating  the  leaves  of 
strawberry-plants.  The  beetle,  which 
is  shown  magnified  in  Fig.  344,  is 
less  than  one-tenth  of  an  inch  long, 
black,  with  a  broad,  wavy,  yellowish 
stripe  on  each  wing-cover.  It  is  very 

active,  leaping  away  to  a  considerable  distance  when  an  at- 
tempt is  made  to  catch  it. 

The  larva,  which  is  also  shown  in  the  figure,  is  found  on  the 


ATTACKING   THE  LEAVES.  331 

roots  of  young  cabbage-plants ;  it  is  about  one-third  of  an  inch 
long,  white,  with  a  dusky  line  on  the  anterior  half  of  its  body. 
The  head  is  pale  brown,  and  on  the  posterior  extremity  is  a 
brown  spot  equal  to  the  head  in  size.  When  the  larva  reaches 
maturity,  it  forms  a  little  earthen  cocoon  near  its  feeding- 
place,  and  in  this  transforms  to  a  pupa  (Fig.  344)  of  a  whit- 
ish color,  from  which,  in  a  few  days,  the  beetle  appears. 

The  remedies  recommended  for  the  spotted  Paria,  No.  196, 
are  equally  applicable  in  this  case. 

No.  198. — The  Canadian  Osmia. 
Osmia  Canadensis  Cresson. 

This  is  a  small  four-winged  insect  which  occasionally  proves 
destructive  to  strawberry-plants.  In  Fig.  345  it  is  shown  much 
magnified;  its  natural  size  is 
indicated  by  the  short  line  at  FlG>  345' 

the  side  of  the  figure.  The 
head,  thorax,  and  abdomen  in 
both  sexes  are  green,  and  more  t| 
or  less  densely  covered  with 
short  hairs,  those  on  the  tho- 
rax being  longest.  The  wings 
are  nearly  transparent,  with 
blackish  veins.  The  female 
is  larger  than  the  male. 

These  insects  nibble  away  the  leaves,  chewing  the  fragments 
into  a  sort  of  pulp,  and  carrying  it  away  to  be  used  in  the 
construction  of  their  nests.  The  injury  done  to  strawberry- 
plants  by  them  is  sometimes  very  marked. 

No.  199.— The  Strawberry  Leaf-stem  Gall. 

This  is  an  elongated  gall,  an  inch  or  more  in  length,  found 
on  the  stalk  of  the  leaf  of  the  strawberry  near  its  base,  pro- 
duced by  an  undetermined  species  of  gall-fly.  Its  surface  is 
irregular  and  its  color  red,  while  the  internal  structure  is 
spongy.  If  these  galls  are  opened  about  the  middle  of  July, 


332     INSECTS  INJURIOLS  TO  THE  STRAWBERRY. 

there  will  be  found  in  each,  about  the  centre,  a  small,  milk- 
white,  footless  grub,  semi-transparent,  with  a  smooth,  glossy 
skin,  a  wrinkled  surface,  and  a  few  fine,  short  hairs.  Its  jaws 
are  pale  brown,  and  its  length  at  this  period  is  about  one- 
sixteenth  of  an  inch,  the  body  tapering  a  little  towards  each 
extremity.  This  insect  doubtless  changes  to  a  pupa  within 
the  gall,  from  which  flies  escape  later  in  the  season,  or  early 
the  following  spring. 

No.  200. — The  Strawberry  Saw-fly. 

Emphytus  maculatus  Norton. 

This  insect  in  the  perfect  state  is  also  a  four-winged  fly, 
which  in  the  larval  condition  is  very  destructive  to  the  leaves 
of  the  strawberry.  The  accompanying  figure,  346,  illustrates 
the  insect  in  its  various  stages ;  1  shows  the  under  side  of 
the  pupa,  2  a  side  view  of  the  same,  3  the  perfect  fly,  all 

Fio.  346. 


magnified ;  4  the  larva  crawling,  6  the  same  at  rest,  5  the 
perfect  insect  with  its  wings  closed,  and  7  the  cocoon,  all  of 
the  natural  size ;  8  one  of  the  antennae,  and  9  an  egg,  both 
magnified.  The  egg  is  placed  within  the  substance  of  the 
stem  of  the  leaf  early  in  May  by  means  of  the  peculiar  saw- 


ATTACKING   THE  LEAVES.  333 

like  apparatus  with  which  the  female  is  provided.  It  is 
about  one-thirtieth  of  an  inch  long,  and  of  a  white  color ; 
its  presence  produces  a  slight  swelling  on  the  stalk,  and  by 
splitting  the  stalk  so  as  to  open  the  swelling  the  egg  may  be 
found.  The  eggs  absorb  moisture  from  the  stem  and  increase 
in  size,  and  in  about  a  fortnight  hatch,  when  the  young  larvae 
at  once  begin  to  feed  on  the  leaves.  At  first  they  attract  but 
little  attention,  as  the  holes  they  make  in  the  leaves  are  small, 
but  as  they  increase  in  size  they  often  completely  riddle  the 
foliage  and  destroy  its  usefulness. 

When  full  grown,  they  are  nearly  three-fourths  of  an  inch 
long,  of  a  pale-greenish  color,  with  a  faint  whitish  bloom. 
The  skin  is  semi-transparent,  revealing  the  movement  of  the 
internal  organs,  which  show  through  as  dark-greenish  patches. 
There  is  a  broken  band  along  each  side,  of  a  deeper  shade  of 
green,  and  below  this  the  body  has  a  yellowish  tint.  The 
head  is  yellowish  brown,  with  six  black  dots,  the  jaws  dark 
brown,  and  the  under  surface  yellowish.  The  larvae  fall  to 
the  ground  when  disturbed. 

When  mature,  they  burrow  under  the  surface,  and  form 
oval  cocoons  by  cementing  together  minute  fragments  of 
earth,  and  within  these  enclosures  the  remaining  transforma- 
tions are  completed,  the  insect  finally  issuing  in  the  perfect 
or  winged  form. 

The  fly  is  black,  with  two  rows  of  large  whitish  spots  upon 
the  abdomen ;  antennae  black,  legs  brown.  The  wings,  when 
spread,  measure  a  little  more  than  half  an  inch  across.  Those 
belonging  to  the  first  brood  of  larvae  appear  on  the  wing  early 
in  July,  when  eggs  are  deposited  for  a  second  brood,  which 
are  found  during  August.  They  complete  their  larval  growth, 
enter  the  ground,  and  construct  their  earthen  cells,  in  which 
they  remain  unchanged  until  the  following  spring,  when  they 
enter  the  pupa  state  and  transform  to  flies  within  a  few  days. 

Remedies. — Hellebore  and  water,  or  Paris-green  and  water, 
showered  on  the  vines  in  the  proportions  recommended  under 
No.  181,  will  destroy  them. 


334      INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE   STRAWBERRY. 

ATTACKING  THE  PKUIT, 
No.  201,— The  Stalk-borer. 

Gortyna  nitela  Guenee. 

This  larva,  which  is  commonly  found  in  the  stalks  of  the 
potato  and  tomato,  may  be  said  to  have  a  rather  varied  taste, 
as  it  also  bores  into  the  stalks  of  the  dahlia,  aster,  and  cockle- 
burr,  the  cob  of  the  Indian  corn,  and  the  fruit  of  the  straw- 
berry. In  Fig.  347  we  have  a  representation  of  the  larva. 

FIG.  347.  Fro  348. 


When  it  leaves  the  fruit  or  other  substance  it  has  occupied,  it 
descends  a  little  below  the  surface  of  the  earth,  and  in  a  few 
days  changes  to  a  brown  chrysalis,  from  which  the  moth  (Fig. 
348)  emerges  from  about  the  end  of  August  to  the  middle  of 
September. 

In  case  this  insect  should  so  multiply  as   to  require   a 
remedy,  hand-picking  is  the  only  one  suggested. 


SUPPLEMENTARY  LIST  OF  INJURIOUS  INSECTS  WHICH 
AFFECT  THE  STRAWBERRY, 

ATTACKING   THE   BOOTS. 

The  larva  of  the  goldsmith  beetle,  No.  77,  and  also  that 
of  the  May  beetle,  No.  113,  attack  the  roots  of  the  straw- 
berry. The  latter,  which  is  commonly  known  as  the  white 
grub,  is  frequently  very  destructive. 


SUPPLEMENTARY  LIST.  335 

ATTACKING  THE   LEAVES. 

The  oblique- banded  leaf-roller,  No.  35 ;  the  climbing  cut- 
worms, No.  45 ;  the  tarnished  plant-bug,  No.  71 ;  the  horned 
span-worm,  No.  86 ;  the  grape-vine  Colaspis,  No.  153 ;  and 
the  currant  Angerona,  No.  210. 

ATTACKING   THE   FRUIT. 

The  flea-like  negro-bug,  No.  185,  is  not  uncommon  on  the 
fruit  of  the  strawberry. 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  RED  AND  WHITE 
CURRANT. 

ATTACKING  THE  STEMS, 

No.  202, — The  Imported  Currant-borer. 

^Egeria  tipuliformis  Linn. 

This  insect  has  for  many  years  been  a  serious  impediment 
in  the  way  of  successful  currant-culture.  It  is  an  importa- 
tion from  Europe,  where  it  has  long  proved  troublesome;  in 
the  larval  state  it  burrows  up  and  down  the  interior  of  the 
stems,  making  them  so  hollow  and  weak  that  they  frequently 
break  in  the  spring  from  the  weight  of  foliage  when  swayed 
by  the  action  of  the  wind. 

The  parent  of  this  destructive  larva  is  a  pretty,  wasp-like 
moth  (see  Fig.  349),  which  measures,  when  its  wings  are  ex- 
panded, about  three-quarters  of  an  inch  across. 
FIG.  349.  The  body  ig  of  a  bluish-black  color,  the  abdo- 
men being  crossed  by  three  narrow  golden  bands, 
while  on  the  thorax  and  at  the  base  of  the  wings 
are  streaks  of  a  similar  color.  The  wings  are 
transparent,  but  veined  and  bordered  with  brown- 
ish black  with  a  coppery  lustre ;  the  bordering  is  widest  on 
the  front  wings,  which  are  also  crossed  by  a  band  of  the  same 
color  beyond  the  middle.  The  moth  appears  about  the 
middle  of  June,  when  it  may  be  found  in  the  hot  sunshine, 
darting  about  with  a  rapid  flight,  sipping  the  nectar  of  flowers 
or  basking  on  the  leaves,  alternately  expanding  and  closing 
its  fan-like  tail,  or  searching  for  suitable  places  in  which  to 
deposit  its  eggs. 

The  female  is  said  to  lay  her  eggs  near  the  buds,  where  in 
a  few  days  they  hatch  into  small  larvae,  which  eat  their  way  to 
336 


ATTACKING    THE  STEMS.  337 

the  centre  of  the  stem,  where  they  burrow  up  and  down, 

feeding  on  the  pith  all  through  the  summer,  enlarging  the 

channel  as  they  grow  older,  until  at 

last  they  have  formed  a  hollow  several 

inches  in  length.     When  full  grown, 

the  larva  (6,  Fig.  350)  is  whitish  and 

fleshy,  of  a   cylindrical   form,  with 

brown  head  and  legs,  and  a  dark  line 

along  the  middle  of  its  back.    Before 

changing  to  a  chrysalis,  a  passage  is 

eaten  nearly  through  the  stem,  leaving  merely  the  thin  outer 

skin  unbroken,  thus  preparing  the  way  for  the  escape  of  the 

moth. 

Within  this  cavity  the  larva  changes  to  a  chrysalis  (a,  Fig. 
350,  where  both  larva  and  chrysalis  are  shown  magnified). 
Early  in  June  the  chrysalis  wriggles  itself  forward,  and,  push- 
ing against  the  thin  skin  covering  its  place  of  retreat,  ruptures 
it,  and  then  partly  thrusts  itself  out  of  the  opening,  when  in 
a  short  time  the  moth  bursts  its  prison-house  and  escapes, 
soon  depositing  eggs,  from  which  larvae  are  hatched,  which 
carry  on  the  work  of  destruction. 

While  this  insect  chiefly  infests  the  red  and  white  currant, 
it  attacks  the  black  currant  also,  and  occasionally  the  goose- 
berry. Where  the  hollow  stems  do  not  break  off,  indications 
of  the  presence  of  the  borers  may  be  found  in  the  sickly  look 
of  the  leaves  and  the  inferior  size  of  the  fruit. 

Remedies. — In  the  autumn  or  spring  all  stems  found  hollow 
should  be  cut  out  and  burnt.  During  the  period  when  the 
moths  are  on  the  wing  they  may  often  be  captured  and  de- 
stroyed in  the  cool  of  the  morning,  at  which  time  they  are 
comparatively  sluggish. 

.  No.  203. — The  American  Currant-borer. 
Psenocerus  supernotatus  (Say). 

This  borer  is  the  larva  of  a  beetle,  and,  although  belong- 
ing to  an  entirely  different  order  from  No.  202,  is  very 

22 


338      INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  RED   CURRANT. 

similar  in  its  habits,  but  it  may  be  distinguished  by  its 
smaller  size  and  by  the  absence  of  feet.  It  is  a  small,  white, 
cylindrical,  footless  larva,  with  a  brown  head  and  black  jaws, 
which  also  feeds  upon  the  pith  of  the  stems,  rendering  them 
hollow  and  often  killing  them.  Usually  several,  and  sometimes 
as  many  as  eight  or  ten,  of  these  borers  are  found  within  the 
same  cane.  The  change  to  a  pupa  takes  place  within  the 
stalk,  and  in  the  latter  part  of  May  or  early  in  June  the  per- 
fect insect  escapes. 

This  is  a  small,  narrow,  cylindrical,  brownish  beetle.     (See 
Fig.  351,  where  it  is  represented  magnified,  the  outline  figure 
at  the  side  showing  the  natural  size.)     The 
wing-cases  are  of  a  darker  brown  behind 
the  middle ;  there  is  a  whitish  dot  on  the 
anterior  part  of  each  elytron,  and  a  large, 
slightly  oblique,  and   sometimes  crescent- 
shaped  spot  of  the  same  color  just  behind 
the  middle ;  the  antennae  are  slender,  and 
nearly  as  long  as  the  body.     The  beetle  flies  during  the  day, 
but  is  much  less  active  than  No.  202,  and  hence  more  easily 
captured.     The  cutting  out  and  burning  of  the  infested  stalks 
will  be  found  of  great  advantage  in  this  instance  also.     Thii- 
borer  is  sometimes  attacked  by  parasites. 

No.  204. — The  Currant  Bark-louse. 

Lecanium  ribis  Fitch. 

Early  in  the  spring  there  are  sometimes  seen  on  the 
bark  of  currant-stems  brownish-yellow,  hemispherical  scales, 
about  one-third  of  an  inch  in  diameter,  under  which  will  be 
found  a  quantity  of  minute  eggs :  as  the  season  advances, 
these  hatch,  when  the  young  lice  distribute  themselves  in  all 
directions  over  the  twigs,  puncturing  them  with  their  beaks, 
and  absorbing  the  sap. 

Another  species,  called  the  Circular  Bark-louse,  Aspidiotus 
drcularis  Fitch,  is  mentioned  by  Dr.  Fitch  as  occurring  on 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


339 


currant-stalks  in  the   form  of  minute,  circular,  flat  scales, 
about  one-thirtieth  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 

These  lice  may  be  removed   by  scraping   the  stems    or 
applying  to  them  a  strong  alkaline  wash. 


FIG.  352. 


ATTACKING  THE  LEAVES. 

No.  205. — The  Imported  Currant-worm. 
Nematits  ventricosus  Klug. 

This  is  the  larva  of  one  of  the  saw-flies,  and  is  perhaps 
the  most  troublesome  of  all  the  insects  the  currant-grower 
has  to  encounter.  It  is  a 
European  insect,  first  noticed 
in  America  in  1858,  and 
within  the  comparatively 
brief  period  which  has  since 
elapsed  it  has  spread  over 
a  large  portion  of  the  conti- 
nent. This  insect  usually 
passes  the  winter  in  the 
pupal  condition,  but  occa- 
sionally in  the  larval  state. 

Very  early  in  the  spring 
the  flies  appear.  The  two 
sexes  differ  materially  in  ap- 
pearance. In  Fig.  352,  a 
represents  the  male,  and  b  the 
female,  both  enlarged,  the  lines  at  the  side  indicating  their 
natural  size.  The  male  approaches  the  common  house-fly 
in  size,  but  the  body  is  scarcely  so  robust,  and  the  wings,  four 
in  number,  are  more  glossy.  Its  body  is  black,  with  a  few 
dull-yellow  spots  above,  the  under  side  of  the  abdomen  being 
yellowish  and  the  legs  bright  yellow ;  the  veins  of  the  wings 


FIG.  353. 


340     INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE  RED   CURRANT. 

are  black  or  brownish  black.  The  female  is  larger  than  the 
male,  and  differs  in  the  color  of  its  body,  being  mostly  yellow 
instead  of  black.  These  flies  are  active  only  during  the 
warmer  parts  of  the  day ;  at  other  times  they  are  quiet  or 
almost  torpid. 

Within  a  few  days  the  female  deposits  her  eggs  on  the 
under  side  of  the  leaves  on  the  larger  veins  in  rows,  as 
shown  in  Fig.  353.  When  first  laid,  they  are  about  one- 
thirtieth  of  an  inch  long, 
but  they  either  absorb 
moisture  from  the  leaf, 
or  else  the  expansion  is 
due  to  the  development 
of  the  enclosed  larva,  and 
within  four  or  five  days 
they  increase  in  length 
to  about  one-twentieth 
of  an  inch,  are  rounded 
at  each  end,  whitish  and 
glossy.  In  about  ten 
days  the  young  larva 
hatches,  and  it  is  then 
about  one-twelfth  of  an 
inch  long,  of  a  whitish  color,  with  a  large  head,  having  a 
dark,  round  spot  on  each  side  of  it.  At  first  they  eat  small 
holes  in  the  leaves,  as  shown  at  2  and  3  in  the  figure,  feeding 
in  companies  of  from  twenty  to  forty  on  a  leaf,  so  that  soon 
the  leaf  is  completely  destroyed,  all  its  soft  parts  being  con- 
sumed, and  nothing  but  the  skeleton  frame-work  remaining. 
Shortly  they  increase  in  size,  and,  parting  company,  spread  in 
all  directions  over  the  bush,  first  changing  to  a  green  color, 
then  to  green  with  many  black  dots,  and  finally  to  plain  green 
again,  tinged  with  yellow  at  the  extremities,  just  before  the 
change  to  the  pupa  takes  place.  When  from  half  to  two- 
thirds  grown,  they  are  extremely  voracious,  and  will,  when 
numerous,  often  strip  an  entire  bush  of  its  leaves  in  the  course 


ATTACKING  THE  LEAVES.  341 

of  two  or  three  days.  They  are  represented  at  this  stage  of  their 
growth  in  Fig.  354.  When  mature,  they  are  about  three-quar- 
ters of  an  inch  long,  at 

,  .  ,  ,.  fV  FIG.  354. 

which  time  they  seek  for 

a  suitable  spot  in  which 
to  form  their  cocoons. 

These  are  sometimes 
made  among  dry  leaves 
or  rubbish  on  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground, 
sometimes  under  the 
ground,  and  occasion- 
ally attached  to  the 
stems  or  leaves  of  the 
bush  on  which  they 
have  fed.  The  loca- 
tion once  fixed  on,  the 
larva  begins  to  contract  in  length,  and  spins  a  cocoon  over 
itself,  which,  when  finished,  is  nearly  oval,  smooth,  of  a 
brownish  color  and  papery  texture,  within  which  it  changes 
to  a  small,  delicate,  whitish-green  pupa,  very  transparent, 
with  the  encased  limbs  and  wings  of  the  future  fly  distinctly 
visible,  from  which  the  fly  escapes  late  in  June  or  early  in 
July.  Soon  again  eggs  are  deposited,  from  which  another 
brood  of  larvse  are  sent  forth  on  their  destructive  mission, 
completing  their  growth  before  summer  closes,  and  in  most 
instances  changing  to  pupae  before  winter. 

The  flies  composing  the  separate  broods  do  not  all  appear 
at  once ;  some  are  weeks  later  than  others,  keeping  up  a  reg- 
ular succession,  and  making  continual  watchfulness  necessary 
in  order  to  save  the  foliage  from  destruction.  They  feed  on 
the  cultivated  gooseberry  as  readily  as  on  the  currant,  and 
also  on  the  wild  varieties  of  gooseberry. 

Remedies. — A  minute  parasitic  fly  has  been  found  attacking 
the  eggs  by  Prof.  Lintner,  of  Albany,  N.Y.,  closely  resem- 
bling, if  not  identical  with,  the  insect  represented  in  Fig.  181. 


342      INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO    THE  RED    CURRANT. 

The  presence  of  this  parasite  may  be  detected  by  the  dis- 
coloration of  the  eggs,  which  become  brown.     A  species  of 
Ichneumon,  Hemiteles  nemativorus  Walsh,  is  parasitic  on  the 
larva,  while   the  placid  soldier-bug,  Podisus  placidus  Uh- 
ler,  also  destroys  the  larva.     This  friendly  insect,  which  is 
shown  magnified  at  a  in  Fig.  355,  and  of 
FIG.  355.  the  natural  sjze  jn  the  outline  below,  has  the 

head,  thorax,  and  legs  black,  and  the  ab- 
domen red,  with  an  elongated  black  spot 
in  the  centre,  crossed  by  a  whitish  line. 
It  approaches  a  larva,  thrusts  its  probos- 
cis into  its  victim,  and  sucks  it  until  it 
shrivels  and  dies.  An  average-sized  bug 
will  consume  several  of  these  larvae  every 
day,  and,  where  they  are  plentiful,  must 
prove  a  material  check  to  the  increase  of 
the  saw-fly.  The  aphis  lions,  the  larvae 
of  the  gauze-wing  flies,  Chrysopa  (see  Fig.  132,  under  JSTo. 
57),  also  devour  them. 

Notwithstanding  these  various  aids  among  insects,  it  is 
usually  necessary  to  employ  other  remedial  measures,  and 
nothing  is  more  efficient  than  powdered  hellebore  mixed  with 
water,  in  the  proportion  of  an  ounce  to  a  pailful,  and  sprinkled 
freely  on  the  bushes.  If  thoroughly  applied,  most  of  the 
larvae  will  be  found  dead  or  dying  within  an  hour  afterwards. 
If  hellebore  is  not  at  hand,  hot  water  may  be  used,  a  little 
hotter  than  one  can  bear  the  hand  in,  showered  plentifully  on 
the  bushes.  This  will  not  injure  the  foliage,  but  will  dislodge 
most  of  the  larvae,  and  when  on  the  ground  they  can  be  trod- 
den on  and  destroyed.  Hand-picking  may  also  be  resorted  to, 
especially  while  the  insects  are  young  and  feeding  in  groups 
of  twenty  to  forty  on  a  leaf.  An  experienced  eye  will  soon 
detect  them,  usually  on  the  lower  leaves  of  the  bushes,  the 
little  holes  in  the  leaves  aiding  in  their  discovery. 


ATTACKING   THE  LEAVES.  345 


No.  206. — The  Native  Currant  Saw-fly. 

Pristiphora  grossularice  Walsh. 

Although  this  is  not  a  very  common  insect,  it  has  been 
reported  as  destructive  from  several  localities.  In  its  per- 
fect state  it  is  also  a  saw-fly,  resembling  the  imported  species 
(see  6,  Fig.  356),  yet  there  are  differences  which  the  entomolo- 
gist can  readily  de- 
tect, that  place  this 
insect  in  a  different 
genus;  such  as  the 
arrangement  of  the 
veins  on  the  wings, 
the  close  resemblance 
of  the  sexes,  and  the 
marked  difference  in 
the  relative  size  of 
the  two  insects,  the  native  species  being  but  two-thirds  the 
size  of  the  imported  one  in  all  its  various  stages. 

The  larva  (a,  Fig.  356)  of  this  species  is  always  green,  and 
is  never  ornamented  with  black  spots,  which  are  so  numerous 
on  the  imported  insect  as  it  approaches  maturity;  neither  do 
the  young  larvae  gather  in  large  numbers  on  one  particular 
leaf,  but  are  from  the  first  scattered  over  the  bushes.  There 
are  two  broods  in  the  year ;  the  first  one  may  be  looked  for 
about  the  end  of  June,  and  the  second  during  the  latter  part 
of  August. 

The  cocoons,  which  are  similar  in  appearance  to  those  of 
the  imported  saw-fly,  but  smaller,  are  usually  constructed 
among  the  twigs  and  leaves  of  the  bush  on  which  the  larvae 
have  fed. 

The  winged  insects,  of  which  the  female  is  represented  in 
the  figure,  have  the  body  black,  with  yellow  markings ;  the 
second  brood  are  said  to  come  out  of  the  pupa  the  same 
season,  which,  if  correct,  involves  the  conclusion  that  the 


344      INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  RED   CURRANT. 

eggs  are  laid  on  the  stems  of  the  currant-bushes  late  in  the 
autumn. 

Where  these  insects  prove  troublesome,  they  may  be  subdued 
with  the  same  remedies  as  are  recommended  for  No.  205. 


No.  207.— The  Ohio  Currant  Saw-fly. 

Pristiphora  rufipes  St.  Fargeau. 

This  insect  is  referred  to  in  Dr.  Fitch's  twelfth  "  Annual 
Report"  as  entomologist  for  New  York  State,  as  occurring  in 
the  vicinity  of  Cleveland,  Ohio,  in  1858.  The  larvae  are  of 
a  pea-green  color,  with  black  heads ;  they  live  together  in 
clusters,  and  eat  the  leaves,  beginning  at  the  edge  and  de- 
vouring all  except  the  coarser  veins.  As  they  move  they 
spin  a  very  light  web  from  leaf  to  leaf,  and  they  are  said  to 
let  themselves  down  to  the  ground,  when  disturbed,  by  a  fine 
thread  of  silk.  When  mature,  they  are  three-eighths  of  an 
inch  long,  the  segments  of  the  body  are  slightly  wrinkled, 
and  along  each  side  is  a  row  of  protuberances  or  warts  of  the 
same  color  as  the  body.  When  ready  for  their  next  change, 
they  enter  the  ground  and  form  small  oval  cocoons,  within 
which  they  change  to  pupae. 

The  fly  is  black,  with  transparent  wings  and  light-brown 
legs. 

No.  208. — The  Currant  Span-worm. 
Eufitchia  ribearia  (Fitch). 

In  many  districts  this  is  a  very  common  insect ;  it  may  be 
easily  distinguished  from  the  saw-fly  caterpillars  by  its  pecu- 
liar mode  of  progression,  arching  its  body  into  a  loop  at 
every  step ;  in  Fig.  357  the  larva  is  represented  in  various 
attitudes.  When  disturbed,  it  lowers  itself  suddenly  by  a 
silken  thread  from  the  bush  on  which  it  has  been  feeding, 
and  remains  suspended  in  mid-air  until  the  threatened  dan- 
ger is  past,  when  it  regains  its  former  position.  It  is  a  native 
insect,  and  is  frequently  found  on  the  wild  currant  and  goose- 
berry bushes  in  the  woods.  When  full  grown,  the  caterpillar 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES. 


345 


measures  an  inch  or  more  in  length,  is  of  a  whitish  color,  with 
a  wide  yellow  stripe  down  the  back,  another  of  the  same  char- 
acter along  each  side, 
and  a  number  of  black 
spots  of  different  sizes 
upon  each  segment. 
The  under  side  is 
white  with  a  slight 
tinge  of  pink,  is  also 
spotted  with  black, 
and  has  a  wide  yellow 
stripe  down  the  mid- 
dle. There  is  but  one 
brood  of  this  insect  in 
a  year ;  hence  there  is 
no  probability  of  its 
ever  becoming  so  for- 
midable a  pest  as  the 
imported  saw-fly. 

The  eggs,  which  are 
very  pretty  (see   Fig. 
358,  which  shows  one  much  magnified  at  a,  and  others  of 
the  natural  size  at  6),  are  attached  to  the  stems  and  twigs  in 
the  autumn,  and  remain  in  this  condition 
until  spring,  when  they  hatch  about  the 
time  the  bushes  are  in  full  leaf,  the  larvae 
attaining  their  full  growth  within  three 
or  four  weeks.     When  ready  for  their 
next  change,  they  descend  to  the  ground, 
and,  having  penetrated  a  short  distance 
under  the  surface,  change  to  dark-brown 
chrysalids  about  half  an  inch  long  (see  3, 
Fig.  357),  in  which  condition  they  remain  two  or  three  weeks, 
or  more,  when  the  perfect  insects  are  liberated. 

The  moth  (Fig.  359)  is  of  a  pale-yellowish  color,  with 
several  dusky  spots,  which  vary  in  size  and  form,  being  more 


346      INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE  RED   CURRANT. 

prominent  in  some  specimens  than  in  others,  forming  some- 
times one  or  two  irregular  bands  across  the  wings.     When 
expanded,  the  wings  measure  about 
an  inch  and  a  quarter  across.   Within 
a  brief  period  the  female  deposits  her 
eggs  for  the  next  year's  brood  on  the 
twigs  and  branches,  where  they  en- 
dure the  heat  of  the  remaining  por- 
tion of  the  summer  without  hatching, 
and  the  piercing  cold  of  the  succeed- 
ing winter  without  injury,  awaiting  the  arrival  of  their  proper 
time  for  development  the  following  spring. 

Remedies. — Powdered  hellebore,  which  is  so  speedy  and 
certain  a  remedy  in  the  case  of  the  saw-flies,  does  not  act  with 
the  same  promptitude  in  this  instance.  This  larva  seems  to 
be  much  hardier  and  more  difficult  to  destroy  with  poisonous 
substances ;  hence,  if  hellebore  is  used,  the  liquid  should  be 
made  twice  or  three  times  the  usual  strength.  Paris-green  is 
more  certain  and  effectual  where  there  is  no  objection  to  its 
use.  Hand-picking  is  more  practicable  with  this  larva,  on 
account  of  its  habit  of  letting  itself  down  by  a  strong  silken 
thread  and  remaining  suspended ;  and  if  after  striking  the 
bush  a  forked  stick  is  passed  all  around  under  it,  all  the 
hanging  threads  may  be  caught,  and  the  larvae  drawn  out  in 
groups  and  crushed  with  the  foot.  This  insect  is  quite  de- 
structive to  the  black  currant,  and  also  to  the  gooseberry. 

No.  209.— The  Spinous  Currant  Caterpillar, 

Grapta  progne  (Cram.). 

The  parent  of  this  caterpillar  is  a  very  handsome  but- 
terfly, which  is  shown  in  Fig.  360 ;  the  pair  of  wings 
which  are  attached  to  the  body  show  the  upper  surface,  the 
detached  pair  the  under  surface.  Above,  the  fore  wings  are 
of  a  dull  reddish  orange,  widely  bordered  on  the  outer  edge 
with  dark  brown,  while  within  there  are  many  spots  of  brown 
and  black.  The  hind  wings  are  dark  brown,  tinged  with  red 


ATTACKING   THE  LEAVES.  347 

behind,  shading  into  reddish  towards  the  front.  The  under 
side  of  both  wings  is  dark  brown,  traversed  by  many  grayish 
lines  and  streaks,  and  on 
the  anterior  pair  there  is 
a  very  wide  band  towards 
the  outer  edge  of  a  paler 
color.  The  wings  are  very 
irregular  in  outline,  with 
many  notches  and  promi- 
nences; when  expanded, 
they  measure  an  inch  and 
a  half  or  more  across. 
This  butterfly  passes  the  winter  in  the  perfect  or  winged  state, 
hiding  in  some  sheltered  nook,  where  it  remains  torpid  during 
the  winter,  awakening  to  life  again  with  the  genial  warmth 
of  spring.  It  may  be  found  very  early  in  the  season  skip- 
ping about  with  a  peculiar  jerky  flight  around  the  openings 
in  woods,  occasionally  resting  on  the  sunny  side  of  a  tree,  or 
stopping  to  sip  the  sweet  juice  exuding  from  the  stump  of 
a  freshly-cut  tree. 

The  eggs  are  laid  on  currant  and  gooseberry  bushes,  both 
wild  and  cultivated,  and  when  hatched  the  larvae  do  not  feed 
in  groups,  but  singly  on  the  leaves.  When  full  grown,  they 
are  about  an  inch  and  a  quarter  long,  and  vary  in  color  from 
a  light  brown  to  a  dull  greenish  yellow,  with  narrow  black 
and  yellow  lines.  The  body  is  thickly  covered  with  long 
branching  spines,  which  also  vary  in  hue,  some  being  yellow, 
others  orange,  and  some  dark  brown,  many  of  their  branches 
being  tipped  with  black. 

When  full  grown,  the  larva  seeks  some  secluded  spot  in 
which  to  change  to  a  chrysalis;  sometimes  the  under  side 
of  a  leaf  or  twig  is  selected,  and  there,  after  spinning  on  the 
surface  a  small  web  of  silk,  its  hind  legs  are  hooked  in  the 
fibres,  and  it  remains  suspended  head  downwards.  The  body 
soon  contracts  in  length,  and  in  two  or  three  days  the  cater- 
pillar skin  is  shed,  and  a  rugged,  angular-looking  chrysalis 


348      INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO    THE  RED   CURRANT. 

appears,  of  a  brown  color  prettily  ornamented  with  silvery 
spots.  After  remaining  in  the  pupal  condition  from  one  to 
two  weeks,  the  time  varying  with  the  heat  of  the  weather, 
the  butterfly  appears. 

There  are  two  broods  during  the  season,  the  Iarva3  of  the 
first  one  appearing  late  in  June,  those  of  the  second  maturing 
early  enough  in  the  autumn  to  admit  of  the  escape  of  the 
butterfly  before  severe  frost  occurs.  This  insect  rarely  appears 
in  sufficient  numbers  to  prove  troublesome ;  should  it  become 
numerous,  hellebore  and  water  would  no  doubt  prove  an 
efficient  remedy,  or  the  larvae  might  be  subdued  by  hand- 
picking. 

No.  210.— The  Currant  Angerona. 
Angerona  crocataria  (Fabr.). 

The  moth  from  which  this  caterpillar  is  produced  is  usually 
quite  common,  but  the  larva,  although  often  found  feeding  on 
currant  leaves,  feeds  upon  the  gooseberry,  strawberry,  and  other 
plants  besides,  and  hence  is  seldom  sufficiently  abundant  on 

currant-bushes  to  attract  much 
attention.  The  accompanying 
figure,  361,  represents  the  larva 
a  little  more  than  two-thirds 
grown,  feeding  on  a  gooseberry 
leaf.  At  this  period  it  does 
not  differ  materially  from  the 
full-grown  larva  except  in  size. 

When  mature,  it  is  about  an  inch  and  a  half  long  or  more, 
tapering  towards  the  front.  It  is  of  a  yellowish-green  color, 
with  an  indistinct  whitish  line  down  the  back,  and  a  rather 
broad  whitish  streak  on  each  side  below  the  spiracles,  bordered 
above  with  faint  purple,  which  increases  in  depth  of  color  on 
the  hinder  segments  and  becomes  a  purple  stripe  on  the  last 
one.  The  spiracles  are  white,  edged  with  purple;  each  seg- 
ment of  the  body  has  its  anterior  portion  swollen  and  yellow- 
ish, and  on  most  of  the  segments  there  are  a  few  minute  black 
dots. 


ATTACKING    THE  LEAVES.  349 

When  the  larva  has  attained  its  full  size,  it  draws  together 
the  edges  of  a  leaf  half-way  or  more,  and,  forming  a  slight 
net- work  of  silken  threads,  changes  to  a  chrysalis  of  a  dark 
olive-green  color,  with  a  pale-greenish  abdomen,  a  row  of 
black  dots  down  the  back,  and  another  on  each  side,  from 
which  in  about  ten  days  or  a  fortnight  the  perfect  insect 
appears. 

The  moth  (Fig.  362)  is  a  native  of  America;  it  flies  by 
day,  and  may  often  be  seen  on  the  wing  about  openings  in 
the  borders  of  the  forest.  Its 
wings  are  yellow,  varying  in 
shade  from  deep  to  pale,  with 
dusky  spots  and  dots  sometimes 
few  in  number,  while  in  other 
specimens  they  are  very  numer- 
ous, the  larger  ones  being  so  ar- 
ranged as  to  form  an  imperfect 
band  across  the  wings.  The 

under  side  is  usually  a  little  deeper  in  color  than  the  upper, 
and,  when  the  wings  are  expanded,  they  measure  nearly  an 
inch  and  a  half  across. 

In  its  native  haunts  the  larva  probably  feeds  on  the  wild 
currant,  gooseberry,  and  strawberry.  Although  a  common 
insect,  this  is  rarely  complained  of  as  injurious;  should  it 
become  so,  the  remedies  recommended  for  No.  181  would  no 
doubt  be  found  efficient. 

No.  211. — The  Currant  Amphidasys. 

AmpJiidasys  cognataria  Guenee. 

The  larva  of  this  insect  is  also  a  measuring- worm  or  looper, 
and,  although  seldom  found  in  sufficient  numbers  to  prove 
destructive,  instances  are  on  record  where  currant-bushes  have 
been  almost  stripped  of  their  leaves  by  them.  The  larva, 
when  full  grown,  is  about  two  inches  long,  and  may,  when 
not  feeding,  usually  be  found  clinging  to  one  of  the  leaves 
or  branches  by  its  hind  legs,  with  its  body  extended  straight 


350      INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   RED    CURRANT. 

out,  so  that  it  might  easily  be  mistaken  for  the  stem  of  a  leaf. 
Its  body  is  pale  green,  with  a  darker,  interrupted  green  line 
down  the  back,  indistinct,  broken  transverse  lines  of  the  same 
color,  and  a  yellow  cross  line  on  the  posterior  end  of  each 
segment.  There  are  two  small  tubercles  on  the  segment  im- 
mediately behind  the  head,  and  the  body  is  dotted  with  very 
small  whitish  tubercles  and  a  few  short  black  hairs.  In 
some  specimens  there  is  a  small  brown  tubercle  on  each  side 
behind  the  middle,  and  a  purplish-brown  ridge  on  the  last 
segment. 

When  mature,  the  larva  descends  to  the  ground  and  buries 
itself  in  the  earth,  where  it  eventually  changes  to  a  chrysalis 

about  seven-tenths  of  an 
FIG.  363.  inch  long  and  of  a  dark- 

brown  color,  from  which 
the  moth  escapes  the  fol- 
lowing spring. 

This  is  a  handsome 
moth  (see  Fig.  363),  which, 
when  its  wings  are  spread, 
will  measure  two  inches  or  more  across.  Both  fore  and  hind 
wings  are  gray,  dotted  and  streaked  with  black,  and  with  a 
wavy  light  band  crossing  the  wings  beyond  the  middle.  The 
under  surface  is  paler  than  the  upper ;  the  body  gray,  dotted 
with  black. 

This  insect  is  a  very  general  feeder,  and  on  that  account  is 
not  likely  ever  to  prove  very  destructive  to  the  currant ;  it 
has  been  found  feeding  also  on  the  plum,  Missouri  currant, 
red  spirea,  and  maple. 

No.  212,— The  Four-striped  Plant-bug. 

Poecilocapsus  lineatus  (Fabr.). 

This  is  a  bright-yellow  bug,  about  three-tenths  of  an  inch 
long,  with  black  antennae  and  two  black  stripes  on  each  of 
its  wing-covers,  the  outer  one  on  each  side  terminating  in  a 
black  dot.  In  Fig.  364  this  insect  is  represented  magnified, 


ATTACKING   THE  LEAVES.  351 

with  an  outline  the  natural  size.  It  punctures  the  young 
leaves  of  the  currant-bushes  on  both  their  upper  and  under 
surfaces,  causing  small  brown  spots,  not  much  larger  than 
pin-heads,  but  these  are  sometimes  so  numerous  and  closely 
placed  that  the  leaves  become  completely  withered.  The  in- 
sects are  very  active,  and  when  approached 
drop  quickly  to  the  ground  or  fly  away.  FlG-  364- 
They  begin  to  feed  in  May  or  June,  and 
continue  for  a  month  or  two,  often  dis- 
figuring the  bushes  very  much  and  retard- 
ing their  growth.  When  very  trouble- 
some, they  may  be  captured  by  visiting 
the  bushes  early  in  the  morning,  and,  while  torpid  with  cold, 
brushing  them  off  into  a  pail  partly  filled  with  water  on  which 
a  little  coal-oil  has  been  poured.  They  do  not  confine  their 
attacks  to  currant-bushes,  but  often  injure  the  dahlia  by  punc- 
turing the  flower-stems  and  causing  them  to  wither;  they 
also  affect  the  weigelia,  the  deutzia,  and  other  shrubs. 

No.  213. — The  Currant  Plant-louse. 

Aphis  ribis  Linn. 

Towards  midsummer  there  often  appear  on  the  leaves  of 
red-currant  bushes  blister-like  elevations  of  a  brownish-red 
color,  while  on  their  under  sides  are  corresponding  hollows, 
in  which  will  be  found  a  multitude  of  lice,  some  of  a  pale- 
yellowish  color,  without  wings,  others  with  transparent  wings, 
and  bodies  marked  with  black. 

In  the  position  these  insects  occupy  they  are  very  difficult 
to  destroy,  except  by  hand-picking  the  leaves  and  burning 
them.  A  few  lady-birds,  such  as  are  referred  to  under  No. 
57,  introduced  among  them,  will  speedily  lessen  their  num- 
bers. These  lice  rarely  inflict  any  serious  injury,  but  for  a 
time  give  the  bushes  an  unsightly  and  diseased  appearance: 
they  are  an  importation  from  Europe,  where  they  have  long 
been  injurious  to  the  currant. 


352      INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO   THE  RED   CURRANT. 

ATTACKING  THE  FEUIT, 
No.  214,— The  Currant  Fruit-worm. 

Eupiihecia  interrupto-fasciata  Packard. 

This  insect  is  readily  distinguished  from  the  gooseberry 
fruit-worm  by  the  number  of  its  legs,  which  are  only  ten, 
while  the  gooseberry  fruit- worm  has  sixteen.  The  currant 
fruit-worm  is  a  span-worm ;  that  is,  it  arches  its  body,  when 
in  motion,  with  every  step.  When  full  grown,  it  is  about 
five-eighths  of  an  inch  long,  and  varies  in  its  color  and  mark- 
ings. Its  body  is  pale  greenish-ash,  or  yellowish  green,  with 
a  dark-colored  line  down  the  back,  and  another  on  each  side, 
but  occasionally  this  latter  is  wanting.  Sometimes  there  is 
a  row  of  dark-colored,  lozenge-shaped  spots  along  the  dorsal 
line,  and  in  some  instances  there  is  a  second  lateral  line  lower 
down  the  side.  On  the  hinder  part  of  the  terminal  segment 
there  are  two  short  greenish  spines.  The  head  varies  in  color 
from  yellowish  or  greenish  to  light  brown ;  the  under  side  of 
the  body  is  white  or  pale  greenish,  with  a  yellow  line  in  the 
middle. 

When  full  grown,  it  draws  several  leaves  or  other  suitable 
protecting  material  together,  fastens  them  with  silken  threads, 
and  within  the  enclosure  changes  to  a  chrysalis,  from  which 
eventually  the  moth  escapes. 

The  fore  wings  of  the  moth  are  of  a  bluish-gray  color, 
with  a  bluish  dot  near  the  centre  of  each,  and  a  dark  line 
crossing  them  immediately  beyond  the  dot. 

No.  215, — The  Currant  Fly. 

Epochra  Canadensis  (Loew). 

This  insect  is  occasionally  found  attacking  the  fruit  of 
both  the  red  and  the  white  currant.  In  its  perfect  state  it  is 
a  small  two-winged  fly,  which  lays  its  eggs  on  the  currants 
while  they  are  small;  the  larva  enters  them  while  still  green, 
and  feeds  on  their  contents,  leaving  a  round,  black  scar  at 


SUPPLEMENTARY  LIST.  353 

the  point  of  entry.  The  affected  currants  ripen  prematurely, 
and  shortly  decay  and  drop  to  the  ground,  when,  on  opening 
them,  there  will  be  found  in  each  a  small  white  grub,  about 
one-third  of  an  inch  long,  which,  when  mature,  leaves  the  cur- 
rant and  probably  passes  the  pupa  state  under  the  ground. 


SUPPLEMENTABY  LIST  OF  INJUBIOUS  INSECTS  WHICH 
AFPEOT  THE  BED  AND  WHITE  OUBBANT. 

ATTACKING   THE   BRANCHES. 

The  oyster-shell  bark-louse,  No.  16,  so  common  on  the 
apple,  is  sometimes  said  to  be  destructive  to  currant-bushes. 

ATTACKING  THE  LEAVES. 

The  fall  web- worm,  No.  27 ;  the  Cecropia  emperor-moth, 
No.  28 ;  the  oblique-banded  leaf-roller,  No.  35 ;  the  saddle- 
back caterpillar,  No.  49  ;  the  lo  emperor-moth,  No.  112  ;  the 
yellow  woolly-bear,  No.  146 ;  and  the  currant  Endropia, 
No.  216,  are  all  found  feeding  on  currant  leaves. 

ATTACKING   THE   FRUIT. 

The  gooseberry  fruit- worm,  No.  219. 


23 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  BLACK  CURRANT. 


ATTACKING-  THE  LEAVES, 

No.  216. — The  Currant  Endropia. 

Endropia  armataria  (Herr.  Sch.). 

About  the  middle  of  July  there  will  sometimes  be  found 
on  black-currant  bushes  small,  nearly  black,  geometric  cat- 
erpillars, dotted  and  marked  with  pale  yellow,  and  with  a 
series  of  crescent-shaped  whitish  spots  down  the  back,  and  a 
row  of  raised  dark-brown  dots  along  each  side,  those  on  the 
hinder  segments  tipped  with  yellow,  while  on  the  last  segment 
there  is  a  fleshy  hump  or  prominence  composed  of  two  round 
tubercles.  When  full  grown,  this  larva  is  about  three-quarters 
of  an  inch  long,  when  it  constructs  a  slight  web,  interweaving 
portions  of  dead  leaves  or  other  rubbish,  and  within  this 
changes  to  a  brown  chrysalis,  in  which  condition  it  remains 
throughout  the  winter,  producing  the  perfect  insect  the  fol- 
lowing June. 

The  moth  is  represented  in  Fig.  365,  about  the  natural 
size.     Its  wings  are  yellowish  brown  shaded  with  purple,  es- 
pecially on  the  hind  wings,  and  with 
FIG.  8G5.  streaks  and  dots  of  a  deeper  shade  of 

brown.  The  under  surface  is  deep 
yellow  dotted  and  streaked  with  red- 
dish  brown. 

This  insect  is  by  no  means  common, 
and  hence   is  never  likely  to  prove 

generally  injurious  to  currant-bushes.     Although  it  prefers 
the   black  currant,  it  feeds   also  on    the  leaves  of  the   red 
currant. 
354 


ATTACKING  THE  LEAVES. 


355 


FIG.  366. 


No,  217, — The  Red  Spider. 

Tetranychus  telarius  (Linn.). 

This  is  a  very  small  mite,  which  often  proves  a  serious  pest 
to  gardeners,  especially  to  those  who  cultivate  plants  under 
glass.  Occasionally,  in  dry  weather,  it  attacks  the  leaves  of 
the  black  currant  and  destroys  them.  Fig.  366  represents 
the  male  of  this  species,  very  much 
enlarged,  the  mite  itself  being 
scarcely  visible  to  the  unaided  eye ; 
the  small  dot  within  the  circle  at 
the  side  of  the  figure  indicates  the 
natural  size  of  the  insect.  It  spins 
a  web  on  the  under  side  of  the 
leaves,  of  threads  so  slender  as 
to  be  scarcely  visible  even  with 
an  ordinary  magnifying-glass  until 
woven  into  a  net-work.  Under 
this  shelter  will  be  found  a  colony, 
consisting  of  mature  individuals  of 
both  sexes  and  young  mites  of  all 
ages.  By  the  aid  of  their  jaws, 
which  are  not  unlike  the  beak  of  a  bird,  they  tear  away  the 
surface  of  the  leaf,  and  plunge  their  beaks  into  the  wound 
and  suck  the  juice. 

The  egg  of  this  mite  is  nearly  round,  and  colorless;  the 
larva  is  a  minute,  transparent  object,  not  unlike  its  parent, 
but  it  has  only  six  legs,  and  creeps  along  slowly.  The  mature 
mites  have  eight  legs,  and  vary  much  in  color,  some  being 
greenish"  marked  with  brown  specks,  others  rust-colored  or 
reddish,  and  many  of  them  brick-red. 

The  leaves  attacked  soon  indicate  the  presence  of  this  in- 
vader by  their  sickly  hue ;  the  sap  being  sucked  by  a  mul- 
titude of  tiny  mouths,  they  soon  assume  a  yellowish  cast, 
with  patches  of  a  grayish  or  lighter  shade ;  and  if  the  mite  is 
allowed  to  pursue  its  course  unchecked,  the  foliage  becomes 


356    INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE  SLACK  CURRANT. 

much  injured,  and  sometimes  is  destroyed.  It  is  said  to  pass 
the  winter  under  stones,  concealing  itself  there  when  the  leaves 
on  which  it  has  fed  have  fallen. 

Remedies.- — Various  preparations  of  sulphur  and  soap  have 
been  recommended,  used  separately  or  together,  mixed  with 
water,  and  applied  to  the  bushes  with  a  syringe.  Plain  soap 
and  water,  or  water  alone,  freely  applied,  is  regarded  by  some 
as  efficient,  as  the  insect  is  known  to  thrive  best  in  a  dry  at- 
mosphere. In  applying  any  liquid,  it  is  necessary  to  wet  the 
under  side  of  the  leaves  in  order  to  make  the  application 
effectual,  since  if  applied  to  the  upper  surface  only  the  mites 
would  remain  uninjured  beneath. 


SUPPLEMENTAKY  LIST  OF  INJUKIOUS  INSECTS  WHICH 
APFEOT  THE  BLACK  CUKKANT, 

ATTACKING   THE   STEMS. 

The  imported  currant-borer,  No.  202. 

ATTACKING   THE   LEAVES. 

The  fall  web-worm  No.  27 ;  and  the  .currant  span-worm, 
No.  208. 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  GOOSEBERRY. 

ATTACKING  THE  BRANCHES. 

No.  218. — The  Mealy  Flata. 

PcBciloptera  pruinosa  Say. 

This  is  a  small,  four-winged  bug,  which  attacks  the  suc- 
culent shoots  of  the  gooseberry,  and  sometimes  the  leaves, 
sucking  the  juices.  It  is  wedge-shaped,  about  one-third  of  an 
inch  loug,  almost  twice  as  high  as  wide,  of  a  dusky  bluish 
color,  covered  with  white,  meal-like  powder,  its 
wing-covers  showing  some  faint  white  dots,  and  * 
near  their  base  three  or  four  dusky  ones. 

The  insect  is  shown  in  Fig.  367 ;  it  is  not  con- 
fined to  the  gooseberry,  but  is  found  on  the  grape,  also  on  the 
privet  and  on  various  other  shrubs. 


ATTACKING  THE  FRUIT. 

No.  219. — The  Gooseberry  Fruit^worm. 

Dakruma  convolutella  (Hiibn.). 

This  injurious  insect  spends  the  winter  in  the  chrysalis  state, 
enclosed  in  a  snug,  brown,  papery-looking  cocoon,  shown  at  a 
in  Fig.  368,  which  is  hidden  among  leaves  or  other  rubbish  on 
the  surface  of  the  ground.  During  the 
latter  part  of  April  the  moth  appears  Fl®'  8^ 

(See  6,  Fig.  368.)     Its  wings,  when 
expanded,    measure    nearly  an    inch 
across.     The  fore  wings  are  pale  gray, 
with  dark  streaks  and  bands ;   there     rt 
is  a  transverse  diffuse  band  a  short  distance  from  the  base  of 
the  wing,  enclosing  an  irregular  whitish  line,  which  terminates 

357 


358       INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   GOOSEBERRY. 


before  it  reaches  the  front  edge  of  the  wing.  Near  the  outer 
edge  is  another  transverse  band,  enclosing  a  whitish  zigzag 
line ;  there  is  also  a  row  of  blackish  dots  within  the  outer 
margin,  while  the  veins  and  their  branches  are  white ;  the 
hind  wings  are  paler  and  dusky.  The  head,  antennae,  body, 
and  legs  are  all  pale  gray,  whiter  below  than  above. 

The  insect  deposits  its  eggs  probably  on  the  young  gooseber- 
ries shortly  after  they  are  set.  The  egg  soon  hatches,  when  the 
young  larva  burrows  into  the  berry,  where  it  remains  safely 
lodged;  as  it  increases  in  size  it  fastens  several  of  the  berries 
together  with  silken  threads,  sometimes  biting  the  stems  oif 
some  of  the  berries,  so  that  they  may  be  more  readily 
brought  into  the  desired  position,  and  within  this  retreat 
revels  on  their  substance  at  its  leisure.  The  larva  makes  but 
one  hole  in  a  berry,  and  that  barely  large  enough  to  admit 
its  body.  When  disturbed,  it  displays  great  activity,  and 
works  its  way  backwards  out  of  the  fruit  very  quickly,  and 
drops  part  way  or  entirely  to  the  ground  by  a  silken  thread, 
by  means  of  which,  when  danger  is  past,  it  is  enabled  to 
recover  its  former  position.  It  is  shown,  suspended  and  on 
the  fruit,  in  Fig.  369.  When  fully  grown,  this  intruder  is 

about  three-quarters  of  an 
inch  long,  the  body  thick- 
est in  the  middle,  tapering 
slightly  towards  each  ex- 
tremity. It  is  of  a  pale- 
green  color,  sometimes 
with  a  yellowish  or  red- 
dish tint,  glossy  and 
semi-transparent.  The 
head  is  small,  pale  brown, 
and  horny-looking,  and  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  next 
segment  is  a  patch  of  the  same  color  and  appearance. 

When  ready  for  its  next  change,  which  is  usually  before 
the  fruit  ripens,  it  lowers  itself  to  the  ground,  and  there 
spins  its  little  silken  cocoon  among  leaves  or  rubbish,  as 


FIG.  369. 


ATTACKING    THE  FRUIT.  359 

already  stated,  and  remains  as  a  small,  brown  chrysalis  within 
the  cocoon  until  the  following  spring.  There  is  only  one 
brood  of  these  insects  during  the  year. 

The  infested  fruit  soon  indicates  the  presence  of  the  larva 
by  becoming  discolored,  and,  if  sufficiently  grown,  it  ripens 
prematurely,  otherwise  it  becomes  of  a  dull  whitish  color, 
and  soon  withers.  This  pest  also  attacks  the  wild  gooseberry, 
as  well  as  the  currant,  both  the  white  and  the  red  variety.  In 
this  latter  case,  since  the  fruit  is  not  large  enough  to  contain 
the  body  of  the  larva,  it  draws  the  clusters  together,  and, 
fastening  the  berries  to  each  other  with  silken  threads,  lives 
within  the  enclosure. 

Remedies. — The  most  satisfactory  method  of  destroying 
this  insect  is  by  hand-picking,  and  its  habits  are  such  that 
its  presence  is  easily  detected.  Any  berries  found  color- 
ing prematurely  should  be  carefully  examined,  and,  as  the 
larvaB  slip  out  and  fall  to  the  ground  very  quickly,  watch- 
fulness is  needed  to  prevent  their  escape  in  this  manner. 
Where  neglected,  they  often  increase  to  an  alarming  extent, 
and  in  some  instances  half  the  crop  or  more  has  been 
destroyed  by  them.  It  is  recommended  to  let  chickens 
run  among  the  bushes  after  the  fruit  has  been  gathered, 
so  that  they  may  devour  the  chrysalids;  any  leaves  or 
rubbish  under  the  bushes  should  also  be  gathered  and  burnt, 
and  a  little  lime  or  ashes  scattered  over  the  ground  in  their 
place.  Dusting  the  bushes  freely  with  air-slaked  lime  early 
in  the  spring,  and  renewing  it  if  washed  off  by  rain,  will  also 
in  great  measure  deter  the  moths  from  depositing  their  eggs  on 
the  young  fruit  then  forming. 

No.  220.— The  Gooseberry  Midge. 

Cecidomyia  gros&ularice  Fitch. 

This  second  enemy  to  the  fruit  is  a  very  small,  two-winged 
fly,  which  punctures  the  young  gooseberry  and  deposits  its 
tiny  eggs  therein.  These  eggs  develop  into  minute,  bright- 
yellow  larvse  of  an  oblong-oval  form,  much  resembling  the 


360        INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   GOOSEBERRY. 

midge  which  is  found  in  the  ear  of  wheat.  The  larva 
changes  to  a  pupa  within  the  fruit,  and  the  perfect  fly  escapes 
during  the  latter  part  of  July. 

The  fly  is  scarcely  one-tenth  of  an  inch  long,  measuring 
from  the  head  to  the  tips  of  its  closed  wings ;  it  is  of  a  pale- 
yellow  color,  with  black  eyes,  blackish  antennae,  and  trans- 
parent wings  tinged  with  dusky  brown. 

It  is  probable  that  those  flies  which  come  out  during  the 
latter  part  of  July  deposit  eggs  for  a  second  brood  in  some 
later  fruit  or  other  suitable  substance,  and  that  the  larvae 
mature,  change  to  pupae,  and  pass  the  winter  under  ground^ 
producing  flies  the  following  spring. 

Remedies. — All  fruit  found  prematurely  decaying  or  as- 
Burning  an  appearance  of  ripeness  before  the  time  of  ripening 
should  be  gathered  and  burnt,  with  all  fallen  gooseberries. 
By  careful  attention  to  this  matter  both  of  the  insects  which 
injure  the  fruit  may  be  kept  in  subjection. 


SUPPLEMENTARY  LIST  OF  INJURIOUS  INSECTS  WEIGH 
APFEOT  THE  GOOSEBERRY, 

ATTACKING   THE   LEAVES. 

The  imported  cur  rant- worm,  No.  205 ;  the  currant  span- 
worm,  No.  208 ;  and  the  spinous  currant  caterpillar,  No. 
209,  all  feed  on  the  leaves  of  the  gooseberry  as  freely  as  they 
do  on  those  of  the  currant. 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  MELON. 

ATTACKING  THE  EOOTS, 

No.  221. — The  Squash-vine  Borer. 

^Egeria  cucurbitce  Harris. 

This  borer  is  the  larva  of  a  moth  belonging  to  the  group 
known  as  Egerians,  or  Clear-wings,  which  have  the  greater 
portion  of  their  wings  transparent,  and  hence  closely  re- 
semble wasps.  They  are  active  in  the  daytime,  and  enjoy 
the  warmth  of  the  summer's  sun. 

The  moth,  which  is  represented  in  Fig.  FlG-  3?0. 

370,  is  a  very  pretty  object.  Its  body  is 
about  half  an  inch  long,  orange-colored  or 
tawny,  with  four  or  five  black  spots  down 
the  back  ;  the  fore  wings  are  olive-brown 
and  opaque,  the  hind  wings  transparent, 
except  the  margins  and  veins ;  the  hind 
legs  are  densely  fringed  with  long  reddish  and  black  hairs, 
and  the  wings,  when  expanded,  measure  an  inch  or  more  across. 

This  active  enemy  deposits  her  eggs  on  the  stems  of  the 
young  vines  near  the  roots  about  the  time  they  begin  to  run, 
or  soon  after,  where  the  young  larva,  when  hatched,  bores 
into  the  stem  and  devours  the  interior.    The  full-grown  larva 
(Fig.  371)  is  about  an  inch  long,  tapering 
towards  each  extremity,  soft,  of  a  whitish         FIG.  371. 
color,  and   semi-transparent,  with   a   dark 
line  down  the  back,  caused  by  the  internal 
organs   showing    through    the   transparent 
skin;  there  are  a  few  short  hairs  on  each  segment,  arising 
singly  from  small,  hard,  warty  points.     The  head  is  small, 
of  a  brown  color,  and  there  is  a  patch  of  a  similar  shade 
on  the  next  segment. 

361 


362  INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO   THE   MELON. 

When  full  grown,  the  larva  leaves  the  plant  and  seeks 
shelter  under  the  earth,  where  it  forms  an  oblong-oval  cocoon 
(Fig.    372)   of    particles   of    earth   fastened 
together  with  gummy  silk,  within  which  it 
transforms   to   a    shining,    brown   chrysalis, 
which  remains  unchanged  until  the  follow- 
ing season.    When  the  perfect  insect  is  about 
to  escape,  the  chrysalis  wriggles  itself  part  way  out  of  the 
cocoon,  so  that  the  moth  when  freed  from  the  chrysalis  shell 
may  find  no  further  obstacle  to  its  exit. 

The  presence  of  this  borer  in  the  vines  is  soon  manifested 
by  a  sickly  appearance  and  a  drooping  of  the  foliage,  which, 
if  the  cause  is  not  removed,  soon  results  in  withering  and 
death.  Whenever  a  vine  becomes  unhealthy,  the  stems  should 
be  examined,  and  cut  into  if  necessary,  to  remove  the  lurk- 
ing enemy.  The  moths  may  be  prevented  from  depositing 
their  eggs  by  lightly  banking  up  the  young  vines  with  earth, 
as  they  grow,  as  far  as  the  first  blossoms.  When  once  the 
larva  is  within  the  stem,  no  other  remedy  than  the  knife  is 
of  much  service. 


ATTACKING  THE  STEMS, 

No.  222. — The  Striped  Squash  Beetle. 

Diabrotica  vittata  (Fabr.). 

This  is  a  troublesome  enemy  to  the  melon-grower,  and  is 
destructive  not  only  to  the  melon,  but  also  to  the  squash  and 
cucumber,  boring  in  the  caterpillar  state  into  the 
l3!  lower  part  of  the  stem,  and  sometimes  down  into 
the  root,  while  the  perfect  beetle  feeds  on  the  tender 
leaves  of  the  young  plants,  and  injures  the  buds  and 
young  shoots  of  later  growth. 

The  parent  beetle,  shown  in  Fig.  373,  magnified, 
makes  its  appearance  very  early  in  the  season,  as  soon  as  the 
young  seed-leaves  of  the  vines  are  above  ground,  and  some- 


ATTACKING  THE  STEMS. 


363 


FIG.  374. 


I 


times  even  penetrates  the  earth  a  little  in  search  of  the  sprout- 
ing seeds.  The  female  lays  her  eggs  probably  on  the  stem  of  the 
vine,  just  above  or  below  the  surface,  and  from  the  egg  is  soon 
hatched  a  young  larva,  which  eats  its  way  to  the  centre  of  the 
stem  and  consumes  its  substance.  When  full  grown,  it  is  about 
four-tenths  of  an  inch  long,  slender,  but  little  thicker  than 
an  ordinary  pin,  of  a  whitish  color, 
with  a  small,  brownish  head,  and 
the  end  of  the  body  suddenly  trun- 
cated. Fig.  374  shows  this  larva 
highly  magnified;  a  a  back  view, 
b  a  side  view.  The  first  brood  of 
the  larvae  mature  in  June  and  July, 
or  in  about  a  month  after  the  eggs 
are  laid ;  they  then  leave  the  vines 
and  penetrate  into  the  earth,  where 
each  one  forms  a  little  cavity  for 
itself,  in  which  it  changes  to  a 
pupa.  Both  back  and  front  views 
of  the  pupa  are  given  in  Fig.  375, 
magnified.  It  is  about  one-fifth  of 

an  inch  long,  of  a  whitish  color,  with  two  spines  at  the  ex- 
tremity of  the  abdomen.  After  remaining  in  the  pupal  state 
about  a  fortnight,  the  perfect  insect  escapes,  and  works  its 
way  out  of  the  cell  and  up  to  the  surface  of  the  ground. 

The  beetle  is  about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long,  of  a  bright- 
yellow  color,  with  a  black  head,  and  broad  stripes  of  black  on 
the  wing-covers,  which  are  also  punctated 
with  rows  of  dots.  The  feet  and  the  under 
side  of  the  abdomen  are  black.  There 
are  two  or  three  broods  during  the  year, 
and  the  larva  has  been  found  in  the  stems 
of  the  melon-vines  as  late  as  October. 
The  winter  is  passed  in  the  ground  in  the  pupal  condition. 
The  beetles  may  often  be  found  in  considerable  numbers  in 
the  autumn  in  the  flowers  of  melon,  squash,  and  pumpkin 


FIG.  37-'. 


364  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   MELON. 

vines,  feeding  on  the  pollen  and  other  portions  of  the  flower. 
They  have  also  been  known  to  attack  the  blossoms  of  the  pear 
and  cherry. 

Remedies. — The  best  remedy  is  to  prevent  the  access  of  the 
beetle  by  covering  the  young  vines  with  small  boxes,  open  at 
the  bottom  and  covered  at  the  top  with  muslin.  Sprinkling 
the  vines  with  a  mixture  of  Paris-green  and  flour,  in  the 
proportion  of  one  part  of  the  former  to  twenty  parts  of  the 
latter,  air  slaked  lime,  plaster  of  Paris,  soot,  and  ashes,  have 
all  been  recommended  and  used  with  more  or  less  advantage. 
The  larvae  should  also  be  searched  for  and  destroyed;  the 
time  to  look  for  the  first  brood  is  when  the  vine  is  beginning 
to  run.  If  the  stem  close  to  the  root,  and  the  root  itself,  are 
found  smooth  and  white,  the  plant  is  uninjured ;  but  if  they 
are  roughened  or  corrugated  on  the  surface,  and  of  a  rusty 
color,  the  presence  of  the  insect  is  indicated. 

A  parasitic  two-winged  fly,  a  species  of  Tachina,  attacks 
the  beetles,  depositing  its  eggs  on  their  bodies,  from  which 
hatch  small  fleshy  larvae,  which  eat  their  way  into  the  abdo- 
men of  their  victims  and  eventually  destroy  them. 


ATTACKING  THE  LEAVES, 
No,  223.— The  Cucumber  Flea-beetle. 

Crepidodera  cucumeris  (Harris). 

Although  a  very  small  insect,  this  is  not  to  be  despised. 
It  is  a  beetle,  about  one-sixteenth  of  an  inch  long,  with  a 
black  body,  finely  punctated,  and  clothed  with  a  whitish 
pubescence;  there  is  a  deep  transverse  furrow  across  the 
hinder  part  of  the  thorax;  the  antennae  are  of  a  dull-yellow 
color,  and  the  legs  of  the  same  hue,  except  the  hinder  pair  of 
thighs,  which  are  brown;  these  latter  are  very  thick  and 
strong,  and  well  adapted  for  leaping.  Fig.  376  represents 
this  insect  much  magnified ;  the  short  line  at  the  side  indi- 


FIG.  -'-7 

i 


ATTACKING  THE  LEAVES.  365 

cates  its  natural  size.     The  beetles  pass  the  winter  concealed 

under  stones  or  rubbish,  appear  very  early  in  the  season,  and 

attack  the  young  melon  and  cucumber  plants  as 

soon  as  they  are  up.     They  eat  small  round  patches  FIG.  .;; 

on  the  upper  surface  of  the  leaves,  consuming  their 

substance,  but  not  always  eating  entirely  through. 

They  hop  very  actively  from  leaf  to  leaf,  and  are 

very  destructive  to  young  plants ;  while  partial  to 

melon  and  cucumber  vines,  they  are  also  fond  of  the  potat  >, 

raspberry,  turnip,  cabbage,  and  other  plants. 

Their  larvae  are  minute  and  slender,  tapering  towards  each 
end,  and  are  said  to  live  within  the  substance  of  the  leaves 
attacked ;  hence  the  plants  suffer  from  the  depredations  of  the 
Iarva3  as  well  as  from  the  injuries  caused  by  the  beetles.  They 
attain  maturity,  pass  through  the  pupa  state,  and  change  to 
beetles,  within  a  few  weeks,  and  there  is  a  constant  succes- 
sion of  the  insect  in  its  various  stages  throughout  the  greater 
part  of  the  summer. 

Remedies. — Air-slaked  lime,  powdered  hellebore,  or  Paris- 
green  mixed  with  flour,  in  the  proportion  of  one  part  of  the 
poison  to  twenty  or  thirty  parts  of  flour,  dusted  on  the  foliage, 
will  speedily  destroy  them. 

No.  224. — The  Melon  Caterpillar. 

Eudioptis  hyalinata  (Linn.). 

This  is  an  insect  which  is  very  widely  distributed,  being 
found  throughout  the  greater  part  of  North  and  South 
America.  In  some  parts  of  the  Southern  States  it  is  partic- 
ularly destructive.  The  larvaB,  which  are  shown  feeding  on 
the  leaves  in  Fig.  377,  are,  when  mature,  about  an  inch  and 
a  quarter  long,  translucent,  and  of  a  yellowish-green  color, 
with  a  few  scattered  hairs  over  their  bodies.  They  are  not 
content  to  feed  on  the  leaves  only,  but  eat  into  melons,  cu- 
cumbers, and  pumpkins  at  all  stages  of  growth,  sometimes 
excavating  shallow  cavities,  and  at  other  times  penetrating 
directly  into  the  substance  of  the  fruit.  They  spin  their 


366 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   MELON. 


cocoons  in  a  fold  of  the  leaf  of  the  melon,  as  shown  in  the 
figure,  or  on  any  other  plant  growing  near  by,  and  change 
to  slender,  brown  chrysalids,  about  three-quarters  of  an  inch 
long,  from  which,  in  a  short  time,  the  perfect  insect  is  pro- 
duced. 

The  moth,  which  is  also  represented  in  Fig.  377,  is  very 
beautiful.     The  wings  are  of  a  pearly-white  color,  with   a 


FIG.  377. 


peculiar  iridescence,  bordered  with  black,  and  they  measure, 
when  expanded,  about  an  inch  across.  The  body  and  legs 
are  of  the  same  glistening  white,  and  the  abdomen  terminates 
in  a  movable  brush-like  tuft  of  a  pretty  buff  color,  tipped 
with  white  and  black.  The  number  of  broods  of  this  insect 
during  the  year  has  not  been  definitely  ascertained  ;  the  winter 
is  passed  in  the  chrysalis  state. 


ATTACKING    THE  FRUIT.  3(57 

Remedies. — If  the  first  brood  of  young  worms  occur  before 
the  melons  have  attained  half  their  growth,  powdered  helle- 
bore mixed  with  water,  in  the  proportion  of  an  ounce  to  two 
gallons  of  water,  and  sprinkled  on  the  vines,  may  be  safely 
used  to  destroy  them.  Strong  tobacco-water  would  also  prob- 
ably have  the  same  effect,  while  on  small  patches  they  could 
doubtless  be  killed  by  hand.  Two  species  of  parasitic  insects 
are  known  to  prey  on  them  :  one  is  a  species  of  Tachina  fly, 
the  other  an  Ichneumon  fly,  Cryptus  conquisitor.  (See  Fig. 
42,  where  it  is  referred  to  as  a  destroyer  of  the  apple-tree 
tent-caterpillar,  No.  20.) 


ATTACKING  THE  PEUIT. 

No.  225.— The  Neat  Cucumher  Moth. 

Eudioptis  nitidalis  (Cram.). 

Another  common  name  for  this  insect  is  the  "pickle- 
worm,"  which  has  been  given  to  it  in  consequence  of  its  larva 
being  often  found  in 

pickled  cucumbers.  FlG-  378- 

This  larva  is  about 
an  inch  long,  trans- 
lucent, and  of  a  yel- 
lowish-white color 
tinged  with  green ; 
on  each  segment 
there  are  a  few  slightly-elevated  shining  dots,  from  each  of 
which  issues  a  fine  hair;  the  head  is  yellow,  margined  with 
brown.  Fig.  378  represents  this  larva,  with  a  young  cucum- 
ber into  the  side  of  which  it  has  bored.  These  caterpillars 
are  very  destructive  in  some  of  the  Western  States.  They 
begin  to  appear  about  the  middle  of  July,  and  continue  their 
destructive  work  until  late  in  September;  they  attack  the 
fruit,  boring  cylindrical  holes  in  it,  and  feed  on  the  flesh. 


368  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE  MELON. 

Sometimes  three  or  four  larvae  will  be  found  in  the  same 
fruit,  while  the  presence  of  a  single  specimen  will  often  cause 
the  cucumber  to  rot. 

When  mature,  the  larva  leaves  the  fruit,  and,  drawing  to- 
gether a  few  fragments  of  leaves  on  the  ground,  spins  a  slight 
cocoon,  within  which  it  changes  to  a  slender,  brown  chrysalis, 
from  which  the  moth  issues  in  eight  or  ten  days.    The  insects 
forming  the  late  brood  pass  the  winter  in  the  chrysalis  state. 
The  moth  (Fig.  379)  is  of  a  yellowish-brown  color,  with  a 
purplish    reflection,    the    fore    wings 
FIG.  379.  having  an   irregular  patch,  and  the 

hind  wings  the  greater  portion  of  their 
inner  surface  yellow.  The  under  side 
has  a  pearly  shade ;  the  thighs,  breast, 
and  abdomen  below  are  silvery  white ; 
the  other  portions  of  the  legs  are  yel- 
low. The  body  of  the  female  termi- 
nates in  a  small,  flattened,  black  brush, 

squarely  trimmed,  the  segment  preceding  it  being  of  a  rusty- 
brown  color  above.  The  male  has  a  much  larger  brush-like 
appendage,  formed  of  long,  narrow  scales,  some  of  which  are 
whitish,  some  orange,  others  brown. 

Remedies. — This  insect  is  a  difficult  one  to  control.  If  the 
vines  are  carefully  watched  about  the  time  the  early  brood 
appear,  the  larvae  may  be  destroyed  by  hand  while  still  small; 
but  if  not  discovered  until  after  they  have  penetrated  the 
fruit,  the  infested  melons  or  cucumbers  should  be  gathered 
and  fed  to  hogs  or  scalded. 

No.  226.— The  12-Spotted  Diabrotica. 

Diabrotica  12-punctata  (Oliv.). 

FIG.  380.  This  beetle  also  is  occasionally  destructive  to 
melons  and  squashes,  eating  into  their  substance. 
It  is  a  yellow  beetle,  with  twelve  black  spots, 
represented  in  Fig.  380.  It  is  closely  related  to 
the  striped  squash  beetle,  No.  222. 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  CRANBERRY. 


FIG.  381. 
ffl 


ATTACKING  THE  LEAVES, 

No.  227.— The  Cranberry  Worm. 

Rhopobota  vacciniana  (Packard). 

This  larva  is  very  injurious  to  the  foliage  of  cranberry- 
vines,  and,  on  account  of  the  devastation  it  causes,  has  received 
in  some  localities  the  significant  name  of  the  "fire- worm." 
It  hatches  in  the  Eastern  States  from  the  20th  of  May  to  the 
1st  of  June,  from  eggs  which  have  remained  upon  the  vine 
all  winter.  These  are  found  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaves 
in  masses  having  the  form  of  a  flat  circular  scale 
of  a  pale-yellow  color. 

The  larva,  which  is  shown  at  a,  Fig.  381,  is 
green,  with  a  few  fine  hairs  scattered  over  the  sur- 
face of  its  body.    It  feeds  upon  the  tender  grow- 
ing shoots,  drawing  the  leaves  together,  fastening 
them  with  silken  threads,  and   concealing  itself 
within  the  enclosure.     When  full  grown,  it  spins     ° 
a  slight  cocoon,  either  among  the  leaves  on  the  vines  or 
amidst  leaves  and  rubbish  on  the  ground,  and  there  changes 
to  a  chrysalis,  as  shown  at  b  in  the  figure. 
The  pupa  state  lasts  from  ten  to  twelve  days. 

The  moth  (see  Fig.  382)  is  of  a  dark 
ash-color,  the  fore  wings  whitish,  dusted 
with  brown  and  reddish  scales,  with  nar- 
row white  bands  on  the  front  edge,  al- 
ternating with  broader  yellowish-brown 
bands,  five  of  which  are  larger  than  the  others,  and  from 
four  of  these,  distinct  but  irregular  lines  cross  the  wings. 
The  tips  of  the  fore  wings  are  dark  brown  and  pointed. 

24  369 


FIG.  382 


370        INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO   THE   CRANBERRY. 

The  hind  wings  are  dusky  gray.  The  moths  are  very  nu- 
merous during  the  month  of  June,  when  eggs  for  a  second 
brood  are  deposited,  the  larvae  from  which  appear  early  in 
July,  succeeded  by  the  perfect  insect,  which  deposits  the  eggs 
that  remain  dormant  until  the  following  spring. 

Remedies. — For  all  cranberry  insects  flooding  is  the  most 
effectual  remedy ;  the  vines  should  be  kept  under  water  for 
two  or  three  days,  which  will  clear  them  for  the  time  entirely 
from  all  insect  pests.  Where  this  is  not  practicable,  the  vines 
may  be  showered  with  a  mixture  of  Paris-green  and  water,  in 
the  proportion  of  a  teaspoonftil  of  the  poison  to  two  gallons 
of  water.  Fires  also  may  be  lighted  to  attract  and  destroy 
the  moths. 

No.  228, — The  Glistening  Cranberry  Moth. 

Teras  oxycoccana  (Packard). 

This  moth,  the  larva  of  which  is  said  to  feed  on  cranberry- 
vines,  measures,  when  its  wings  are  spread,  nearly  three- 
fourths  of  an  inch  across.  Its  fore  wings  are  of  a  uniform 
reddish-brown  color,  with  a  peculiar  shining  appearance,  the 
red  tint  being  due  to  scattered  bright-red  scales ;  there  are 
no  other  spots  or  markings.  The  hind  wings  are  glistening 
gray.  The  body  is  of  a  dark  slate-color,  with  a  pale  tuft 
of  hairs  at  the  tip  of  the  abdomen.  This  insect  is  said  to  be 
merely  a  variety  of  No.  36. 

No.  229. — The  Yellow  Cranberry  Worm. 

Teras  vacciniivorana  (Packard). 

In  the  cranberry-fields  of  New  Jersey  this  is  a  common 
insect.  The  larva,  which  is  shown  magnified  in  Fig.  383, 
both  back  and  side  views,  draws  the  leaves  together,  fastens 
them  with  silken  threads,  and  feeds  upon  their  upper  surface. 
It  is  of  a  pale-yellow  color,  with  a  slight  greenish  tinge,  and 
a  few  fine,  long,  pale  hairs  arising  from  prominent  tubercles. 
When  mature,  it  is  nearly  three-tenths  of  an  inch  long.  The 
caterpillar  changes  to  a  brown  chrysalis  within  the  leafy  en- 


ATTACKING   THE  LEAVES. 


371 


closure,  which,  when  the  moth  is  about  to  escape,  protrudes 
partly  out  of  its  hiding-place.     The  pupa  is  about  a  quarter 


FIG.  383. 


FIG.  384. 


of  an  inch  long,  and  is  repre- 
sented from  two  different  as- 
pects in  Fig.  384,  both  much 
magnified. 

The  moth  measures,  when  its 
wings  are  spread,  about  half 
an  inch  across ;  both  front  and 

hind  wings  are  yellow,  mottled  with  a  deeper  ochreous  shade. 

This  also  is  said  to  be  a  variety  of  No.  36. 
For  remedies,  see  No.  227. 

No.  230. — The  Red-striped  Cranberry  Worm. 

This  larva,  which  is  shown  in  Fig.  385,  has  been  observed 
by  Dr.  Packard  injuring  the  heads  of  cranberry-plants  in 
Massachusetts.  It  draws  and  fastens  the  leaves  together  and 
feeds  on  their  upper  surface,  and  sometimes  constructs  a  tube 
of  silk  between  two  leaves,  when  the  latter  are  severed  from 
their  connection  with  the  branch  and  held  in  place  by  silken 
threads.  In  these  instances  the  leaves  speedily  wither  and 
turn  brown,  and  it  often  happens  that  the  tips  of  vines  over 
large  patches  will  present  a  brosvn  and  withered  aspect- from 
this  cause. 


372        INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   CRANBERRY. 

The  larva  (see  Fig.  385)  is  less  than  half  an  inch  long,  slen- 
der, and  tapering  a  little  towards  each  extremity,  of  a  pale- 


FIG.  385. 


green  color,  with  six  longitudinal  pale-reddish  lines,  which 
are  broken  and  irregular  on  the  anterior  segments,  and  more 
distinct  and  wider  on  the  hinder  part  of  the  body.  On  each 
segment  there  are  several  small  black  tubercles,  from  each  of 
which  arises  a  single  hair.  The  moth  is  undescribed. 
For  remedies,  see  No.  227. 

No.  231. — The  Cranberry  Span-worm. 

Cidaria  Sp. 

In  Massachusetts,  and  especially  in  the  vicinity  of  Harwich, 
this  larva  has  proved  very  injurious,  having  in  one  instance 
entirely  stripped  the  foliage  of  about  two  acres  of  cranberry- 
vines.  It  very  much  resembles  the  larva  of  the  canker- 
worm,  and  is  about  the  same  size;  its  color  is  dull  reddish 
brown,  with  longitudinal  lines  and  many  dots  of  dark  brown. 
There  is  a  broad  dusky  band  just  above  the  spiracles;  the 
under  side  is  paler  than  the  upper.  When  full  grown,  it 
measures  about  eight-tenths  of  an  inch  in  length.  The  moth 
has  not  been  described. 

For  remedies,  see  No.  227. 

No.  232, — The  Hairy  Cranberry  Caterpillar. 

Arctia  Sp. 

This  is  a  caterpillar  which  sometimes  injures  cranberry- 
vines  in  New  England.  It  is  about  an  inch  and  a  half  long, 
is  covered  with  yellowish-gray  hair,  and  has  longer  tufts  of 
darker  hair  at  each  end  of  the  body.  It  devours  the  leaves 


ATTACKING  THE  LEAVES.  373 

of  the  young  growing  shoots,  often  depriving  them  entirely 
of  foliage. 

No.  233. — The  Cranberry  Saw-fly. 
Pristiphora  identidem  Norton. 

This  insect,  which  is  closely  allied  to  the  imported  currant- 
worm,  No.  205,  is  destructive  to  cranberry-vines  on  Cape 
Cod.  The  perfect  insect  is  a  saw-fly,  the  female  having  a 
toothed  ovipositor,  with  which  she  makes  a  slit  in  the  leaves, 
depositing  an  egg  therein.  Broods  of  the  larvae  appear  early 
in  June,  and  again  in  August.  When  first  hatched,  they  are 
pale  yellowish  green,  but  become  darker  with  age ;  the  head 
is  black  in  the  young  specimens,  lighter  in  the  full-grown 
ones.  When  mature,  they  measure  about  three-tenths  of 
an  inch  long,  are  cylindrical  and  smooth,  with  two  lighter, 
whitish-green  stripes  running  the  whole  length  of  the  body. 
Towards  the  end  of  June  they  spin  their  cocoons  among 
withered  leaves  or  other  rubbish,  from  which  flies  are  pro- 
duced about  ten  days  afterwards. 

The  perfect  insect  has  the  body  black,  the  legs  marked 
with  yellowish  red  and  black,  the  wings  transparent,  with 
black  veins. 

No.  234.— The  Cranberry  Gall-fly. 

Cecidomyia  Sp. 

About  the  middle  of  June  the  small  leaves  at  the  tips  of  the 
growing  shoots  may  often  be  fdund  fastened  together.  Within 
these  clusters  is  a  small,  pinkish  or  orange-colored  larva, 
having  the  form  shown  at  6  in  Fig.  386,  which  is  without 
legs,  and  when  first  hatched  is  white.  This  larva  spins  a 
cocoon  (see  a  in  the  figure),  which  resembles  white  tissue- 
paper  ;  this  is  formed  among  the  small  leaves  at  the  end  of 
the  shoot,  and  within  it  the  insect  changes  to  a  pupa,  as 
shown  at  c. 

In  about  twelve  days  the  perfect  insect,  a  gall-gnat,  appears 
(see  c?,  Fig.  386  ;  e  represents  the  antenna  of  the  female,  much 
enlarged).  This  gnat  is  found  in  almost  every  cranberry- 


374        INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE   CRANBERRY. 


FIG.  386. 


bog.  There  are  not  usually  more  than  two  of  these  larvae  on 
any  one  shoot,  and  often  there  is  only  one.  The  mischief  done 
consists  mainly  in  the  killing  of  the  extreme  tip  of  the  vine, 
which  prevents  the  formation  of  a  fruit- 
bud  for  the  next  year's  growth,  unless,  as 
is  sometimes  the  case,  the  vine  by  an 
extra  eifort  puts  them  out  at  the  side. 

Remedies. — There  is  a  little  Chalcis 
fly  parasitic  on  this  insect,  which  destroys 
it  in  large  numbers.  The  measures  rec- 
ommended under  No.  227  will  also  be 
applicable  here. 


No.  235.— The  Cranberry  Aphis. 

There  is  a  large,  red  plant-louse  which 
sometimes  occurs  on  cranberry-vines  and  punctures  the  leaves 
and  tender  stems,  to  their  manifest  injury.  This  aphis  is 
destroyed  by  the  larva  of  a  small  lady-bird,  a  species  of 
Scymnus,  which  larva  is  oval  in  form,  and  covered  with  a 
white  fuzz  on  its  back.  Flooding  will  destroy  this  aphis 
also. 


No.  236. — The  Cranberry  Spittle  Insect. 

Clastoptera  proteus  Fitch. 

This  is  a  small,  soft  insect,  with  legs,  but  without  wings, 
which  is  found  in  the  early  part  of  June  in  little  masses  of 
froth  upon  growing  shoots  of  the  cranberry-vine.  The  froth 
is  the  sap  of  the  plant  sucked  in  and  then  exuded  by  the 
young  larva,  probably  for  concealment.  The  insect  belongs 
to  the  order  Homoptera,  having  no  jaws,  but  a  beak,  through 
which  it  sucks  the  sap  of  the  plant. 

The  perfect  insect  jumps  with  the  agility  of  a  flea,  and  is 
found  hopping  about  among  the  vines.  It  seldom  occurs  in 
sufficient  numbers  to  inflict  material  injury.  It  is  found  also 
on  the  blueberry. 


ATTACKING   THE  FRUIT.  375 

ATTACKING  THE  TEUIT, 
No.  237. — The  Cranberry  Fruit-worm. 

This  is  the  caterpillar  of  a  small  moth  related  to  the  leaf- 
rollers,  and  is  shown  in  Fig.  387.     It  is  of  a  yel- 

T      .       A          .    FIG.  387. 
lowish-green  color,  and   appears  early  in   August, 

when  it  injures  the  fruit,  entering  berry  after  berry, 
eating  the  inside  of  each,  and  making  it  turn  pre- 
maturely red.  It  attains  its  full  growth  by  the 
beginning  of  September,  when  it  buries  itself  in  the 
ground,  where  it  forms  a  cocoon  covered  with  grains 
of  sand,  scarcely  to  be  distinguished  from  a  small 
lump  of  earth,  within  which  it  changes  to  a  chrys- 
alis. Flooding  is  the  only  remedy  suggested  for  this  insect. 

No.  238. — The  Cranberry  Weevil. 

Anthonomus  suturalis  Lee. 

About  the  middle  of  July,  or  just  before  the  blossoms  are 
ready  to  expand,  this  weevil  appears.  It  is  a  small,  reddish- 
brown  beetle,  with  a  dark-brown  head  and  a  beak  half  as 
long  as  its  body,  shown  in  Fig.  388.  The  thorax  is  a  little 
darker  than  the  wing-covers,  and  is  sparingly 
covered  with  short  whitish  hairs  ;  the  wing-  FIG.  388. 
cases  are  ornamented  with  rows  of  indented 
dots.  The  beetle  is  a  little  over  one-eighth  of 
an  inch  long,  including  the  beak.  Having 
selected  a  blossom-bud  about  to  expand,  it 
drills  a  hole  through  the  centre  with  its  snout,  in  which  is 
deposited  a  pale-yellow  egg.  The  bud  is  then  cut  off  by  the 
beetle  at  the  stem,  and  drops  to  the  ground,  and  within  it  the 
egg  hatches  to  a  dull-white  grub  with  a  yellow  head  and  black 
jaws  (see  Fig.  388),  which  feeds  upon  the  bud,  and,  passing 
through  its  transformations,  produces  the  perfect  beetle,  which 
eats  its  way  out,  leaving  a  round  hole  in  the  side  of  the  de- 


376         INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE   CRANBERRY. 

caying  bud  to  mark  its  place  of  exit.  The  beetles  some- 
times, though  seldom,  feed  upon  the  berries.  They  may  be 
destroyed  by  flooding  with  water.  There  is  a  minute  Chalcis 
fly  which  is  parasitic  on  the  larvae  and  destroys  numbers  of 
them. 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  ORANGE. 

Since  many  of  the  insects  most  injurious  to  the  orange 
attack  alike  the  branches,  the  leaves,  and  the  fruit  of  the  tree, 
and  sometimes  the  trunk  also,  the  grouping  of  the  species,  car- 
ried out  when  treating  of  the  enemies' of  other  fruits,  will  not  be 
attempted  with  those  of  the  orange.  The  insects  belonging  to 
each  order  will  be  brought  together  and  treated  consecutively, 
beginning  with  the  Lepidoptera,  which  includes  butterflies  and 
moths.  The  remedies  for  scale-insects,  as  they  apply  alike  to 
all  the  different  species,  will  be  referred  to  towards  the  end 
of  this  section. 

No.  239.— The  Cresphontes  Butterfly. 

Papilio  cresphontes  Fabr. 

In  the  perfect  state,  this  is  a  large  and  handsome  butterfly, 
which  measures,  when  its  wings  are  spread,  from  four  to  five 
inches  across.  The  wings  are  black  above,  with  an  irregular, 
triangular  band  of  broad  yellow  spots,  covering  a  considera- 
ble portion  of  their  surface,  as  shown  in  Fig.  389.  The  hind 
wings  have  two  long,  projecting  points  or  tails,  with  an  oval 
yellow  spot  on  each ;  they  are  also  notched,  and  have  the 
indentations  marked  with  yellow.  The  under  side  is  yellow- 
ish, with  dusky  veins  and  markings,  and  a  row  of  crescent- 
shaped  blue  spots  on  the  hind  wings.  The  body  is  black 
above,  yellow  at  the  sides  and  beneath. 

The  eggs  are  globular,  and  are  deposited  singly  on  the 
leaves.  The  young  caterpillars  are  very  much  like  the  full- 
grown  ones  in  form  and  color,  but  the  gray  markings  are 
darker,  and  the  white  blotches  not  so  large  as  in  the  mature 
larva.  When  full  grown,  it  is  about  two  and  a  half  inches 
long,  and  very  peculiarly  marked.  (See  Fig.  390.)  Above 

377 


378 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO    THE  ORANGE. 


it   is   dull   brown,    almost   covered    with   irregular   whitish 
blotches  spotted  with  brown.     The  first  four  segments  have 


on  each  side  a  longitudinal  white  band ;  from  the  fourth  to 
the  eighth  is  a  large  white  patch,  nearly  oval  in  form,  more 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE   ORANGE. 


379 


or  less  dotted  with  brown  ;  another  similar  white  or  cream- 
colored  pateh,  with  brownish  dots,  covers  the  posterior  por- 


FIQ.  390. 


FIG.  391. 


tion  of  the  body.  Behind  the  head  there  are  two  long,  red, 
fleshy  horns,  which  can  be  protruded  at  will,  and  these,  when 
extended,  emit  a  very 
disagreeable  odor,  which 
probably  serves  to  protect 
the  caterpillar  from  its 
enemies.  The  under  side 
of  the  body  is  of  a  brown- 
ish color.  The  larva  com- 
pletes its  growth  in  about 
a  month,  when  it  changes 
to  a  chrysalis.  This  is 
nearly  an  inch  and  a  half 
long  (see  Fig.  391),  irreg- 
ularly forked  at  its  upper  end,  with  a  prominent  point  upon 
its  breast,  and  a  loop  of  silk  around  the  middle ;  the  hinder 
extremity  is  also  fastened  to  the  supporting  twig  or  branch, 
hooked  in  a  tuft  of  silk.  Its  color  is  gray  and  brown,  of 


380  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   ORANGE, 

varying  shades,  and  so  exactly  resembles  that  of  the  bark 
of  the  orange-tree  that  it  is  extremely  difficult  to  detect.  In 
from  eight  to  sixteen  days  after  the  chrysalis  is  formed  the 
butterfly  emerges. 

In  Florida  there  are  usually  four  broods  of  the  butterflies 
in  the  course  of  the  summer,  the  last  brood  wintering  in  the 
chrysalis  state,  from  which  the  butterflies  emerge  in  April. 
The  caterpillar,  which  is  commonly  known  as  athe  orange 
dog"  in  Florida,  devours  the  foliage  of  orange-trees,  sometimes 
seriously  injuring  young  trees  by  stripping  them  bare.  It 
may  easily  be  subdued  by  hand-picking,  as  its  large  size  and 
singular  appearance  promptly  lead  to  its  discovery. 

Within  the  past  ten  years  this  butterfly  has  extended  its 
range  very  much,  and  it  is  now  comparatively  common 
throughout  the  Northern  and  Western  States,  and  in  the 
warmer  parts  of  Canada.  In  the  North  it  feeds  chiefly  on 
prickly  ash,  Zanihoxylum  Americanum. 

No.  240. — The  Orange  Basket-worm. 

PlatcRceticus  Gloveri  Packard. 

During  the  month  of  February  this  insect  is  found  upon 
the  orange-trees  in  different  parts  of   Florida.     The  larva 
forms  an  oblong-oval  case  of  a  paper- 
FIG.  392.  like  substance,  interwoven  with  bits  of 

leaves  or  bark,  as  shown  in  Fig.  392 ; 
within  this  it  lives.  When  full  grown, 
it  is  a  little  over  half  an  inch  long,  thick 
and  fleshy,  and  varies  in  color  from  light 
brown  to  a  much  darker  shade.  The 
head  is  marked  with  dark  and  light 
wavy  lines,  and  is  protruded  from  the 
case,  along  with  the  anterior  segments, 
when  the  larva-  is  feeding  or  moving 
from  place  to  place.  The  case  of  the 
female  is  about  one-fourth  larger  than  that  of  the  male.  Both 
of  these  are  shown  in  the  figure. 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE   ORANGE. 

On  reaching  maturity,  the  case  is  suspended  from  a  leaf  or 
twig,  and  within  it  the  larva  changes  to  a  dark-brown  chrys- 
alis ;  the  chrysalis  of  the  male  works  its  way  partly  out  of 
the  case  at  the  lower  end,  where,  after  the  escape  of  the  moth, 
the  empty  pupa-skin  remains. 

The  male  moth  (Fig.  392)  is  dark  brown,  sometimes  nearly 
black,  with  delicate  wings,  small  body,  and  feathered  antennae, 
and  measures,  when  its  wings  are  spread,  about  six-tenths  of 
an  inch  across.  The  female  is  wingless,  of  a  whitish  color, 
and  transforms  within  the  case,  where,  also,  the  eggs  are  laid, 
the  young  larvaB,  when  hatched,  escaping  from  the  orifice  at 
the  lower  end.  This  insect  has  also  been  found  feeding  on 
the  leaves  of  the  fig. 

The  conspicuous  cases  constructed  by  the  larva?  are  easily 
seen,  when  they  may  be  picked  and  destroyed. 

No.  241. — The  Orange  Leaf-roller. 

Platynota  rostrana  (Walker). 

During  the  growing  season  the  edges  of  the  young  leaves 
of  orange-trees  are  often  found  rolled  up  into  a  sort  of  tube. 
These  tubes  are  formed  by  a  small,  yellowish-green  cater- 
pillar, which,  when  full  grown,  is  about  three-quarters  of 
an  inch  long,  with  a  brown  head,  and  a  polished  plate  of  the 
same  color  on  the  next  segment,  a  dark  stripe  down  the  back, 
and  an  indistinct  dark  line  along  each  side.  It  is  active  in 
its  movements,  lives  within  the  tube  it  constructs,  and  feeds 
upon  the  foliage. 

The  larva  changes  to  a  brown  chrysalis,  nearly  half  an  inch 
long,  within  the  case,  from  which  in  a  few  days  a  moth 
escapes. 

The  male  differs  from  the  female  in  the  markings  on  its 
fore  wings.  All  the  wings  of  both  sexes  have  a  ground-color 
resembling  that  of  cork,  but  the  fore  wings  of  the  male  have 
a  dark-brown  stripe  along  the  front  edge,  expanding  into  a 
large  spot  of  the  same  color  towards  the  tip  of  the  wing, 


382  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  ORANGE. 

while  the  fore  wings  of  the  female  have  minute  dark-brown 
tufts,  arranged  in  lines  more  or  less  distinct,  running  obliquely 
across  them.  The  wings  of  the  male  measure,  when  spread, 
nearly  three-quarters  of  an  inch  across ;  those  of  the  female 
are  a  little  larger.  This  leaf-roller  has  been  found  trouble- 
some in  several  localities  in  Florida.  Where  it  exists  in  such 
abundance  as  to  require  a  remedy,  hand-picking  should  be 
resorted  to,  or  the  trees  should  be  syringed  with  powdered 
hellebore  and  water,  or  Paris-green  and  water,  as  recom- 
mended under  No.  181. 

No.  242.— The  Orange-leaf  Nothris. 

Nothris  citrifoliella  Chambers. 

In  the  larval  form  this  is  a  cylindrical  yellow  caterpillar, 
with  a  black  head,  and  a  black  patch  on  the  next  segment. 
It  feeds  upon  the  half-grown  leaves  of  the  new  shoots  of  the 
orange,  fastening  them  together  with  silken  threads.  It  also 
frequently  devours  the  terminal  buds,  and  thus  materially  in- 
jures the  growth  of  the  tree.  When  full  grown,  it  is  about 
half  an  inch  long,  very  quick  in  its  movements,  and  if  dis- 
turbed lets  itself  down  from  the  twig  by  a  silken  thread,  by 
means  of  which  it  is  enabled  to  regain  its  former  position 
among  the  leaves  when  danger  is  past. 

When  ready  for  its  next  change,  the  larva  rolls  up  a  portion 
of  a  leaf,  and  spins  within  the  enclosure  a  delicate  silken 
cocoon,  in  which  it  changes  to  a  dark-brown  chrysalis.  The 
moth  is  found  late  in  August  and  early  in  September;  it 
is  of  a  grayish  ochreous  color,  the  fore  wings  streaked  with 
reddish  and  dotted  with  brown,  the  hind  wings  pale  gray 
with  a  reddish  tint.  The  body  is  ochreous,  dotted  with  dull 
red. 

Should  this  insect  at  any  time  become  so  abundant  as  to 
require  the  use  of  remedies,  those  suggested  for  No.  241  will 
be  applicable. 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   ORANGE. 


383 


Fia.  393. 


No.  243. — The  Orange  Leaf-notcher. 
Artipus  floridanus  Horn. 

This  is  a  beetle  which  is  represented  magnified  in  Fig.  393, 
the  line  below  it  indicating  the  natural  size.  It  eats  jagged 
notches  in  the  leaves  of  the 
orange,  as  shown  in  the  figure, 
disfiguring  and  injuring  the 
foliage.  It  is  about  a  quarter 
of  an  inch  long,  of  a  pale 
greenish-blue  or  copper  color, 
and  densely  clothed  with 
white  scales.  The  thorax  is 
unevenly  dotted,  and  there 
are  on  the  wing-cases  ten 
longitudinal  lines  of  dots  of 
varying  sizes,  divided  by 
slight  ridges.  The  under  side  of  the  body  and  legs  is  also 
scaly  and  hairy. 

In  some  localities  in  Florida  these  beetles  are  said  to  be 
very  abundant.  As  they  readily  drop  when  the  trees  are  jarred, 
they  may  be  easily  collected  on  sheets  spread  under  the  trees. 


Ho.  244. — The  Angular-winged  Katydid. 

Microcentrum  retinervis  Burm. 

There  is,  perhaps,  no  insect  of  large  size  so  destructive  to 
the  foliage  of  the  orange  as  this.  It  is  a  large  green  katydid, 
and  one  of  the  commonest  insects  in  the  South. 

During  the  daytime  it  is  seldom  seen,  as  it  is  then  hidden 
among  the  thick  foliage  of  trees  and  shrubs,  but  towards 
dusk  it  leaves  its  hiding-places  and  makes  the  air  resonant 
with  its  music,  which  is  produced  by  rubbing  the  wings 
against  the  thighs.  The  eggs  are  deposited  in  abundance 
upon  both  twigs  and  leaves,  as  shown  in  Fig.  394  at  1  a  and 
2  6,  overlapping  each  other.  They  are  of  a  long,  oval  form, 


FIG.  394. 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   ORANGE.  335 

and  nearly  flat.  The  young  katydids  issue  from  that  end  of 
the  egg  which  projects  beyond  the  leaf,  leaving  the  empty 
egg-shell  still  in  position  behind.  When  first  hatched,  they 
feed  only  upon  the  surface  of  the  leaf,  but  as  they  increase  in 
size  they  devour  the  whole  substance.  When  mature,  they 
acquire  wings,  which  enable  them  to  fly  readily  from  tree  to 
tree,  appearing  as  shown  at  1  in  the  figure.  From  the  head 
to  the  extremity  of  the  closed  wings,  the  full-grown  insect 
measures  about  two  and  a  half  inches.  The  outer  wings  are 
green,  with  leaf-like  veinings,  the  under  pair  of  a  paler  green, 
and  beautifully  netted;  the  antennae  are  long  and  thread-like, 
and  the  hind  legs  slender.  The  female  is  furnished  with  a 
curved  ovipositor  at  the  end  of  the  abdomen. 

Fortunately,  there  is  a  small  Chalcid  fly  parasitic  on  the 
eggs  of  this  katydid,  which,  when  mature,  is  little  more  than 
one-eighth  of  an  inch  long;  it  is  the  Eupelmus  mirabilis  of 
Walsh.  The  female,  which  is  shown  at  2,  Fig.  394,  has 
dusky  wings,  and  an  abdomen  which  she  can  elevate  over 
her  thorax  in  a  peculiar  manner.  The  male  is  represented  at 
2  a  in  the  same  figure.  The  eggs  of  this  parasite  are  placed 
within  the  eggs  of  the  katydid,  where  the  larvae  hatch  and 
undergo  their  transformations,  issuing  as  flies  from  circular 
holes  which  they  cut  through  the  egg-shells,  as  shown  at  2  6. 
A  large  proportion  of  the  eggs  of  the  katydid  are  parasitized 
by  this  insect. 

^Remedies. — Collect  the  eggs  during  the  winter  and  place 
them  in  boxes  covered  with  coarse  wire  gauze  until  spring, 
so  that  the  parasites  may  be  permitted  to  escape.  Several 
species  of  birds  are  said  to  devour  these  katydids. 

No.  245. — The  Lubber  Grasshopper. 

Romcdea  microptera  Serv. 

This  is  a  large  species  of  locust,  very  destructive  to  orange- 
leaves,  which  has  received  the  common  name  of  "  the  lubber 
grasshopper"  from  its  sluggish  habits.  When  full  grown,  it 
is  about  two  and  a  quarter  inches  long,  of  a  yellow  color,  the 

25 


386 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  ORANGE. 


wing-cases  shaded  with  rosy  pink  and  barred  and  spotted 
with  black.  The  larvaB  are  shaped  like  the  mature  insects, 
but  have  no  wings.  They  are  black,  and  are  striped  and 
banded  with  orange-yellow.  The  wings  of  the  perfect  insect 
(see  Fig.  395)  are  so  short — reaching  only  half-way  to  the 

FIG.  395. 


FIG.  396. 


extremity  of  the  abdomen — that  they  are  quite  useless  for  the 
purpose  of  flight.  Their  eggs  are  deposited  in  the  ground. 
Since  they  cannot  fly,  they  may  easily  be  destroyed  by  hand. 


No.  246. — The  Leaf-footed  Plant-bug. 

Leptoglossus  pJiyllopus  (Linn.). 

The  leaf-footed  plant-bug  is  of  a  reddish- 
brown  color,  with  a  long,  sharp  beak,  and 
a  transverse  yellowish-white  band  across  its 
wing-covers.  The  wings,  when  raised,  show 
the  body,  which  is  of  a  bright-red  color, 
with  black  spots.  The  shanks  of  the  hind 
legs  are  flattened  out  into  leaf-like  append- 
ages, as  shown  in  Fig.  396.  This  insect  is 
said  to  puncture  the  tender  shoots  and  ter- 
minal branches  of  the  orange-tree,  often 
killing  them.  It  also  injures  ripe  plums, 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE  ORANGE.  337 

by  puncturing  them  and  sucking  portions  of  their  contents. 
Notwithstanding  its  injurious  habits,  it  has  been  by  some 
writers  classed  among  beneficial  insects  as  a  destroyer  of  the 
harlequin  cabbage-bug. 


No.  247. — The  Cotton-stainer. 
Dysdercus  suturellus  H.  Schf. 

This  insect,  like  that  last  described,  belongs  to  the  order  of 
true  bugs  (Hemiptera) ;  it  is  commonly  known  as  the  red- 
bug,  or  cotton-stainer,  and  is  one  of  the  worst  pests  with  which 
the  cotton-planters  of  Florida  and  the  West  Indies  have  to 
contend.  It  injures  the  cotton  by  piercing  the  stems  and 
bolls  and  sucking  the  sap ;  but  the  principal  injury  to  the 
crop  is  occasioned  by  its  staining  the  cotton  in  the  opening 
bolls  with  its  excrement.  It  also  attacks  the  fruit  of  the 
orange,  puncturing  the  rind,  sucking  the  juice,  and  causing 
the  fruit  to  decay  and  fall  to  the  ground.  When  full  grown, 
it  is  from  six  to  seven  tenths  of  an  inch  long,  and  appears  as 
shown  in  Fig.  397,  the  thorax  triangular, 
with  its  anterior  part  red,  posterior  por- 
tion black,  all  margined  with  whitish  yellow. 
The  scutellum  is  triangular,  red,  margined 
with  pale  yellow;  the  wing-cases  are  flat, 
with  two  distinct  whitish  lines  crossing  them, 
which  intersect  each  other  near  the  centre; 
they  are  also  partly  margined  with  a  yel- 
lowish line.  The  under  side  is  bright  red,  with  yellowish- 
white  markings  on  the  edge  of  each  segment. 

Each  female  produces  about  one  hundred  oval,  amber- 
colored  eggs,  which  are  attached  in  clusters  to  the  under  side 
of  the  leaves.  The  young  bugs  are  bright  red,  with  black 
legs  and  antennae.  These  bugs  are  usually  found  in  immense 
numbers,  and  where  cotton  has  been  planted  between  the  rows 
of  orange-trees  instances  are  recorded  where  a  large  propor- 
tion of  the  oranges  have  been  destroyed.  The  mature  insects 


388  INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO   THE  ORANGE. 

often  gather  in  great  numbers  on  heaps  of  cotton-seed,  when 
they  may  be  killed  by  pouring  scalding  water  upon  them. 

No.  248, — The  Orange  Aphis. 

Siphonophora  citrifolii  Ashmead. 

In  Florida  this  species  of  plant-louse  is  very  prevalent,  and 
is  found  during  the  spring  and  summer  months  in  various 
stages  of  development,  clustering  on  the  tender  shoots  and 
branches  of  the  orange-tree.  These  lice  insert  their  beaks 
into  the  leaves  and  succulent  twigs  and  live  upon  the  sap. 
When  full  grown,  they  are  a  little  more  than  one-twentieth 
of  an  inch  long,  black  or  brownish  black,  with  plump, 
round  bodies,  long,  yellowish  antennae,  and  pale-yellow  legs. 
(See  Fig.  398,  where  they  are  shown  magnified.)  The  winged 

Fia.  398. 


specimens,  one  of  which  is  seen  in  the  figure,  are  also  black ; 
these  fly  from  one  tree  to  another  and  establish  new  colonies. 
Remedies. — Syringe  the  trees  with  strong  soap-suds  or  other 
alkaline  washes,  or  with  strong  tobacco-water.  A  number 
of  lady-birds  and  their  larvse,  also  the  larvse  of  Syrphus  flies, 
feed  on  these  lice.  Many  of  them  are  destroyed  by  a  minute 
Chalcid  fly,  which  lives  within  their  bodies.  This  friendly 
species,  Stenomesius  aphidicola  Ashmead,  is  shown,  much 
magnified,  in  Fig.  399,  where  a  represents  the  female,  and  6 
the  male.  The  short  lines  at  the  sides  indicate  their  natural 
size.  They  are  so  minute  that  as  many  as  three  of  the  perfect 
winged  flies  have  been  known  to  issue  from  the  body  of  a 
single  aphis. 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE   ORANGE.  339 

A  tiny  Ichneumon  fly,  the  red-legged  Trioxys,  Trioxys 
testaceipes  Cresson,  also  infests  this  species  of  aphis,  while  a 
third  friendly  parasite  is  a  small  Aphidius,  a  shining,  black 


FIG.  399. 


fly.  Were  it  not  for  these  predaceous  and  parasitic  insects, 
the  Aphides  would  soon  multiply  to  such  an  extent  as  to  ruin 
the  plantations. 

No.  249.— The  Rust  Mite. 
Phytoptus  oleivorus  Ashmead. 

The  rust  which  often  occurs  on  the  fruit  of  the  orange 
was  until  of  late  regarded  as  due  to  a  fungoid  growth,  but 
recent  investigators  have  shown  that  it  is  caused  by  a  very 
small,  four-legged  mite,  which  punctures  the  oil-cells,  and  the 
exuding  oil,  when  exposed  to  the  influence  of  the  atmosphere, 
soon  undergoes  a  change,  assuming  a  dark,  rusty  appearance, 
which  seriously  depreciates  the  value  of  the  fruit  for  market. 
To  the  unaided  eye  the  oranges  appear  dusty,  but  if  examined 
with  a  magnifying-glass  they  will  be  seen  covered  with  a 
multitude  of  mites  of  a  whitish-flesh  color. 

A  weak  alkaline  wash  applied  to  the  fruit  would  doubtless 
destroy  these  mites. 

Another  rust,  known  as  "  the  black  smut,"  often  spreads 


390 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   ORANGE. 


over  both  leaves  and  fruit,  making  them  appear  very  unsightly. 
This  is  a  minute  fungous  growth,  known  under  the  name  of 
Fumago  salicina  Farlow,  but  it  is  believed  by  some  to  result 
from  the  punctures  of  insects,  causing  an  exudation,  on  which 
the  fungus  thrives. 

As  a  remedy,  use  an  alkaline  solution  of  soap  as  strong  as 
the  tree  will  bear  without  injury. 

No.  250. — The  Purple  Scale. 

Mytilaspis  citricola  Packard. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  common  and  injurious  species  of 
scale-insect  found  in  Florida.     It  is  confined  mainly  to  the 

FIG.  400. 


leaves  and  fruit  of  the  orange,  and  sometimes  disfigures  the 
latter  to  such  an  extent  as  to  make  it  unfit  for  market,  yet 
it  is  often  seen  on  fruit  offered  for  sale.  The  scale  of  the 
female  is  shown  empty  at  a  in  Fig.  400,  and  occupied  by 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   ORANGE.  391 

the  insect  at  6,  both  highly  magnified.  It  is  long,  narrow, 
more  or  less  curved  and  widened  posteriorly,  varying  in 
color  from  dark  purple  to  reddish -brown,  the  enclosed  insect 
being  yellowish  white.  That  of  the  male,  shown  at  c,  also 
magnified,  resembles  the  female  scale  in  form,  but  is  nearly 
straight,  and  may  be  at  once  distinguished  by  its  smaller 
size.  In  color  it  is  much  the  same  as  the  female  scale,  but  is 
sometimes  darker,  occasionally  dark  brown  or  almost  black. 
On  the  leaf  in  the  figure  these  scales  are  shown  of  the  natural 
size. 

The  eggs,  which  number  from  eighteen  to  twenty-five  under 
each  scale,  are  white,  and  are  arranged  irregularly,  as  shown 
at  b.  They  hatch  in  Florida  about  the  middle  of  March, 
producing  lice  of  the  form  shown  at  6  in  figure  401,  but  so 
small  as  to  be  scarcely  visible  without  a  magnifying-glass. 
They  are  of  a  white  color,  yellowish  at  both  ends,  and  have 
red  eyes.  For  a  very  brief  period  after  hatching  they  are 
active;  then  they  fix  themselves  to  one  spot,  where  they  remain 
stationary  for  the  rest  of  their  lives.  Within  a  few  days  there 
is  secreted  over  the  body  of  the  young  louse  a  covering  of 
fine  cottony  filaments,  which,  together  with  the  skins  shed 
from  time  to  time  as  the  insect  increases  in  size,  are  eventually 
formed  into  scales,  as  shown  in  the  figure.  The  male  develops 
into  a  winged  fly  (see  a,  Fig.  401)  which  is  red,  with  long, 

hairy  antennas  and  transparent  wings ;  but 

%,  .  .  1.  FIG.  401. 

the  female  remains   within   the  scale  and 

dies  there. 

This  scale-insect  is  said  to  have  been 
imported  from  Bermuda  on  some  lemons 
sent  to  Florida.  Besides  the  lady-birds 
and  other  predaceous  insects  which  attack 
all  scale-insects,  and  which  will  be  referred 
to  in  detail  under  "Remedies,"  this  one  has  some  special 
foes.  A  small  mite,  Tyroglyphus  Gloveri  Ashmead,  is  very 
useful  in  destroying  it.  The  eggs  of  the  mite  are  laid  in 
December,  in  clusters  of  two  or  three  hundred  each,  on  the 


392  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE   ORANGE. 

under  side  of  orange  leaves,  close  to  the  veins ;  they  are  of 
a  reddish-yellow  color,  and  about,  one  five-hundredth  of  an 
inch  long.  Early  in  the  year  there  hatch  from  them  tiny 
blood-red  mites  having  six  legs,  and  four  oval  black  spots  on 
the  hinder  part  of  the  abdomen.  In  three  or  four  weeks 
these  transform  to  eight-legged  mites  of  a  paler  shade  of  red, 
which  is  the  mature  form. 

A  small,  four- winged  fly,  one-fiftieth  of  an  inch  long,  de- 
scribed   as    "the    blue     yellow- 
FIG.  402.  cloaked  Chalcid,"  Signiphora  fla- 

vopalliatus  Ashmead,  has  been 
found  in  considerable  numbers 
destroying  the  eggs  of  this  scale. 
Fig.  402  shows  this  fly,  highly 
magnified.  Its  body  is  bluish 
black,  with  a  yellow  crescent- 
shaped  patch  behind  the  head; 
the  wings  are  transparent  and  fringed  with  fine  hairs. 


No.  251. — The  Long  Scale. 

Mytilaspis  Gloveri  Packard. 

The  second  most  common  scale-insect  on  the  orange-trees 
in  Florida  is  the  species  now  under  consideration.  It  is 
closely  allied  to  No.  250,  but  differs  from  it  in  that  the 
female  scale  is  much  narrower,  and  generally  of  a  paler 
color,  its  usual  tint  being  pale  brownish  yellow,  varying 
occasionally  to  dark  brown.  A  back  view  of  the  female 
scale  is  shown  at  a  in  Fig.  403,  a  front  view  at  c,  while 
the  male  scale  is  represented  at  6, — all  magnified;  on  the 
leaf  and  twig  are  shown  many  scales  of  the  natural  size. 
The  female  insect,  under  the  scale,  is  of  a  light-purple  hue, 
with  the  terminal  segment  yellowish.  The  eggs  are  white 
when  first  laid,  but  become  tinged  with  purple  before  hatch- 
ing ;  they  are  arranged  regularly  in  a  double  row,  as  shown 
at  c  in  the  figure.  The  newly-hatched  lice  are  purplish, 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   ORANGE. 


393 


and  resemble  No.  250,  as  shown  at  6,  Fig.   401.      They 
are  active  for  a  brief  period,  and  then  settle  permanently  in 


FIG.  403. 


one  spot,  where  they  remain  stationary.  The  male  insect  is 
a  very  minute  fly,  which  is  shown,  highly  magnified,  in  Fig. 
404.  It  has  long  antenna?  and  two  transparent  wings. 

This  species  is  found  on  trees  of  the  Citrus  family 
throughout  Florida,  also  in  Louisiana,  infesting  the  twigs 
and  branches,  and  finally  the  leaves,  but  rarely  the  trunk. 
There  are  three  broods  in  a  season.  It  is  said  to  have  been 
imported  from  China,  and  has  since  been  disseminated  by 
the  distribution  of  infested  nursery  stock  and  by  the  fruit 
itself. 

This  insect  also  has  some  special  parasites;  one,  a  tiny 
four- winged  fly,  Aphelinus  aspidioticola  Ashmead,  is  about 
one-fiftieth  of  an  inch  long,  of  a  light-brownish  color,  with 


394 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   ORANGE. 


fringed  wings.     (See  Fig.  405.)     It  lays  aii  egg  under  each 
scale,  the  larva  from  which  is  a  white,  fleshy,  footless  grub, 


FIG.  404. 


FIG.  405. 


that  feeds  upon  the  eggs.     By  the  time  it  has  consumed 
them  all  it  has  reached  full  growth,  when  it  changes  to  a 

pupa,  and,  after  remaining  in 
this  condition  a  few  days,  the 
fly  escapes  by  eating  a  passage 
through  the  top  of  the  scale. 
Where  this  parasite  does  not 
occur,  it  may  be  introduced  with 
advantage  by  taking  into  the 
locality  branches  infested  with 
scales  which  are  known  to  have 
been  parasitized.  This  useful  insect  destroys  immense  num- 
bers of  the  scales,  and  is  doubtless  one  of  the  chief  natural 
agencies  provided  to  check  their  undue  increase. 

A  species  of  mite,  Oribate-s  aspidioti  Ashmead,  has  been 
found  feeding  on  the  eggs  of  this  scale-insect.  It  is  about 
one-fiftieth  of  an  inch  long,  of  an  elongated,  flattened  form 
and  a  dark  reddish-brown  color. 


^ 

~i 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE   ORANGE.  395 


No.  252. — The  Red  Scale  of  California. 

Aspidiotus  aurantii  Maskell. 

The  female  scale  of  this  species  is  quite  translucent,  its 
apparent  grayish   color   depending   on   that  of   the   insect 


beneath,  which  varies  from  a  light  greenish  yellow  to  a 
bright  reddish  brown,  and  when  the  female  is  fully  grown 
the  form  of  its  dark  body  shows  distinctly  through  the 
transparent  covering,  as  represented  at  b  in  Fig.  406.  The 
scale  of  the  male,  shown  at  c  in  the  figure,  resembles  that  of 


n 


396  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE   ORANGE. 

the  female,  but  is  only  one-fourth  the  size,  the  posterior  side 
being  prolonged  into  a  flap,  which  is  quite  thin.  The  scales 
are  represented  of  the  natural  size  on  the  leaf  and  twig. 
The  perfect  male  insect,  which  is  winged,  as  shown,  highly 
magnified,  at  a  in  Fig.  406,  is  light  yellow,  with  a  brown 
band  on  the  thorax,  and  purplish- black  eyes.  The  eggs  are 
of  an  ovoid  form  and  bright-yellow  color,  from  twenty  to 
forty  being  found  under  each  scale. 

This  species  appears  to  confine  itself  to  the  trees  belonging 
to  the  Citrus  family,  and  infests  the  trunk,  limbs,  leaves,  and 
fruit,  sometimes  covering  the  latter  to  such  an  extent  as  to 
render  it  unfit  for  market.  Where  these  insects  are  very 
numerous,  the  leaves  turn  yellow,  and  sometimes  drop  from 
the  trees.  In  Southern  California  there  are  five  or  six  broods 
during  the  year;  hence  it  is  spreading  with  great  rapidity, 
and  is  perhaps  more  to  be  dreaded  than  any  other  scale-insect 
in  this  country.  Many  groves  in  Los  Angeles  and  in  other 
sections  of  Southern  California  have  been  seriously  injured 
by  it.  The  orange-groves  in  Australia  have  suffered  from 
the  same  pest. 

No.  253. — The  Circular  Scale. 

Aspidiotus  ficus  Riley. 

This  is  known  as  the  red  scale  of  Florida.  In  Fig.  407 
the  scales  are  shown  of  the  natural  size  on  the  leaves  of  an 
orange-tree ;  a,  the  scale  of  the  female ;  b,  that  of  the  male ; 
c,  the  young  larva;  e  and/,  different  stages  in  the  formation 
of  the  scale ;  all  these  are  highly  magnified.  Thus  far  it  has 
been  found  only  in  the  orange-groves  of  Florida.  It  mul- 
tiplies with  great  rapidity,  and  infests  indiscriminately  the 
limbs,  leaves,  and  fruit. 

The  scale  of  the  female  (a)  is  circular,  and  varies  from 
a  light  to  a  dark  reddish-brown  color,  with  a  gray  margin ; 
that  of  the  male  (b)  is  about  one-fourth  the  size  of  the  female 
scale,  and  of  a  dark  reddish  brown,  with  a  white  centre,  and 
is  prolonged  into  a  thin  flap,  of  a  grayish  color. 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE  ORANGE. 


397 


The  eggs  are  pale  yellow,  and  the  newly-hatched  larvae, 
shown  at  c  in  the  figure,  are  broadly  oval  in  outline,  and  are 
each  provided  with  six  legs,  a  pair  of  antennae,  and  a  beak 


for  suction.  They  appear  as  small  specks,  scarcely  visible  to 
the  unaided  eye ;  at  first  they  are  quite  active,  but,  having 
selected  a  location,  soon  fix  themselves  permanently  to  one 
spot.  In  a  short  time  they  secrete  over  their  bodies  fine 


398  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE  ORANGE. 

threads  of  wax,  which  are  cottony  in  appearance.  Soon  a 
small,  white,  convex  scale  takes  the  place  of  this  cottony 
coating,  which  is  depressed  in  the  centre.  (See  d,  Fig.  407.) 
The  scales  gradually  increase  in  size,  and  as  they  approach 
maturity  there  is  secreted  on  the  female  scale  a  mass  of 
cottony  threads,  which  increases  in  quantity  until  it  some- 

FIG.  408. 


times  extends  in  a  curved  form,  as  shown  at  /,  to  a  length 
five  times  the  diameter  of  the  scale.  In  the  figure  all  the 
illustrations  are  highly  magnified,  except  the  leaves  with  the 
scales  on  them,  which  are  of  the  natural  size. 

The  male  is  furnished  with  a  single  pair  of  large,  trans- 
parent wings,  which  enable  it  to  fly  readily.  It  is  shown, 
highly  magnified,  in  Fig.  408. 

No.  254,— The  White  Scale. 
Aspidiotus  nerii  Boueh6. 

This  scale  is  found  on  the  orange  and  lemon  trees,  par- 
ticularly in  Southern  California  and  in  Florida,  where  it  also 
infests  a  number  of  other  trees  and  plants,  but  especially  the 
acacia- tree.  In  Fig.  409  a  twig  of  acacia  is  figured  infested 
with  this  scale.  The  female  scale  is  flat,  whitish  or  light 
gray  in  color,  and  when  mature  is  only  about  one-twelfth  of 
an  inch  in  diameter.  The  eggs  are  of  a  light-yellow  color. 
The  scale  of  the  female  is  shown  at  c  in  the  figure;  the  male 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO   THE   ORANGE. 


399 


scale  at  6,  both  magnified  ;  the  latter  is  slightly  elongated 
in  form,  of  a  white  color,  with  a  tinge  of  yellow,  and  is  about 
one  twenty-fifth  of  an  inch  in  diameter. 


The  winged  male,  which  is  a  very  minute  creature,  is 
shown,  highly  magnified,  at  a  in  the  figure;  it  is  yellow, 
mottled  with  reddish  brown ;  wings  transparent. 


400  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   ORANGE. 

No.  255.— The  Ribbed  Scale. 

Icerya  purckasi  Maskell. 

The  adult  female  of  this  species  of  Coccus  is  covered  by 
an  egg-sac,  which  is  of  a  pale-yellowish  color,  longitudinally 
ribbed,  a  little  longer  than  the  body  of  the  insect,  and  filled 
with  a  loose,  white,  cottony  matter  containing  the  eggs.  A 
cluster  of  these  sacs  is  shown  in  Fig.  410,  of  the  natural  size; 

the  enclosed  insect  is  of  a 
dark  orange-red  color,  with 
black  antenna?  and  legs,  its 
back  being  covered  more  or 
less  with  a  white  or  yellow- 
ish-white powder. 

The  eggs  are  said  to  num- 
ber from  two  hundred  to  five 
hundred  in  each  cluster,  and 
are  of  a  pale-red  color.  The 
newly-hatched  larva  is  red- 
dish or  brownish,  with  long 
and  slender  legs.  As  it  grows 
it  gradually  changes,  becom- 
ing darker  in  color  and  irreg- 
ular in  outline,  and  it  soon  begins  to  excrete  tufts  of  waxy 
matter  along  the  back  and  sides,  following  which  long,  semi- 
transparent  filaments  appear. 

These  insects  first  attack  the  leaves,  usually  along  the 
midrib,  and  afterwards  migrate  to  the  twigs  and  branches, 
and  sometimes  attach  themselves  to  the  trunk.  They  spread 
with  amazing  rapidity  on  orange  and  lime  trees,  the  trunks 
and  limbs  of  which  are  sometimes  so  completely  covered 
with  them  as  to  appear  white ;  the  leaves  turn  yellow  and 
sickly,  and  if  no  remedial  measures  are  adopted  the  trees 
sometimes  die.  The  insect  has  been  found  very  destructive 
at  Santa  Barbara,  where  it  has  probably  been  introduced  with 
plants  from  Australia. 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE   ORANGE. 


401 


FIG.  411. 


No.  256.— The  Chaff  Scale. 
Parlatoria  Pergandii  Comstock. 

In  this  species  the  scale  of  the  female  varies  in  form, 
being  sometimes  nearly  circular,  but  more  usually  somewhat 
elongated,  of  a  dull-gray  color,  and  thin  in  its  structure.  It 
resembles  the  bark  so  closely  in  tint  that  it  often  escapes 
detection.  In  length  it  is  about  one-sixteenth  of  an  inch ; 
the  enclosed  insect  is  nearly  as  broad 
as  long.  These  insects  vary  greatly  in 
color,  some  being  almost  white,  with 
the  extremity  of  the  body  slightly  yel- 
low ;  others  are  entirely  yellow,  while 
some  are  purplish,  with  the  end  of  the 
body  yellow.  The  eyes  are  black. 
Scales  of  both  sexes  are  shown,  magnified,  in  Fig.  411,  a,  b. 
The  eggs  and  young  larvae  are  purplish.  The  scale  of  the 
male  (6)  is  about  one  twenty-fifth  of  an  inch  long,  and  nai- 
row ;  its  color  is  gray,  darker  and  greenish  about  the  middle. 

The  mature  winged  in- 
sect is  shown  in  Fig.  412,  FlG-  412- 
much  magnified;  it  is  pur- 
plish in  color,  with  the  disk 
of  the  thorax  pale  and 
irregularly  marked  with 
purplish  spots.  The  eyes 
are  large  and  very  dark. 
There  are  several  broods 
of  these  insects  during  a 
season,  and  the  scales  may 

be  found  at  any  time  on  the  bark  of  the  trunk  and  branches 
of  the  orange-trees,  and  to  a  less  extent  on  the  leaves  and 
fruit.  They  have  been  called  chaff  scales,  from  their  resem- 
blance to  fine  chaff  or  bran. 


402 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   ORANGE. 


FIG.  413. 


No.  257. — The  Barnacle  Scale. 

Ceroplastes  cirripediformis  Comstook. 

The  color  of  this  scale  varies  from  grayish  to  light  brown, 

divided  by  lines  into  regular 
segments,  as  shown  at  a  in 
Fig.  413,  where  one  of  these 
scales  is  represented  magni- 
fied. The  enclosed  insect  is 
subglobular  in  form,  and  of 
a  dark  reddish-brown  color. 

The  eggs  are  light  reddish 
brown,  and  rather  long  and 
slender;  the  larva  is  dark 
brown,  and  very  slender  in 
form.  It  is  at  first  active 
for  a  brief  period,  then  settles 
in  one  spot,  where  it  becomes 
stationary,  and  soon  secretes 
over  its  body  tufts  of  cottony 
filaments,  which  are  finally 
condensed  to  a  waxy  con- 
sistence, forming  part  of  the 
scale  with  which  the  insect  is 
covered. 

This  scale  is  found  in  sev- 
eral localities  in  Florida  on 
both  orange  and  quince  trees  ; 
it  is  also  found  on  a  native  plant,  a  species  of  Eupatorium. 

No.  258. — The  Florida  Ceroplastes. 

Ceroplastes  Floridensis  Comstock. 

This  scale  is  at  first  white ;  afterwards  it  becomes  pink- 
ish, growing  redder  or  brownish  in  the  middle,  dull  white 
towards  the  edges,  some  specimens  being  irregularly  mottled 
with  brownish  and  yellowish  white,  the  top  ornamented  with 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   ORANGE. 


403 


FIG.  414. 


lines  and  dots,  as  shown  at  b  in  Fig.  414.     The  eggs,  which 
often  number  a  hundred  under  a  single  scale,  vary  in  color 

from  yellow  to  light 
reddish  brown,  and 
are  nearly  oval  in 
form.  The  young 
louse  is  of  a  simi- 
lar color,  very  ac- 
tive, and  when  first 
hatched  appears  as 
shown  in  Fig.  415, 
where  it  is  much 
enlarged.  It  crawls 
about  briskly  for 
half  an  hour  or 
more,  then  settles 

FIG.  415. 


on  some  spot,  inserts  its  proboscis,  and  remains  permanently 
fixed.  Within  a  few  days  the  limbs  are  drawn  under  the 
body,  and  white,  cottony  tufts  are  secreted  from  the  surface; 
these  gradually  condense,  forming  waxy  plates,  which  cover 
and  protect  the  insect  beneath.  The  scales  are  shown  of 
their  natural  size,  on  a  branch  of  ilex,  in  Fig.  414 ;  a  young 
female  scale  is  shown  at  o,  and  a  mature  one  at  6,  both 
enlarged. 

This  scale  is  common  on  the  orange,  lemon,  and  other  trees 


404  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE   ORANGE. 

of  the  Citrus  family  in  Florida ;  also  on  the  fig,  pomegranate, 
guava,  quince,  Japan  plum,  red  bay,  oleander,  and  sweet  bay, 
and  is  very  abundant  on  the  gall-berry,  Hex  glabra.  It  is  re- 
ferred to  in  W.  H.  Ash  mead's  "  Treatise  on  Orange  Insects" 
under  the  name  of  the  white  scale,  Ceroplastes  rusd  Linn. 
There  are  three  broods  during  the  year :  the  first  appear  in 
April  and  May,  the  second  from  the  middle  to  the  end  of 
July,  and  the  third  during  the  first  two  weeks  in  September. 
They  increase  with  marvellous  rapidity,  but  are  preyed  on 
by  a  species  of  Chalcid  fly  and  by  other  insect  enemies. 

No.  259.— The  Broad  Scale. 

Lecanium  hesperidum  Linn. 
416.  Of  all  the  bark-lice 

here  treated  of,  few  are 
so  common,  and  none  so 
widely  distributed,  as 
this  species.  It  is  found 
in  abundance  from 
Washington  southward 
to  Florida,  also  in  Utah 
and  California,  on  the 
twigs  of  orange  and 
other  trees,  shrubs,  and 
plants ;  but,  having  so 
many  different  food- 
plants,  it  is  not  so  de- 
structive to  the  orange 
as  are  some  others  which 
confine  their  attacks  to 
trees  of  the  Citrus  family. 
The  scale  is  brown,  some- 
times  quite  dark,  and  is 
represented  of  its  natu- 
ral size  on  the  stem  of 
the  twig  in  Fig.  416.  It  is  one  of  the  largest  scales  found 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   ORANGE. 


405 


FIQ.  417. 


on  the  orange ;  it  is  of  an  elongated,  oval  form,  and  highly 
convex.  The  enclosed  insect  is  yellow,  inclining  to  brown, 
of  an  elongated,  oval  form,  nearly  flat,  smooth,  and  shining. 

The  young  larva  (see  Fig.  417)  is  of  a  long,  oval  form,  of 
a  yellowish  color,  with  two  long  thread-like  fila- 
ments extending  from  the  hind  segment. 

This  bark-louse  is  much  infested  by  parasites,  no 
less  than  three  distinct  species  having  been  bred 
from  the  scales. 

The  first  of  these,  Coccophagus  cognatus  Howard 
(see  Fig.  418),  is  a  very  small,  four-winged  fly,  the 
female  of  which,  when  its  wings  are  spread,  measures  about 
one-twelfth  of  an  inch,  the  male  about  one-sixteenth.     The 


FIG.  418. 


FIG.  419. 


body  is  of  a  dark-brown  color,  with  yellow  markings ;  the 
wings  are  transparent. 

In  Fig.  419  is  shown  another  of  the  parasites  of  this  scale- 
insect,  known  as  Comys  bicolor  Howard,  a  small  fly,  which 
measures,  when  its  wings  are  expanded,  nearly  one-eighth  of 
an  inch  across.  The  fore  wings  are  dusky  brown  on  their 
outer  two  thirds,  the  inner  portion  nearly  transparent,  with  a 
brownish  streak  ;  the  hind  wings  are  nearly  transparent.  The 
body  is  black,  the  thorax  brown,  with  black  hairs.  This  in- 
sect has  been  found  very  abundant  in  Washington,  destroying 


406  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  GRANGE. 

large  quantities  of  the  broad  scale-insects  which   occur  in 
multitudes  on  the  English  ivy  grown  there. 

Both  sexes  of  a  third  parasite,  Encyrtus  flavus  Howard, 
are  shown  in  Fig.  420,  a  representing  the  male,  b  the  female. 

FIG.  420. 


The  wings  of  the  former  measure,  when  spread,  about  one- 
eighth  of  an  inch ;  those  of  the  latter,  one-tenth  of  an  inch. 
The  basal  third  of  the  fore  wings  of  the  female  is  trans- 
parent, the  middle  third  dusky  brown,  crossed  by  a  clear 
transverse  band ;  the  outer  third  is  also  dusky  brown,  with 
two  large,  wedge-shaped,  transparent  spots  entering  it,  one 
from  each  side.  The  hind  wings  are  nearly  transparent ;  the 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE   ORANGE. 


407 


body  is  ochre-yellow,  with  brown  markings.  The  male  is 
of  a  shining  metallic-green  color,  with  yellow  markings;  the 
wings  are  transparent.  This  parasite  has  been  bred  from 
orange-trees  in  Southern  California.  All  these  parasites  are 
shown  highly  magnified. 

No.  260.— The  Black  Scale  of  California. 

Lecanium  olece  Bernard. 

In  France,  where  this  scale  is  also  found,  it  chiefly  affects 
the  olive-tree,  but  in  California  it  has  been  found  on  a 
great  variety  of  trees,  and  has  become  a  serious  enemy  to 

FIG.  421. 


orange-culture,  being  perhaps  more  generally  distributed  on 
the  orange-trees  in  that  State  than  any  other  species  of  scale- 


408 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   ORANGE. 


FIG.  422. 


insect.  Besides  the  orange,  lemon,  and  other  members  of  the 
Citrus  family,  it  is  found  on  the  olive,  pear,  apricot,  plum, 
pomegranate,  apple,  and  a  number  of  other  trees,  shrubs,  and 
plants.  The  scales  are  usually  found  on  the  smaller  twigs. 
In  Fig.  421  they  are  shown,  of  the  natural  size,  on  an  olive- 
twig;  and  at  a  in  the  same  figure  a  scale  is  shown  mag- 
nified. The  scales 
are  blackish  brown, 
marked  with  ridges 
and  indentations,  as 
indicated  in  the  fig- 
ure. The  eggs  are 
of  a  long,  oval  form 
and  yellow  color. 
The  male,  though 
diligently  sought 
for,  has  not  yet  been 
discovered. 

In  Fig.  422  is 
shown  the  male,  and 
in  Fig.  423  the 
female  (both  en- 
larged), of  a  very 
interesting  little  fly, 
Tomocera  Califor- 
nica  Howard,  which 
is  a  parasite  on  this 
black  scale.  The 
wings,  which  are 
transparent  in  both 
sexes,  measure,when 
spread,  a  little  more  than  one-eighth  of  an  inch  across.  Its 
general  color  is  deep  blue-black,  with  a  metallic  lustre  and 
brown  markings.  The  male  may  be  distinguished  from  the 
female  by  its  shorter  body  and  peculiar  antenna!.  This  para- 
site is  so  abundant  in  some  sections  that  as  large  a  proportion 


FIG.  423. 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE   ORANGE. 


409 


as  seventy-five  per  cent,  of  the  scales  have  been  known  to  be 
destroyed  by  it.  The  female  fly  pierces  the  scale  and  deposits 
in  it  a  single  egg.  When  hatched,  the  larva  feeds  upon  the 
eggs  and  young  of  the  bark-louse,  and  later  upon  the  mother 
also.  When  full  grown,  it  is  nearly  one-sixth  of  an  inch 
long,  broad,  becoming  narrower  towards  the  head,  of  a  trans- 
parent white  color  tinged  with  blackish  from  the  alimentary 
canal  showing  through.  The. larva  changes  to  a  pupa  within 
the  scale,  which  at  first  is  white,  but  soon  becomes  darker  in 
color;  the  fly,  on  escaping,  makes  its  exit  through  a  round 
hole  which  it  cuts  in  the  back  of  the  scale. 

No.  261. — The  Hemispherical  Scale. 

Lecanium  hemisphcericum  Targioni. 


Fig.  424  represents 
this  scale,  of  its  natural 
size,  on  orange  leaves, 
and  a  magnified  one  at 
a.  It  varies  in  color 
from  light  to  dark  brown, 
and  is  occasionally  tinged 
with  reddish  when  ma- 
ture. In  shape  it  is 
hemispherical,  with  the 
edges  flattened,  its  form 
varying  somewhat  in 
different  situations;  upon 
a  rounded  twig  it  be- 
comes less  hemispheri- 
cal, more  elongated,  and 
its  flattened  edges  are 
bent  downwards,  clasp- 
ing the  twig. 

The  eggs  are  yellow- 
ish white,  smooth,  and 
shining.  The  newly- 


FIG.  424. 


410 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   ORANGE. 


hatched  larvae  are  very  active,  and  even  the  adult  insect  can 
crawl  from  one  point  to  another  with  apparent  ease,  carrying 
the  scale  with  it. 

This  scale  has  been  found  on  orange-trees  near  Santa  Bar- 
bara, and  doubtless  exists  in  other  localities  also.  In  green- 
houses it  attacks  not  only  the  orange  but  many  other  plants. 


FIG.  425. 


No.  262.—  The  Common  Mealy-bug. 

Dactylopius  adonidum  Linn. 

The  insects  known  under  the  name  of  mealy-bugs  form  no 
scale,  and  are  not  always  stationary,  having  the  power  of 
moving  from  one  place  to  another;  but,  since  they  require  the 
same  treatment  as  scale-insects,  it  will  be  convenient  to  treat 
of  them  here.  This  species  of  mealy-bug  is  common  in 
green-houses  throughout  the  civilized  world.  The  female 
is  represented  magnified  in  Fig.  425, 
with  most  of  the  mealy  matter  re- 
moved. When  full  grown,  it  is  about 
one-eighth  of  an  inch  long,  white,  with 
a  tinge  of  yellow,  a  brown  band  upon 
the  middle  of  the  back,  and  its  whole 
body  powdered  with  white,  floury- 
looking  material.  The  sides  and  ex- 
tremities of  the  body  are  armed  with 
spines.  The  larva,  which  varies  in 
size  according  to  its  age,  is  of  the  same 
form,  but  flatter. 

The  male  is  a  small  winged  insect, 
much  resembling  that  of  No.  263. 

In  Florida  it  attacks  the  orange, 
guava,  grape-vine,  and  pineapple,  and  prevails  to  such  an 
extent  that  it  is  said  few  orange-trees  have  escaped  its 
ravages  except  those  in  the  interior  and  southern  parts  of 
the  State. 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE  ORANGE. 


411 


FIG.  42fi 


No.  263. — The  Destructive  Mealy-bug. 

Dactylopius  destructor  Comstock. 

The  name  destructor  has  been  proposed  for  this  species  of 
mealy-bug  on  account  of  the  injury  done  by  it  to  orange-trees 
in  Florida,  where  it  is  one  of  the  most  serious  insect  pests 
with  which  the  orange-grower  has  to 
contend.     The  adult  female,  which 
is  shown  magnified  in  Fig.  426,  is 
about  one-sixth  of  an  inch    long, 
and   half  that   in  width,  and    has 
seventeen    lateral    appendages    on 
each    side,   which    are   nearly  uni- 
form in  length.     There  is  a  slight 
powdery  secretion  distributed  over 
the  body.     The  female  begins  lay- 
ing her  eggs  in  a  cottony  mass  at 

the  extremity  of  the  abdomen  before  she  attains  full  growth, 
and  the  egg-mass  increases  with  her  growth,  gradually  forcing 
the  hinder  portion  of  the  body  upwards,  until  finally  she 
appears  as  if  almost  standing  on  her  head. 

The  eggs  are  rather  long, 
and  of  a  bright  straw-color, 
and,  soon  after  hatching, 
the  young  larvae,  which  are 
rather  brighter  in  color 
than  the  egg,  spread  in  all 
directions,  settling  prefer- 
ably along  the  midrib,  on 
the  under  side  of  the  leaves, 
or  in  the  forks  of  the  young 
twigs,  where  they  form  large 
colonies,  closely  packed  to- 
gether. The  young  are  only  slightly  covered  with  white 
powder. 

The  male,  which  is  represented  highly  magnified  in  Fig. 


FIG.  427. 


412 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE  ORANGE. 


FIG.  428. 


427,  is  furnished  with  two  transparent  wings,  which,  when 
spread,  measure  rather  less  than  one-eighth  of  an  inch  across. 

Its  body  is  olive- 
brown;  the  eyes  are 
dark  red. 

The  four-winged 
fly  shown,  much  mag- 
nified, in  Fig.  428, 
the  natural  size  of 
which  is  indicated  by 
the  short  lines  on  the 
left  of  the  figure,  is 
a  parasite  on  this 
mealy-bug,  known  as 
Encyrtus  inquisitor 
Howard.  Its  body 

is  smooth,  of  a  shining  black,  and  the  transparent  wings  are 
partly  obscured  by  dusky  markings,  as  shown  in  the  figure. 


No.  264.— The  Mealy-bug  with  Long  Threads. 

Dactylopius  longifilis  Comstock. 

In  this  species  the  adult  female  is  nearly  one-fifth  of  an 
inch  long,  of  a  light  dull-yellow  color,  its  body  being  cov- 
ered with  a  whitish  powder.  In  Fig.  429  it  is  represented 
magnified.  The  lateral  appendages,  which  are  seventeen  in 
number,  are  long,  the  posterior  ones  on  each  side  being  very 
long,  equalling,  and  sometimes  exceeding,  the  entire  length 
of  the  body.  In  the  larval  state  the  male  and  the  female 
are  very  much  alike,  but  as  they  approach  maturity  striking 
diiferences  appear.  The  female  surrounds  herself  with 
cottony  material,  amid  which  the  young  cluster  for  some 
time  after  birth.  The  male  larva  forms  for  itself  a  little 
cottony  sac  or  cocoon,  in  which  it  changes  to  a  pupa,  from 
which  the  winged  insect  is  produced.  This  is  shown,  much 
magnified,  in  Fig.  430.  The  wings,  which  are  transparent, 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE   ORANGE. 


413 


measure,  when  spread,  about  one-tenth  of  an  inch  across. 
The  body  is  brown  ;  the  eyes  are  dull  red. 


FIG.  429. 


FIG.  430. 


REMEDIES. 

In  treating  of  the  remedies  for  scale-insects  and  mealy- 
bugs, those  provided  by  nature  will  first  claim  our  atten- 
tion. Under  the  several  species  discussed,  reference  has  been 
made  to  the  parasitic  flies  which  destroy  them,  as  these  are 
often  limited  in  their  attacks  to  one  species.  The  preda- 
ceous  insects,  which  feed  on  them  indiscriminately,  will  now 
claim  attention ;  these  consist  mainly  of  various  species  of 
lady-birds.  These  useful  insects  vary  in  size,  and  are  usually 
red,  yellow,  or  black,  with  spots  of  one  or  the  other  of  these 
colors.  Some  of  them  are  found  from  the  Atlantic  to  the 
Pacific,  such  as  the  nine-spotted  lady-bird,  Fig.  123;  the 
plain  lady-bird,  Fig.  125;  the  convergent  lady-bird,  Fig. 
128;  the  spotted  lady-bird,  Fig.  129;  and  the  twice-stabbed 
lady-bird,  Fig.  33.  Those  which  follow  are  restricted  to  the 
Pacific  coast,  or  are  more  abundant  there.  Lady-birds,  both 
in  their  larval  and  in  their  perfect  state,  devour  scale-insects, 
mealy-bugs,  and  aphides. 


414  INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO    THE   ORANGE. 

The  Ashy-gray  Lady-bird, 

Cycloneda  abdominalis  (Say). 

This  is  a  small-sized  lady-bird,  which  is  often  found  in 
abundance  on  infested  orange-trees.  Its  larva  also  is  very 
common,  and,  when  full  grown,  measures  about  four-tenths 
of  an  inch  long.  It  is  black,  variegated  with  orange,  yellow, 
and  greenish  white,  and  is  shown,  magnified,  at  Fig.  431,  a. 

When  about  to  transform  to  a  pupa,  the  larva  attaches  the 
end  of  its  abdomen  to  a  leaf,  when  shortly  the  skin,  splitting 
at  the  back  of  the  head,  gradually  shrivels  up  towards  the 
posterior  end,  revealing  the  pupa,  as  shown  in  the  figure  at  b. 
This  is  of  a  whitish  color,  tinged  in  some  parts  with  yellow- 
ish, and  ornamented  with  black  spots. 

FIG.  431. 


The  beetle  is  ashy  gray,  with  seven  black  spots  on  the 
thorax,  and  eight  upon  each  wing-cover,  arranged  as  shown 
at  c  in  Fig.  431,  where  the  insect  is  represented  magnified, 
the  smaller  figure  at  the  side  indicating  the  natural  size. 

The  Blood-red  Lady-bird. 

Cycloneda  sanguinea  (Linn.). 

The  blood -red  lady-bird  is  not  so  common  as  the  species 
last  described,  but  is  nevertheless  very  useful.  The  larva  is 
without  spines,  flattened  in  form,  and  ornamented  with  trans- 
verse yellow  bands  and  black  spots ;  it  is  most  common  in  the 
spring,  when  it  is  exceedingly  voracious  and  active. 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  ORANGE. 


415 


FIG.  432. 


The  pupa  is  shown  magnified  at  a,  in  Fig.  432.  It  is 
about  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long,  of  a  broad,  oval  form,  and 
of  a  dull-yellow  color,  with  orange  and  black  markings. 

The  beetle,  which  is 
represented  magnified  at 
b,  and  of  the  natural  size 
at  c,  in  the  figure,  is  almost 
hemispherical  in  form, 
and  red,  varying  in  the 
depth  of  its  hue  from  a 
pale-red  to  a  blood-red 
color.  The  thorax  is 

black,  with  its  margin  and  two  spots  of  an  orange  color,  the 
head  black,  with  two  pale  spots.  This  species  has  already 
been  referred  to  under  the  name  of  the  plain  lady-bird 
(Fig.  125),  under  which  designation  it  has  long  been  known 
in  the  East. 

The  Cactus  Lady-bird. 
Chilochorus  cacti  (Linn.). 

This  beetle  is  also  known  to  destroy  scale-insects.  The 
larva  is  shown,  magnified,  at  a  in  Fig.  433.  It  is  black, 


FIG.  433. 


crossed  by  a   light-yellowish  band   about  the  middle,  and 
is  armed  with  many  long,  branching  spines.     The  pupa,  also 


416  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  ORANGE. 

magnified,  at  b  in  the  figure,  is  formed  within  the  larval  skin, 
which  splits  open  along  the  back  sufficiently  to  show  the  en- 
closed pupa,  which  is  black,  with  a  few  sparsely-scattered 
tufts  of  fine  hair. 

The  beetle,  which  is  seen  magnified  at  c,  and  of  the  natural 
size  at  cZ,  is  of  a  shining  black  color,  with  an  irregular  reddish 
spot  on  each  wing-case,  and  much  resembles  the  twice-stabbed 
lady-bird -of  the  East.  (Fig.  33.) 


The  Ambiguous  Hippodamia. 

Hippodamid  ambigua  Lee. 

In  many  districts  in  California  this  is  a  very  abundant 
insect.     The  larva  is  shown  in  Fig.  434  at  a,  and,  when  full 


FIG.  434. 


grown,  is  about  half  an  inch  long,  of  a  bluish- black  color 
above,  marked  with  orange,  black,  and  yellowish  white.  The 
pupa,  b,  is  nearly  one-third  of  an  inch  long,  of  a  dull  orange- 
yellow,  with  black  and  yellow  markings.  The  beetle,  c,  d, 
resembles  the  blood-red  lady-bird,  but  is  narrower  in.  pro- 
portion to  its  length,  and  less  convex  in  form.  The  head  is 
black,  with  a  whitish  patch  in  front,  and  the  thorax  black, 
with  a  dull-white  patch  on  each  side  towards  the  front.  In 
the  figure,  a,  6,  and  c  are  magnified,  and  d  shows  the  natural 
size. 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO   THE  ORANGE.  417 

The  Eyed  Cycloneda. 
Cycloneda  oculata  (Fab.). 
This  species,  which  is  represented  magnified  at  a,  Fig.  435, 

FIG.  435. 


and  of  its  natural  size  at  6,  has  black  wing-covers,  with  a 
large  reddish  spot  on  each. 


The  Five-Spotted  Lady-bird. 
Coccinella  5-notata  var.  Califomica  Mann. 

Fig.  436  shows  the  Californian  variety  of  the  five-spotted 
lady-bird,  which  is  a  form  with  no  spots.     The  thorax  is 

FIG.  436. 


black,  with  a  pale  spot  on  each  side,  and  the  wing-covers  pale 
orange. 


27 


418  INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO    THE   ORANGE. 

In  addition  to  the  species  already  named,  the  following  are 
worthy  of  mention  : 

Exochomus  contristatus  Muls.  This  is  a  small  lady-bird, 
about  one-seventh  of  an  inch  long,  of  a  red  color,  with  a  black 
thorax  and  two  black  spots  on  the  wing-covers,  placed  near 
the  hinder  end.  The  larva  is  about  one-sixth  of  an  inch 
long,  yellowish,  with  black  spots  and  spines.  Both  the  larva 
and  beetle  are  useful  in  destroying  scale-insects,  and  are  quite 
common  among  the  orange  groves. 

Scymnus  cervicalis  Muls.  A  hemispherical  beetle,  about 
one-tenth  of  an  inch  long,  of  a  reddish-brown  color,  with 
dark-blue  wing-covers.  Its  larva  is  pale  whitish,  with  a  few 
scattered  hairs,  the  head  small,  round,  and  black. 

Scymnus  bioculalus  Muls.  The  larvae  of  this  beetle  have 
been  found  feeding  on  the  eggs  of  the  mealy-bug ;  they  are 
covered  with  a  white  secretion,  something  like  the  mealy-bug 
itself,  and  hence  are  not  easily  discovered. 

Hyperaspidius  coccidivora  Ash  mead.  This  beetle,  which 
resembles  a  minute  Scymnus,  also  destroys  many  of  the 
scale- insects,  and  is  especially  destructive  to  the  chaff  scale. 
It  is  about  one  twenty- fifth  of  an  inch  long,  oval,  of  a 
dark  color,  having  a  polished  surface  and  a  reddish  patch 

on  each  wing-cover. 

-  437-  The   orange   Chrysopa,    Chrysopa 

dtri  Ash  mead.  This  is  a  lace-wing 
fly,  of  a  bright  yellowish-green  color, 
with  antennae  longer  than  the  trans- 
parent, netted  wings,  and  having 
bright,  golden  eyes.  (See  Fig.  437.) 
Its  eggs  are  laid  on  long,  thread-like 
stalks,  and  the  larva,  which  devours  both  scale-lice  and  plant- 
lice  greedily,  covers  itself  with  minute  pieces  of  dried  leaves 
or  other  light  substances.  It  is  pinkish,  mottled  with  brown 
spots. 

Artificial  Remedies. — From  the  suctorial  habits  of  the 
bark-lice,  the  remedies  available  are  limited  to  such  as 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE   ORANGE.  419 

destroy  life  by  contact,  or  produce  death  when  inhaled 
through  the  breathing-pores;  for  since  these  insects  draw 
their  food  from  beneath  the  surface  of  the  tissues,  the  appli- 
cation of  any  poison  which  requires  to  be  eaten  with  the  food 
to  produce  its  effects  is  not  likely  to  be  of  much  service. 

Scale-insects  on  the  bark  of  the  trunk  or  limbs  of  trees 
may  be  removed  mechanically  by  using  a  stiff  brush,  either 
with  or  without  the  use  of  an  insecticide.  Those  on  the 
smaller  twigs  and  leaves  can  only  be  reached  by  spraying 
some  suitable  liquid  on  the  trees.  Alkaline  washes  seem  to 
have  successfully  stood  the  test  of  practical  experiment,  and 
are  used  with  good  results  by  many  of  the  leading  fruit- 
growers on  the  Pacific  coast  and  in  Florida. 

A  solution  of  concentrated  lye  or  commercial  potash,  or  its 
equivalent  in  lye  made  directly  from  wood-ashes,  appears  to 
be  equally  effective. 

One  bushel  of  good  wood-ashes  will  produce  about  four 
pounds  of  potash ;  hence,  in  making  alkaline  washes  for  trees, 
this  estimate  may  be  acted  on  where  concentrated  lye  cannot 
be  conveniently  procured.  To  obtain  the  potash  in  solution, 
place  a  bushel  of  ashes  in  a  keg  or  barrel  having  a  tap  or 
spigot  near  the  bottom.  Press  them  firmly  and  evenly  down, 
and  lay  a  small  piece  of  board  on  the  ashes,  so  that  the  water, 
when  poured  on  them,  shall  not  disturb  their  surface.  Pour 
hot  water  on  the  board,  so  that  it  may  spread  and  soak  evenly 
through  the  ashes,  using  a  sufficient  quantity  to  saturate  them 
thoroughly.  Allow  it  to  stand  twenty-four  hours,  then  draw 
off  the  lye  at  the  tap,  adding  more  water  to  displace  that  held 
by  the  ashes,  until  eight  gallons  are  obtained.  As  the  first 
portion  of  the  liquid  which  comes  off  will  be  much  stronger 
than  the  last,  agitate  the  solution  so  that  it  may  be  thoroughly 
mixed.  Each  gallon  may  then  be  estimated  to  contain  half  a 
pound  of  commercial  potash. 

For  cleansing  orange  or  other  Citrus  trees  from  scale-insects, 
take  one  pound  of  concentrated  lye  to  three  gallons  of  water, 
or  one  and  a  quarter  pounds  of  commercial  potash,  or  its 


420  INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO   THE   ORANGE. 

equivalent,  ten  quarts  of  the  home-made  lye,  and  make  the 
solution  up  to  three  gallons  with  water.  Before  the  trees 
bloom,  thin  out  the  branches  by  pruning,  so  that  air  and 
light  may  have  free  access  to  the  foliage  and  fruit,  carefully 
burning  all  the  prunings;  then  wash  or  spray  the  entire  tree, 
trunk,  limbs,  and  foliage,  and,  if  practicable,  use  the  wash 
heated  to  a  temperature  of  about  130°  F.,  which  would  be 
nearly  as  hot  as  the  hand  could  bear. 

In  two  or  three  weeks,  or  about  the  time  when  the  young 
larvaB  appear,  the  washing  or  spraying  should  be  repeated, 
using  the  same  mixture,  but  adding  to  each  gallon  half  a 
pound  of  flour  of  sulphur;  or  use  a  solution  of  whale-oil 
soap,  containing  from  one-quarter  to  three-quarters  of  a 
pound  to  the  gallon,  with  half  a  pound  of  sulphur.  If  the 
insects  are  not  entirely  subdued,  after  an  interval  of  three  or 
four  weeks  a  third  application  may  be  made.  If  the  trees 
require  treatment  while  in  bloom,  it  is  safer  to  use  the  soap 
solution,  as  the  stronger  alkaline  washes  sometimes  injure  the 
tender  growth.  For  scales  on  apple,  pear,  plum,  cherry, 
peach,  apricot,  and  nectarine  trees,  the  solutions  may  be  used 
one-third  stronger,  but  may  be  made  twice  the  ordinary 
strength  when  applied  with  a  brush  to  the  trunk  and  limbs 
only. 

During  the  earlier  period  of  their  growth,  scale-insects 
are  readily  destroyed  by  insecticides  of  moderate  strength, 
especially  while  in  the  active  larval  stage,  but  when  the 
tough  scales  are  well  formed  they  are  much  more  difficult  to 
exterminate.  While  reproduction  to  some  extent  appears  to 
be  going  on  from  March  to  December  with  but  little  cessa- 
tion, there  is  no  doubt  that  the  months  of  March,  June,  and 
September  mark  the  appearance  of  a  very  large  proportion 
of  the  successive  broods ;  hence,  during  these  months,  reme- 
dies can  be  applied  with  the  greatest  advantage.  Those  pests 
which  are  unprotected  by  scales,  such  as  the  mealy-bugs,  can 
be  destroyed  at  any  time  with  comparative  ease  by  the  use 
of  the  alkaline  or  soap  solutions. 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS   TO    THE  ORANGE.  421 

Strong  tobacco- water,  heated  to  about  130°  F.,  has  also 
been  used  with  some  success,  more  particularly  on  the  young 
broods. 

Diluted  emulsions  of  kerosene  oil  are  also  valuable  agents 
in  destroying  the  different  species  of  bark-lice,  as  well  as 
many  other  injurious  insects.  Emulsions  prepared  in  the 
following  manner  have  been  found  very  efficient  in  several 
series  of  experiments  conducted  under  the  direction  of  the 
Department  of  Agriculture  at  Washington : 

No.  1. — Kerosene  oil,     ....     2  gallons. 
Common  soap,  .     .     .     .     J  pound. 

Water, 1  gallon. 

Dissolve  the  soap  in  the  water  and  heat  the  solution,  adding 
it,  boiling  hot,  to  the  kerosene.  Churn  the  mixture  with  a 
force-pump  and  spray-nozzle  for  five  or  ten  minutes,  when  the 
emulsion,  if  perfect,  forms  a  cream  which  thickens  on  cooling 
and  should  adhere  without  oiliness  to  the  surface  of  glass. 
Dilute  this  emulsion  with  from  10  to  12  times  its  bulk  of 
cold  water,  and  spray  it  on  the  foliage. 

No.  2. — Kerosene  oil,     ....     2  gallons. 

Sour  milk, 1  gallon. 

Warm  the  ingredients  to  a  blood-heat  and  emulsify  in  the 
same  manner  as  is  directed  for  No.  1,  and  subsequently  dilute 
with  from  10  to  12  parts  of  water  before  using. 

No.  3. — Take  the  white  of  two  eggs,  three  tablespoonftils 
of  sugar,  a  pint  and  a  half  of  water,  and  two  pints  and  a  half 
of  kerosene  oil.  Emulsify  with  a  force-pump  and  spray-nozzle, 
when  a  cream-like  compound  will  be  produced,  which  should 
be  diluted  with  from  10  to  12  times  its  bulk  of  water. 

It  is  said  that  these  diluted  kerosene  emulsions,  when  prop- 
erly prepared,  so  that  the  oil  does  not  separate,  are  more  effect- 
ive than  the  alkaline  washes,  and  that  they  do  not  injure  the 
trees. 

For  the  application  of  these  fluids  several  forms  of  portable 
pumps  have  been  devised,  in  the  selection  of  which  the  fruit- 
grower should  be  guided  by  his  own  requirements.  Where 


422  INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  ORANGE. 

the  orchard  is  large,  it  will  pay  to  purchase  an  efficient  instru- 
ment for  this  purpose.  It  is  stated  that,  with  a  suitable  pump 
and  nozzle  for  spraying,  from  one  to  two  hundred  trees  can 
be  thoroughly  treated  in  a  day. 

Since  by  far  the  greater  portion  of  the  injury  caused  by 
insects  to  orange-trees  is  effected  by  the  scale-insects,  it  is  im- 
portant that  prompt  measures  be  adopted  to  destroy  them, 
and  that  every  precaution  be  taken  to  prevent  their  introduc- 
tion into  districts  hitherto  exempt  from  them.  Many  localities 
have  been  colonized  by  these  pests  through  the  return  of 
empty  fruit-boxes  from  infested  districts.  These  may  be  dis- 
infected by  dipping  them  for  at  least  two  minutes  in  boiling 
water  containing  not  less  than  one  pound  of  potash  or  half  a 
pound  of  concentrated  lye  to  each  twenty-five  gallons.  These 
insects  are  also  frequently  disseminated  by  the  transportation 
of  nursery  stock  from  one  part  of  the  country  to  another. 

Sickly  trees  are  more  predisposed  to  attack  than  healthy 
ones;  hence  the  use  of  fertilizers  to  induce  a  vigorous  growth 
has  been  suggested  as  a  remedial  measure.  In  planting  new 
groves,  avoid  the  vicinity  of  diseased  trees  if  possible,  as  the 
young  lice  are  liable  to  be  carried  some  distance  by  winds,  or 
on  the  feet  of  birds  visiting  the  trees. 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  OLIVE. 


No.  265. — The  Greedy  Scale-insect. 

Aspidiotus  rapax  Comstock. 

The  scale  of  the  female  in  this  species  is  about  one-sixteenth 
of  an  inch  long,  very  convex,  of  a  gray  or  drab  color,  and 
somewhat  transparent.  The  enclosed  insect  is  bright  yellow, 
with  translucent  blotches.  It  is  shown  in  the  natural  position 
on  a  limb,  and  also  detached,  in  Fig.  438. 

The  eggs,  which  are  found  under  the  mature  female  scales, 
are  yellow,  so  also  are  the  newly-hatched  Iarva3 ;  the  latter 


FIG.  438. 


FIG.  43.9. 


are  less  than  one-hundredth  of  an  inch  long ;  one  of  them 
is  shown,  highly  magnified,  in  Fig.  439. 

This  scale  has  been  found  on  olive-trees  in  various  parts 
of  California,  but  it  is  said  to  flourish  only  on  trees  in  an  un- 
healthy condition,  and,  as  it  is  chiefly  confined  to  the  trunk 
and  larger  limbs,  can  be  easily  removed  with  a  stiff  brush 
dipped  in  a  solution  of  whale-oil  soap.  It  also  infests  apple 
and  pear  trees  on  the  Pacific  coast. 

423 


INSECTS  INJURIOUS  TO  THE  FIG. 

No.  266. — The  Fig-eater. 

Allorhina  nitida  (Linn.). 

This  beetle,  which  has  acquired  the  local  name  of  fig-eater 
in  the  South,  is  closely  related  to  the  Cetonias,  Nos.  81  and 
82,  which,  in  the  northern  portions  of  the  continent,  eat  the 
flesh  of  ripe  pears,  plums,  and  peaches.  The  fig-eater,  which 
is  shown  in  Fig.  440,  is  a  very  common  insect  in  the  South  ; 

FIG.  440. 


it  is  nearly  an  inch  long,  with  a  robust  body,  the  wing- 
cases  being  velvety  green,  with  light,  cream-colored  borders. 
No  remedy  has  been  suggested  for  these  insects  other  than 
collecting  and  destroying  them. 


424 


SYNONYMICAL  LIST. 


IN  the  following  list  the  older  as  well  as  the  newer  names 
of  the  insects  referred  to  are  given,  as  a  guide  to  those  who 
may  not  have  become  familiar  with  the  changes  which  have 
taken  place  in  insect  nomenclature  within  the  past  few  years. 
The  list  does  not  include  all  the  changes  proposed,  but  only 
such  as  have  been  generally  accepted  by  entomologists,  with 
a  few  others  which  have  such  a  weight  of  testimony  in  their 
favor  as  will  probably  lead  to  their  general  acceptance 


1.  Schizoneura  lanigera  (Hausm.). 

Erioaoma  pyri  Fitch. 
Pemphigus  pyri  Fitch. 
Aphelinus  inali  (Hald.). 
Eriophilus  mali  Hald. 

2.  Saperda  Candida  Fabr. 

Saperda  bivittata  Say. 

3.  Chrysobothris  femorata  (Fabr.). 

Buprestis  femorata  Fabr. 

4.  Leptostylus  aculifer  (Say). 

Lamia  aculifera  Say. 
6.  Monarthrum  mali  (Fitch). 
Tomicus  mali  Fitch. 

13.  Amphicerus  bicaudatus  (Say). 

Bostrichus  bicaudatus  Say. 

14.  Epicserus  imbricatus  (Say). 

Liparus  imbricatus  Say. 

16.  Mytilaspis  pomorum  Bouche1. 

Aspidiotus  conchiformis  Gmelin. 
Mytilaspis  pomicorticis  Riley. 
Tyroglyphus  malus  (Shimer). 
Acarus  malus  Shimer. 

17.  Chionaspis  furfurus  (Fitch). 

Aspidiotus  furfurus  Fitch. 
Aspidiotus  Harrisii  Walsh. 

20.  Pimpla  conquisitor  (Say). 

Cryptus  conquisitor  Say. 

21.  Nemoraea  leucaniae  (Eirkp.). 

Exorista  leucanise  Kirkp. 


24.  (Edemasia  concinna  (Sm.  &  Abb.). 

Notodonta  concinna  Sm.  A  Abb. 

25.  Anisopteryx  vernata  (Peek). 

Phalena  vernata  Peck. 

27.  Podisus  spinosus  (Dallas). 

Arma  spinosa  Dallas. 

28.  Platysamia  Cecropia  (Linn.). 

Attacue  Cecropia  Linn. 
Smicra  mariae  (Riley). 
Chalcis  marise  Riley. 

29.  Coelodasys  unicornis  (Sm.  <t  Abb.). 

Notodonta  unicornis  Sm.  *fe  Abb. 

34.  Tolype  velleda  (Stoll). 

Gastropacha  velleda  Stoll. 

35.  Cacoecia  rosaceana  (Harris). 

Lozotsenia  rosaceana  Harris. 

36.  Teras  minuta  (Robs). 

Tortrix  malivorana  Le  Baron. 

37.  Phycis  indigenella  (Zeller). 

Acrobasis  indigenella  Zeller. 
Phycita  nebulo  Walsh. 
Tachina  phycita  (Le  Baron). 
Exorista  phycitte  Le  Baron. 

38.  Tmetocera  ocellana  (Schiff ). 

Tortrix  ocellana  Schiff. 
Penthina  oculana  Harris. 
GraphoUtha  oculana  Can.  Ent. 
40.  Teras  minuta  Robs. 

Tortrix  Cinderella  Riley. 
425 


426 


STNONYMICAL   LIST. 


41.  Phoxopteris  nubeoulana  (Clem.). 
Anchylopera  nubeculana  Clem. 

43.  Nolaphana  malana  (Fitch). 

JBrachytsenia  malana  Fitch. 

44.  Ypsolophus  pometellus  (Harris). 

Rhinoaia  pometellus  Harris. 
Choetochilus  pometellue  Fitch. 

45.  Agrotis  saucia  (Hiibner). 

Agrotis  inermis  Harris. 
Agrotis  clandestina  (Harris). 
Noctna  clandestina  Harris. 

47.  Eugonia  subsignaria  (Hiibner). 

Endalinia  subsignaria  Hiibner. 
Ennomos  subsignaria  Packard. 

48.  Phobetron  pithecium  (Sm.  &  Abb.). 

Limacodes  pithecium  Sm.  &  Abb. 
55.  Odontota  rosea  (Weber). 

Hispa  roaea  Weber. 

Hispa  marginata  Say. 
57.  Adalia  bipunctata  (Linn.). 

Coccinella  bipunctata  Linn. 
Cycloneda  sanguinea  (Linn.). 

Coccinella  sanguinea  Linn. 

Coccinella  munda  Say. 
Megilla  maculata  (De  Geer). 

Coccinella  maculata  De  Geer. 

Hippodamia  maculata  Muls. 
Anatis  15-punctata  (Olir.). 

Myaia  15-punctata  Oliv. 
Harmonia  picta  (Rand). 

Coccinella  picta  Rand. 
61.  Sciara  mali  (Fitch). 

Molobrua  mali  Fitch. 
64.  Lithophane  antennata  Walker. 

Xylina  cinerea  Riley. 

67.  Oncideres  cingulatus  (Say). 

Saperda  cingulata  Say. 

68.  Xyleborus  pyri  (Peck). 

Scolytua  pyri  Peck. 

Tomicus  pyri  Harris. 
71.  Lygus  lineolaris  (P.  Beauv.). 

Capaua  lineolaria  P.  Beauv. 

Capsus  oblineatua  Say. 
73.  Pomphopoea  aenea  (Say). 

Lytta  aenea  Say. 
77.  Cotalpa  lanigera  (Linn.). 

Areoda  lanigera  Linn. 


81.  Euphoria  Inda  (Linn.). 

Cetonia  Inda  Linn. 

82.  Euphoria  melancholica  (Gory). 

Cetonia  melancholica  Gory. 

84.  Apatela  occidentalis  (G.  &  R.). 

Acronycta  occidentalis  G.  <fc  R. 

85.  Apatela  superans  (Guen.). 

Acronycta  auperans  Guen. 
88.  Telea  polyphemus  (Linn.). 

Attacus  polyphemus  Linn. 
95.  Coccotorus  scutellaris  (Lee.). 

Anthonomus  prunicida  Walsh. 
98.  Phloeotribus  liminaris  (Harris). 

Tomicus  liminaris  Harris. 

100.  Ithycerus  noveboracensis  (Forster). 

Ithycerus  curculionides  Herbst. 

101.  Ptycholoma  persicana  (Fitch). 

Crcesiu  persicana  Fitch. 
Lozotsenia  fragariana  Packard. 
104.  Dicerca  divaricata  (Say). 

Buprestia  divaricata  Say. 

109.  Crepidodera  Helxines  (Linn.). 

Altica  nana  Say. 

110.  Callosamia  Promethea  (Drury). 

Attacus  Promethea  Drury. 
112.  Hyperchiria  lo  (Linn.). 

Saturnia  lo  Linn. 
114.  Caccecia  cerasivorana  (Fitch). 

Lozotsenia  cerasivorana  Fitch. 
117.  Thecla  titus  Fabr. 

Thecla  mopsus  Boisd.  &  Lee. 

130.  Sinoxylon  basilare  (Say). 

Apate  basilaris  Say. 

131.  Ampeloglypter  Sesostris  (Leo.,;. 

Baridius  Sesostris  Lee. 
Madarus  vitis  Riley. 

132.  Darapsa  myron  (Cramer). 

Chcerocampa  pampinatrix  Sm. 

133.  Philauopelus  Pandorus  (Hiibner). 

Philampelus  satellitia  Linn. 
144.  Oxyptilus  periscelidactylus 

(Fitch). 
Pterophorua  periacelidactylus 

Fitch. 

147.  Pyrophila  pyramidoides  (Guen.). 

Amphipyra  pyramidoidea  Guen. 

148.  Pyrophila  tragopoginis  (Linn.). 

Agrotia  repressua  Grote. 


SYNOXYMICAL   LIST. 


427 


150.  Graptodera  chalybea  (Illig.). 

Haltica  chalybea  Illig. 
152.  Fidia  longipes  (Mels.) 

Pachnephorua  longipea  Mels. 
157.  Erythroneura  vitis  (Harris). 

Tettigonia  vitia  Harris. 
165.  Cyrtophyllus  concavus  (Harris). 

Platyphyllum  concavum  Harris. 
Phylloptera  oblongifolia  (De  Geer). 

Locuata  oblongifolia  De  Geer. 

171.  Eudemis  botrana  (Schiff). 

Penthina  vitivorana  (W.  A  R.). 

172.  Craponius  inaequalis  (Say). 

Ceutorhynchua  insequalis  Say. 
174.  Bembecia  marginata  Harris. 

jEgeria  ntbi  Riley. 
176.  Oberea  bimaculata  Oliv. 

Oberea  tn'punctata  Fabr. 
181.  Apatela  brumosa  Guen. 

Acronycta  verrillii  Grote. 

183.  Chelymorpha  Argus  Leich. 

Chelymorpha  cribraria  Fabr. 

184.  Syncblora  rubivoraria  (Riley). 

Aplodea  rubivora  Riley. 

191.  Tyloderma  fragariae  (Riley). 

Analcis  fragarise  Riley. 

192.  Phoxopteris  comptana  Frol. 

Anchylopern  fragarite  W.  A  R. 

193.  Eccopsis  permundana  (Clemens). 

Exartema  permundana  Clemens, 

194.  Apatela  oblinita  (Sm.  A  Abb.)- 

Acronycta  oblinita  Sm.  A  Abb. 

195.  Agrotis  Ypsilon  (Rott.). 

Agrotia  stiffuaa  D.  A  S. 

Agrotia  telifera  Harris. 
Agrotis  tricosa  Lintner. 

Agrotia  jaculifera  Guen. 
Hadena  devastatrix  (Brace). 

Agrotia  devastator  Harris. 

196.  Paria  sex-notata  (Say). 

Colaapia  aex-notata  Say. 

197.  Phyllotreta  vittata  (Fabr.). 

Crioceria  vittata  Fabr. 


Phyllotreta  etriolata  Illig. 
Haltica  atriolata  Harris. 
203.  Psenocerus  supernotatus  (Say). 
Clytua  aupernotatua  Say. 

208.  Eufitcbia  ribearia  (Fitcb). 

Ellopia  ribearia  Fitch. 

209.  Grapta  progne  (Cram.). 

Vaneaaa  progne  Cram. 
212.  Poecilocapsus  lineatus  (Fabr.). 
Lygieua  lineatua  Fabr. 
Capaua  4-vittatua  Say. 

215.  Epochra  Canadensis  (Loew). 

Trypeta  Canadenaia  Loew. 

216.  Endropia  armataria  (Herr.  Sch.). 

Priocycla  armataria  Herr.  Sch. 
219.  Dakruma  convolutella  (Hiibn.). 
Zophodia  convolutella  Hiibn. 
Pempelia  grossularise  Packard. 
Myeloia  convolutella  Packard. 

223.  Crepidodera  cucumeris  (Harris). 

Haltica  cucumeria  Harris. 

224.  Eudioptis  hyalinata  (Linn.). 

Phakellura  hyalinatalia  Linn. 

225.  Eudioptis  nitidalis  (Cram.). 

Phakellura  nitidalia  Cram. 

227.  Rhopobota  vacciniana  (Packard). 

Anchylopera  vacciniana 

Packard. 

228.  Teras  oxycoccana  (Packard). 

Tortrix  oxycoccana  Packard. 

229.  Teras  vacciniivorana  (Packard). 

Tortrix  vacciniivorana  Packard. 
239.  Papilio  cresphontes  Fabr. 

Papilio  thoaa  Boisd. 
241.  Platynota  rostrana  (Walker). 

Teraa  roatrana  Walker. 
258.  Ceroplastes  Floridensis  Coinstock. 

Ceroplastea  ruaci  Linn. 

(Ashmead) 
264.  Cycloneda  abdominalis  (Say). 

Coccinella  abdominalia  Say. 
266.  Allorhina  nitida  (Linn.). 

Cotinia  nitida  Linn. 


INDEX. 


Abbot  Sphinx,  253. 
Acarus  malus,  425. 
Achemon  Sphinx,  250. 
Acrobnsis  indigenella,  425. 
Acronycta  oblinita,  427. 
"         occidentalis,  426. 
"         superans,  426. 
"         verrillii,  427. 
Acutalis  dorsalis,  289. 
Adalia  bipunctata,  124,  426. 
JSgeria  cucurbitae,  361. 
exitiosa,  191. 
polistiformis,  229. 
pyri,  140. 
rubi,  427. 
tipuliformis,  336. 
Agrilus  rufieollis,  307. 
Agrotis  clandestina,  108,  426. 
Cochranii,  107. 
devastator,  427. 
inermis,  426. 
jaculifera,  427. 
repressus,  426. 
"      saucia,  106,  426. 
"      scandens,  107. 
"       tricosa,  328,  427. 
"      suffusa,  427. 
"      telifera,  427. 
"      tessellata,  328. 
"      Ypsilon,  327,  427. 
Alaus  oculatus,  25. 
Alkaline  washes,  419. 
Allorhina  nitida,  424,  427. 
Altica  nana,  426. 
Alypia  octomaculata,  262. 
Ambiguous  hippodamia,  416. 
American  lappet-moth,  87,  221. 

"         Procris,  265. 
Ampeloglypter  Sesostris,  243,  426. 
Amphicerus  bicaudatus,  33,  425. 
Amphidasys  cognataria,  349. 
Amphipyra  pyramidoides,  426. 
Analcis  fragariae,  427. 
Anarsia  lineatella,  321. 
Anatia  15-punctata,  125,  426. 
Anchylopera  fragariae,  427. 

nubeculana,  426. 
vacciniana,  427. 
Angerona  crocataria,  348. 
Angular-winged  katydid,  383. 


Anisopteryx  pometaria,  64. 

"  vernata,  64,  425, 

Anomala  lucicola,  284. 
Anthonomus  prunicida,  426. 

"  quadrigibbus,  133. 

"  suturalis,  375. 

Apate  basilaris,  426. 
Apatela  brumosa,  313,  426. 
oblinita,  325,  427. 
"       occidentalis,  165,  426. 
"       superans,  166,  426. 
Aphelinus  aspidioticola,  393. 
"          mali,  15,  19,  425. 
"         mytilaspidis,  42. 
Aphis  mali,  121. 
"      malifolise,  121. 
"      prunifolii,  180. 
"      ribis,  351. 
"      vitis,  201. 
Aphrophora  4-notata,  242. 
"  Signoreti,  242. 

Apis  mellifica,  301. 
Aplodes  rubivora,  427. 
Apple-bark  beetle,  24. 
Apple-bud  worm,  96. 
Apple  curculio,  133. 
fly,  137. 
Liopus,  30. 
Lyonetia,  119. 
maggot,  135. 
midge,  136. 
Sphinx,  86. 
Thrips,  138. 
woolly-louse,  27. 
Apple-leaf  aphis,  121. 

"         Bucculatrix,  118. 
"        miner,  114,  317,  320. 
"         sewer,  99. 
"         skeletonizer,  100. 
Apple-root  plant-louse,  13. 
Apple-tree  aphis,  121. 

"        borer,   flat-headed,  20,  160, 

189,  199. 
"        borer,  round-headed,  16, 160, 

189,  199. 

"         case-bearer,  115. 
"        caterpillar,  red-humped,  62, 

160,  220. 

"        caterpillar,     yellow-necked, 
60. 

429 


430 


INDEX. 


Apple-tree  prtmer,  31. 

"        tent-caterpillar,  47, 189,  220. 
Apple-twig  borer,  33,  160,  220,  301. 
Apple-worm,  many-dotted,  101. 
Arctia  Sp.,  372. 
Areoda  lanigera,  426. 
Arma  modesta,  290. 
"      spinosa,  425. 
Artipus  Floridanus,  383. 
Ash-gray  pinion,  138,  200. 
Ashy-gray  lady-bird,  414. 
Aspidiotus  aurantii,  395. 

"          cerasi,  204. 

"          conchiformis,  425. 

"          cydoniae,  222. 

"          ficus,  396. 

"          furfurus,  425. 

"          Harrisii,  44,  425. 

"          nerii,  396. 

"          rapax,  423. 
Aspidisca  splendoriferella,  1 17. 
Attacus  Cecropia,  425. 
"       polyphemus,  426. 
"       Promethea,  426. 

Baridius  Sesostris,  426. 

Barnacle  scale,  402. 

Basket-worm,   or   bag-worm,  139,  161. 

190,  200,  221,  222. 
Beautiful  wood-nymph,  258. 
Bees,  190. 

Bembecia  marginata,  303,  427. 
Black-backed  tree-hopper,  289. 
Blackberry  bark-louse,  319. 

"          flea-louse,  320. 
Blackberry,  pithy  gall  of,  318. 

"  seed-like  gall  of,  319. 

Black  scale  of  California,  407. 
Blind-eyed  Sphinx,  85,  189. 
Blue-spangled    peach-tree    caterpillar, 

139,  161,  197,  221. 
Blue  yellow-cloaked  Chalcid,  392. 
Bostrichus  bicaudatus,  425. 
Bound  tree-bug,  290. 
Brachytaania  tualana,  426. 
Bracon  charus,  21. 
Broad-necked  Prionus,  160,  227. 
Broad  scale,  404. 
Broad-winged  katydid,  201. 
Bucculatrix  pomilbliella,  118. 
Buffalo  tree-hopper,  45,  200. 
Buprestis  divaricata,  426. 

"         femorata,  425. 
Bythoscopus  clitellarius,  188. 
Byturus  unicolor,  310. 

Cacoeoia  cerasivorana,  215,  426. 

"        rosaceana,  90,  425. 
Cactus  lady-bird,  415. 
Callimorpha    Lecontei  var.   fulvicosta, 

197. 
Callosamia  Promethea,  205,  426. 


Caloptenus  femur-rubrum,  1ST. 

"          spretus,  157. 
Cslosoma  calidum,  57,  70. 

"          scrutator,  57. 
Campyloneura  vitripennis,  288. 
Canadian  Osmia,  331. 
Canker-worms,  64,  189,  220. 
Capsus  lineolaris,  426. 
"      oblineatus,  426. 
"      4-vittatus,  427. 
Carpocapsa  pomonella,  127. 
Catocala  ultronia,  177. 
Cecidomyia,  294. 

"  grossularise,  359. 

"          Sp.,  373. 
Cecropia  Chalcis  fly,  79. 
"         Cryptus,  79. 
"        emperor-moth,    73,   161,   189, 

220,  353. 

Ceresa  bubalus,  45. 
Ceroplastes  cirripediformis,  402. 

"          Floridensis,  402,  427. 

"          rusci,  404,  427. 
Cetonia  Inda,  426. 

"       melancholica,  426. 
Ceutorhynchus  inaequalis,  427. 
Chaff  scale,  401. 
Chalcis  mariae,  425. 
Chauliognatbus  Americanus,  185. 
Checkered  rustic,  328. 
Chelymorpha  argus,  315,  427. 

"  cribraria,  427. 

Cherry-bug,  220. 
Cherry-tree  bark-louse,  203. 

"          plant-louse,  216. 

"          scale-insect,  204. 

"          Thecla,  219. 

"          Tortrix,  215. 
Chilochorus  bivulnerus,  43. 

"          cacti,  415. 
Chionaspis  furfurus,  44,  425. 
Choerocampa  pampinatrix,  426. 
Choetochilus  contubernalellus,  104. 

"  malifoliellus,  105. 

"  pometellus,  426. 

Chrysobothris  femorata,  20,  425. 
Chrysopa,  126,  185,  342. 

"          citri,  418. 
Cicada  septendecim,  35. 

"       tibicen,  203. 
Cidaria  diversilineata,  270. 

"       Sp.,  372. 
Circular  scale,  396. 
Clastoptera  proteus,  374. 
Climbing  cut-worms,  105,  335. 
Clisiocampa  Americana,  47. 

"          sylvatica,  52. 
Cloaked  Chrysomela,  121. 
Clytus  supernotatus,  427. 
Coccinella  abdominalis,  427. 
"         bipunctata,  426. 


INDEX. 


431 


Coccinella  maculata,  426. 
"         munda,  124,  426. 
"          novem-notata,  124. 
"          picta,  426. 
"          5-notata     var.      Californica, 

417. 

"          sanguinea,  426. 
Coceophagus  cognatus,  405. 
Coccotorus  scutellaris,  187,  426. 
Codling  tnoth,  127,  161,  190,  200. 
('celodasys  unicornis,  80,  425. 
Culaspij!  brunnea,  282. 

•'        sex-notata,  427. 
Coleophora  malivorella,  115. 
Couiely  lady-bird,  124. 
Common  mealy-bug,  410. 
Comrade  palmer-worm,  104. 
Comys  bicolor,  405. 
Conotrachelus  cratsegi,  225. 

nenuphar,  180. 

Convergent  lady-bird,  124,  413. 
Copper-spotted  Calosoma,  57,  70. 
Corimelaena  pulicaria,  317. 
Cotalpa  lanigera,  154,  426. 
Cotinis  nitida,  427. 
Cotton-stainer,  387. 
Cranberry  aphis,  374. 

'          fruit-worm,  375. 
gall-fly,  373. 
saw-fly,  373. 
'          span-worm,  372. 
'          spittle  insect,  374. 

weevil,  375. 
'          worm,  369. 
Craponius  insequalis,  300,  427. 
Crepidodera  cucumeris,  364,  427. 
"  Helxines,  204,  426. 

Cresphontes  butterfly,  377. 
Crioceris  vittata,  427. 
Croesia  persicana,  426. 
Cryptus  conquisitor,  52,  367,  425. 
"       extrematis,  79. 
"       grallator,  21. 
"       inquisitor,  225. 
Cucumber  flea-beetle,  317,  364. 
Currant  Amphidasys,  190,  349. 
"        Angerona,  335,  348. 
"        bark-louse,  338. 
"        borer,  American,  337. 
"  "        imported,  336.  339. 

"        Endropia,  353,  354. 
"        fly,  352. 
"        fruit-worm,  352. 
"        plant-louse,  351. 
"        span-worm,  344,  356,  360. 
Cut-worms,  327. 

"          climbing,  105,  335. 
Cycloneda  abdominalis,  414,  427. 
"          oculata,  417. 
"          sanguinea,  124,  414,  426. 
Cyrtophyllus  concavus,  201,  427. 


Dactylopius  adonidum,  410. 

"  destructor,  411. 

"  longifilis,  412. 

Dakruma  convolutella,  357,  427. 
Darapsa  myron,  244,  426. 
Dark-sided  cut-worm,  107. 
Dark-veined  Deilephila,  256. 
Datana  ministra,  60. 
Deilephila  chamaenerii,  256. 

"          lineata,  254. 
Delicate  long-sting,  132. 
Desmia  maculalis,  266. 
Destructive  mealy-bug,  411. 
Diabrotica  12-punctata,  368. 

"          vittata,  362. 
Diastrophus  cuscutaeformis,  319. 

"  nebulosus,  318. 

Dicerca  divaricata,  201,  426. 
Diplosis  grassator,  239. 
Disippus  butterfly,  168,  221. 
Divaricated  Buprestis,  199,  201. 
Dog-day  Cicada,  203. 
Drosophila  ampelophila,  137. 
Dynastes  tityus,  202. 
Dysdercus  suturellus,  387. 

Eccopsis  malana,  96. 

"         permundana,  324,  427. 
Egg  parasite,  170. 
Eight-spotted  forester,  262. 
Elaphidion  parallelum,  33. 

"  villosum,  31. 

Ellopia  ribearia,  427. 
Elm-bark  beetle,  195. 
Emphytus  maculatus,  332. 
Empretia  stimulea,  113. 
Enchenopa  binotata,  242. 
Encyrtus  flavus,  406. 

"         inquisitor,  412. 
Endropia  armataria,  354,  427. 
Ennomos  subsignaria,  426. 
Epicaerus  imbricatus,  35,  425. 
Epochra  Canadensis,  352,  427. 
Eriophilus  mali,  425. 
Eriosoma  pyri,  425. 
Erythroneura  vitis,  286,  427. 
Eudalinia  subsignaria,  426. 
Eudioptis  hyalinata,  365,  427. 

"        nitidalis,  367,  427. 
Eudemis  botrana,  299,  427. 
Eudryas  grata,  258. 

"        unio,  261. 
Eufitchia  ribearia,  344,  427. 
Eugonia  subsignaria,  111,  426. 
Eumenes  fraternus,  70. 
Eupelmus  mirabilis,  385. 
Euphoria  Inda,  159,  426. 

"         melancholica,  160,  426. 
Eupithecia  interrupto-fasciata,  352. 
Exartema  permundana,  427. 
Exochoinus  contristatus,  418. 


432 


INDEX. 


Exorista  leucaniae,  425. 
"        phycitae,  425. 
Eyed  Cycloneda,  417. 

"      Elater,  25. 
Eye-spotted  bud-moth,  95, 161,  189,  221. 

Fall  web-worm,  71,  161,  189,  220,  302, 

317,  320,  353,  356. 
Fidia  longipes,  282,  427. 
Fifteen-spotted  lady-bird,  125. 
Fig-eater,  424. 
Flat-headed  apple-tree  borer,  20,   160, 

189,  199. 

Flea-like  negro-bug,  317,  320,  335. 
Flies,  golden-eyed,  126. 

"      hice-winged,  126. 
Florida  Ceroplastes,  402. 
Forest  tent- caterpillar,  52,  189,  220. 
Four-spotted  spittle  insect,  242. 
Four-striped  plant-bug,  350. 
Fraternal  potter-wasp,  70. 

Gartered  plume-moth,  268. 
Gastropacha  Americana,  87. 

"  velleda,  425. 

Gaurax  anchora,  79. 
Glassy  cut-worm,  329. 
Glassy-winged  soldier-bug,  288. 
Glistening  cranberry -moth,  370. 
Glyptoscelis  crypticus,  121. 
Golden-eyed  flies,  126. 
Goldsmith  beetle,  154,  334. 
Gooseberry  fruit-worm,  353,  357. 

"          midge,  359. 
Gortyna  nitela,  334. 
Grape-berry  moth,  298. 
Grape  curculio,  300. 
"      leaf-gall  louse,  232,  288. 
"       Phylloxera,  231. 
Grape-seed  insect,  296. 
Grape-vine  aphis,  290. 

apple-gall,  295. 
bark-louse,  241. 
Cidaria,  270. 
Colaspis,  282,  335. 
Epimenis,  264. 
Fidia,  282. 
filbert-gall,  293. 
flea-beetle,  190,  277. 
"          leaf-hopper,  286. 
"          leaf-roller,  266. 
"          root-borer,  229. 
"          saw-fly,  285. 
"          tomnto-gall,  294. 
"          wound-gall,  243. 
Grapholitha  oculann,  425. 
Grapta  progne,  346,  427. 
Graptodera  chalybea,  277,  427. 
Grasshoppers,  139,  157. 
Gray  dagger-moth,  139, 165,  221. 
Greasy  cut-worm,  327. 


Greedy  scale-insect,  423. 
Green  apple-leaf-tyer,  98. 

"      caterpillar-hunter,  57. 
Green-faced  locust,  158. 
Green  grape-vine  Sphinx,  244. 

"      pear-tree  slug,  153. 

Hadena  devastatrix,  329,  427. 
Hag-moth  caterpillar,  112,  221. 
Hairy  cranberry  caterpillar,  372. 
Haltica  chalybea,  427. 
"       cucumeris,  427. 
"       striolata,  427. 
Harmonia  picta,  125,  426. 
Harpalus  Pensylvanicus,  185. 
Harris's  bark-louse,  44. 
Hemiteles  nemativorus,  342. 

"         thyridopteryx,  225. 
Hemispherical  scale,  409. 
Hippodamia  ambigua,  416. 

"  convergens,  125. 

"  13-punctata,  124. 

"  maculata,  426. 

Hispa  rnarginata,  426. 

"      rosea,  426. 
Honey  bee,  301. 
Hoplophora  arctata,  239. 
Horned  span-worm,  167,  335. 
Hybernia  tiliaria,  109. 
Hyperaspidius  coccidivora,  418. 
Hyperchiria  lo,  209,  426. 
Hyphantria  textor,  71. 

Icerya  purchasi,  400. 
Ichneumon  laetus,  52. 
Imbricated  snout-beetle,  35,  220. 
Imported  currant-borer,  336,  356,  360. 

"         currant-worm,  339. 
Indian  Cetonia,  159,  200,  302. 
lo  emperor-moth,  139,  209,  353. 
Iridescent  Serica,  156. 
Isosomf).  vitis,  296. 
Ithycerus  curculionides,  426. 

"         noveboracensis,  196,  426. 

Kerosene  emulsion,  421. 

Lace-winged  flies,  126,  185,  240. 
Lachnosterna  fusca,  212. 
Lady-bird,  ashy-gray,  414. 

"  blood-red,  414. 

"  cactus,  415. 

"          comely,  124. 

"  convergent,  124,  413. 

"          eyed,  417. 

"  fifteen-spotted,  125. 

"  five-spotted,  417. 

"          nine-spotted,  124,  413. 

"  painted,  125. 

"  plain,  124,  413,  415. 

«          spotted,  125,  413. 


INDEX. 


433 


Lady-bird,  thirtcen-spottcd,  124. 
twice-stabbed,  43,  413. 
two-spotted,  124. 
Lagoa  crispata,  176. 
Lainia  aculifera,  425. 
Large  green  tree-bug,  290. 
La.«io.ptera  vitis,  295. 
Leaf-crumpler,  93,  189,  200,  221,  226. 
Leaf-cutting  bee,  179. 
Leaf-footed  plant-bug,  386. 
Lecanium,  319. 

"  cerasifex,  203. 

hemisphaericum,  409. 
hesperiduin,  404. 
oleoe,  407. 

"          persicae,  195. 

"  pyri,  144,  203. 

"  ribis,  338. 

Leptoglossus  phyllopus,  386. 
Leptostylus  aculifer,  22,  425. 
Lesser  apple-leaf  folder,  92. 
Light-loving  Anomala,  284. 
Liinacodes  pithecium,  426. 
Limenitis  disippus,  168,  218. 

"          Ursula,  217. 
Lime-tree  winter-moth,  109. 
Liopus  facetus,  30. 
Liparus  imbricatus,  425. 
List  of  synonyms,  423. 
Lithacodes  fasciola,  179. 
Lithocolletis  geminatella,  149. 
Lithophane  antennata,  138,  426. 
Locusta  oblongifolia,  427. 
Locusts,  157. 
Long-horned  borer,  22. 
Long  scale,  392. 
Long-tailed  Ophion,  78. 
Lozotaenia  cerasivorana,  426. 

"          fragariana,  426. 

"          rosaceana,  425. 
Lubber  grasshopper,  385. 
Lucanus  dama,  23. 
Lygseus  lineatus,  427. 
Lygus  lineolaris,  147,  426. 
Lyonetia  saccatella,  119. 
Lytta  aenea,  426. 

Macrocentrus  delicatus,  132. 
Macrodactylus  subspinosus,  280. 
Madarus  vitis,  426. 

Many-dotted  apple-worm,  101,200,  221. 
May-beetle,  190,  212,  334. 
Mealy-bug,  common,  410. 

destructive,  411. 
"  with  long  threads,  412. 

Mealy  flata,  302,  357. 
Megachile  brevis,  179. 
Megilla  maculata,  125,  426. 
Melancholy  Cetonia,  139,  160. 
Melon  caterpillar,  365. 
Metapodius  femoratus,  220. 

28 


Microcentrum  retinervis,  383. 
Microdes  earinoides,  98. 
Modest  tree-bug,  290. 
Molobrus  mali,  426. 
Monarthruin  mali,  24,  425. 
Mottled  plum-tree  moth,  166. 
Myelois  convolutella,  427. 
Mysia  15-punctata,  426. 
Mytilaspis  citricola,  390. 

"          Gloveri,  392. 

"         pomicorticis,  425. 

"          pomorum,  40,  425. 
Myzus  cerasi,  216. 
"       persicse,  199. 

Native  currant  saw-fly,  343. 
Neat  cucumber  moth,  367. 
"    strawberry    leaf-roller,    317,   320, 

324. 

Nematocampa  filamentaria,  167. 
Neinatus  ventricosus,  339. 
Nemoraea  leucaniae,  56,  425. 
New  York  weevil,  139, 160, 189, 196,  220. 
Nine-spotted  lady-bird,  124,  413. 
Noctua  clandestina,  426. 
Nolaphana  malana,  101,  426. 
Nothris  citrifoliella,  382. 

"       ovivorus,  70. 
Notodonta  concinna,  425. 
"          unicornis,  425. 

Oak  Platycerus,  148. 
Oberea  bimaculata,  305,  427. 

"       tripunctata,  427. 
Oblique-banded  leaf-roller,  90,  161, 189, 

200,  221,  317,  335,  353. 
Oblong-winged  katydid,  292. 
Odontota  rosea,  120,  426. 
(Ecanthus  niveus,  308. 
CEdemasia  concinna,  62,  425. 
Ohio  currant  saw-fly,  344. 
Oncideres  cingulatus,  142,  426. 
Ophion  bilineatus,  273. 

"       macrurum,  78,  175,  212. 
Orange  aphis,  388. 

basket-worm,  380. 

Chrysopa,  418. 

dog,  380. 

leaf-notcher,  383. 

leaf  Nothris,  382. 

leaf-roller,  381. 
Orgyia  leucostigma,  57. 
Oribates  aspidioti,  394. 
Osmia  Canadensis,  331. 
Osmoderma  scabra,  26. 
Oxyptilus  periscelidactylus,  268,  426. 
Oxyptilus  nigrociliatus,  314. 
Oyster-shell  bark-louse,  40,  160,  353. 

Pachnephorus  longipes,  427. 
Painted  lady-bird,  125. 


434 


INDEX. 


Pale-brown  By  turns,  310. 
Palmer-worm,  102,  221. 
Pandorus  Sphinx,  248. 
Papilio  cresphontes,  377,  427. 
"       thoas,  427. 
"        turnus,  81. 
Parallel  Elaphidion,  33,  189. 
Paria  sex-nutata,  330,  427. 
Parlatoria  Pergandii,  401. 
Parorgyia  parallela,  179. 
Peach-tree  aphis,  199. 

"         bark-louse,  195. 
"         borer,  189,  191. 
"         leaf-roller,  197. 
Pear-blight  beetle,  139,  143,  189,  200. 
Pear-tree  aphis,  156. 

"         bark-louse,  144. 

"         blister-beetle,    149,    190,  221, 

226. 

"        borer,  140. 
"        leaf-miner,  139,  149. 
Pay  Ha,  145. 

slug,  150,  190,  221,  226. 
"         slug,  green,  153. 
Pearl  wood-nymph,  261. 
Pelidnota  punctata,  276. 
Pempelia  grossulariae,  427. 
"          Hammond!,  100. 
Pemphigus  pyri,  425. 

vitifoliae,  232. 

Pennsylvania  ground-beetle,  185. 
Pentatoma  ligata,  290. 
Penthiua  oculana,  425. 

"         vitivorana,  427. 
Phakellura  hyalinatalis,  427. 

"          nitidalis,  427. 
Phalena  vernata,  425. 
Philampelus  achemon,  250. 

"  pandorus,  248,  426. 

"  satellitia,  426. 

Phleeothrips  mali,  138. 
Phlceotribus  liniinaris,  195,  426. 
Phobetron  pithecium,  112,  420. 
Phoxopteriscomptana,323,  427. 

"  nubeculana,  99,  426. 

Phycis  indigenella,  93,  425. 
Phycita  nebulo,  425. 
Phylloptera  oblongifolia,  292,  427. 
Phyllotreta  striolata,  427. 

"  vittata,  330,  427. 

Phylloxera  vastatrix,  231. 
"  vitifolia,  288. 

Phytoptus  oleivorus,  389. 
Pigeon  Tremex,  141. 
Pimpla  annulipes,  132. 

"        conquisitor,  52,  425. 
"       pedalis,  57. 
"        ring-legged,  132. 
Pipiza  radicum,  15,  238. 
Pithy  gall  of  blackberry,  318. 
Placid  soldier-bug,  342. 


Plain  lady-bird,  124,  413,  415. 
Platoeceticus  Gloveri,  380. 
Platycerus  quercus,  148. 
Platynota  rostrana,  381,  427. 
Platyphyllum  concavum,  427. 
Platysamia  Cecropia,  73,  425. 
Plum  curculio,  139,  161,  180,  200,  221. 
Plum-gouger,  187. 
Plum-tree  aphis,  180. 

"        Catocala,  177. 

"        moth,  mottled,  166. 

"         Sphinx,  162. 
Podisus  placidus,  342. 

"       spinosus,  73,  425. 
Poecilocapsus  lineatus,  350,  427. 
Poeciloptera  pruinosa,  357. 
Polyphemus  moth,  171. 
Pomphopoea  aenea,  149,  426. 
Porizon  conotracheli,  187. 

"        curculio  parasite,  186. 
Priocycla  armataria,  427. 
Prionus  imbricornis,  228. 

"       laticollis,  227. 
Pristiphora  grossulariae,  343. 
identidem,  373. 

"  rufipes,  344. 

Proconia  undata,  289. 
Procris  Americana,  265. 
Promethea  emperor-moth,  205. 
Psenocerus  supernotatus,  337,  427. 
Psycomorpha  epimcnis,  264. 
Psylla  pyri,  145. 
"       rubi,  320. 

Pterophorus  periscelidactylus,  426. 
Ptycholoma  persicana,  197,  426. 
Pulvinaria  innumerabilis,  241. 
Purblind  Sphinx,  208. 
Purple  scale,  390. 
Pyramidal  grape-vine  caterpillar,  190, 

274,  317. 
Pyrophila  pyramidoides,  274,  426. 

"          tragopoginis,  275,  426. 

Quince  curculio,  161,  225. 
Quince  scale,  222. 

Rapacious  soldier-bug,  70. 
Raspberry  Apatela,  313. 

"          cane-borer,  305,  320. 

"          geometer,  316. 
gouty-gall,  307. 

"          plume-moth,  314. 

"          root-borer,  303,  320. 

"          saw-fly,  311. 
Red-headed  Systena,  283. 
Red-humped  apple-tree  caterpillar,  62, 

160,  220. 
Red-legged  locust,  157. 

"  Trioxys,  389. 

Red-necked  Agrilus,  307,  320. 
Pied  scale  of  California,  395. 


INDEX. 


435 


Red-shouldered  Sinoxylon,  139, 200,  243. 

Red  spider,  355. 

Red-striped  cranberry-worm,  371. 

Red-tailed  Taehina  fly,  54. 

Resplendent  shield-bearer,  116. 

Rhaphiguster  Pensylvanicus,  290. 

Rhinosia  pometellus,  426. 

llhodites  radieum,  304. 

Rhopobota  vacciniana,  369,  427. 

Ribbed  scale,  400. 

Ring-legged  Pimpla,  132. 

Rocky  Mountain  locust,  157. 

Romalea  microptera,  385. 

Root-louse  Syrpbus  fly,  15,  238. 

Rose-beetle,  139,  190/200,  221,  280. 

Rosy  Hispa,  120. 

Rough  Osmoderma,  26,  220. 

Round-headed  apple-tree  borer,  lf»,  lo'O, 

226. 

Rubi  podagra,  307. 
Rust  mite,  389. 

Saddle-back  caterpillar,  113,  221,302, 

317,  353. 

Saddled  leaf-hopper,  188,  200. 
Saperda  bivittata,  425. 

"        Candida,  16,  425. 

"        cingulata,  426. 
Saturnia  To,  426. 
Scale  insects,  remedies  for,  413. 
Schizoneura  lanigera,  13,  27,  425. 
Sciara  mali,  136,  426. 
Scolytus  pyri,  426. 
Scurfy  bark-louse,  44,  160. 
Scynmus  bioculatus,  418. 

•*          cervicalis,  15,  418. 
Seed-like  gall  of  blackberry,  319. 
Selandria  cerasi,  150. 

"          rubi,  311. 

"          vitis,  285. 
Serica  iricolor,  156. 
Sesostris  snout-beetle,  243. 
Seventeen-year  locust,  35. 
Sigalphus  curculionis,  186. 

"          curculio  parasite,  186. 
Signiphora  flavopalliatus,  392. 
Signoret's  spittle  insect,  242. 
Sinea  diadeuia,  70. 
Single-striped  tree-hopper,  28"9. 
Sinoxylon  basilare,  243.  426. 
Siphonophora  citrifolii,  388. 
"  viticola,  200. 

Smeared  dagger,  139,  200,  302,  317,  325. 
Smerinthus  exaecatus.  85. 

"  myops,  208. 

Smicra  mariae,  79,  425. 
Soldier-beetle,  185. 
Sphinx  drupiferarum,  162. 

Gordius,  86. 

Spilosoma  Virginica,  271. 
Spined  soldier-bug,  73. 


Spinous  currant  caterpillar,  346,  360. 
Spotted  horn-beetle,  202. 

"       lady-bird,  125,  413. 

«        Paria,  330. 

"       Pelidnota,  276. 
Squash-vine  borer,  361. 
Stag  beetle,  23,  220. 
Stalk-borer,  200,  334. 
Stenomesius  aphidicola,  388. 
Strawberry  crown-borer,  322. 

leaf-roller,  323. 
"          leaf-stem  gall,  331. 
"          root-borer,  200,  321. 
"          saw-fly,  332. 
Streaked  Thecla,  176. 
Striped  cut-worm,  328. 

"       flea-beetle,  330. 

"       squash-beetle,  362. 
Synchlora  rubivoraria,  316,427. 
Synonymical  list,  425. 
Systena  frontalis,  283. 
Syrphus  fly,  126. 

Taehina  fly,  70,  78,  95,  175. 
"        red-tailed,  56. 
Taehina  phycitse,  95,  42."). 
Tarnished  plant-bug,  139,  147,  189,  221, 

226,  335. 

Tawny-striped  palmer-worm,  105. 
Telea  polyphemus,  171,  426. 
Tcras  Cinderella,  98,  425. 

"     minuta,  92,  98,  425. 

"     oxycoccana,  370,  427. 

"      rostrana,  427. 

"      vacciniivorana,  370,  427. 
Tetranychus  telarius,  355. 
Tettigonia  vitis,  427. 
Thecla  mopsus,  219,  426. 

"      strigosa,  176. 

"      titus,  219,  426. 
Thelia  cratsegi,  46. 

"      univittata,  289. 
Thirtecn-spotted  lady-bird,  124. 
Thorn-bush  tree-hopper,  46. 
Thrips  phylloxera-,  238. 
Thyreus  Abbotii,  253. 
Thyridopteryx  ephemeraeformis,  222. 
Tile-horned  Prionus,  228. 
Tiphia  inornata,  214. 
Tischeria  malifoliella,  114. 
Tmetocera  ocellana,  95,  425. 
Tolype  velleda,  89,  425. 
Tornicus  liminaris,  426. 

"         mali,  425. 

"         pyri,  426. 
Tomocera  Californica,  408. 
Tortrix  Cinderella,  425. 

"        malivorana.  425. 

"        ocellana,  425. 

"        oxycoccana,  427. 

"        vacciniivorana,  427. 


436 


INDEX. 


Tragocephala  viridifasciata,  158. 
Tree-bugs,  290. 

Tree-cricket,  189,  200,  301,  308. 
Tree-hopper,  black-backed,  289. 

"  Buffalo,  45,  200. 

"  single-striped,  289. 

"  thorn-bush,  46. 

"  two-spotted,  242. 

Tree-hoppers,  280. 
Tremex  Columba,  141. 
Trichogramma  niinuta,  170. 
Trioxys  cerasphis,  217. 

"       testaceipes,  389. 
Trumpet  leaf-gall,  292. 
Trypeta  Canadensis,  427. 

"       pomonella,  135. 
Turnus  swallow-tail,  81,  220,  261. 
Tussock-moth,  white-marked,   57, 

189,  220. 

Twelve-spotted  Diabrotica,  368. 
Twice-stabbed  lady- bird,  43,  413. 
Twig-girdler,  142. 
Two-spotted  lady-bird,  124. 

"  tree-hopper,  242. 
Tyloderma  fragariae,  322,  427. 
Tyroglyphus  Gloveri,  391. 

"  phylloxeras,  238. 

Unadorned  Tiphia,  214. 
Unicorn  prominent,  80,  189. 
Ursula  butterfly,  139,  190,  217. 


160, 


Vanessa  progne,  427. 
Variegated  cut-worm,  106. 
Velleda  lappet-moth,  89. 
Violaceous  flea-beetle,  204. 
Vitis  coryloides,  293. 

"     poinum,  295. 

"     tomatos,  294. 

"     viticola,  292. 

"      vulnus,  243. 

Wasps,  190.      - 

Waved  Lagoa,  139,  176,  320. 

"       Proconia,  289. 
White  Eugonia,  111. 
White-lined  Deilephila,  139,  254. 
White-marked   tussock-moth,   57,    160, 

189,  220. 
White  scale,  398. 
W-marked  cut-worm,  108. 
Woolly-louse  of  the  apple,  27. 

Xyleborus  pyri,  143,  426. 
Xylina  cinerea,  426. 

Yellow  cranberry-worm,  370. 
Yellow-necked    apple-tree    caterpillar, 

60. 

Yellow  woolly-bear,  271,  317,  320,  353. 
Ypsolophus  pometellus,  102,  426. 

Zophodia  convolutella,  427. 


THE    END. 


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